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NPP Discussion Paper 02/2008
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... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
The historical experience of almost all economies shows that the share of the agriculture and allied sectors in total employment as well as in their national income falls with progress in economic development. This decline does not, however, diminish the need to address various challenges confronting the agriculture sector, which is a core concern in both developed and developing countries. Agriculture, after all, provides food for the very survival of human life. More importantly, this dependence goes beyond mere survival to adequate nutrition for an active and healthy life. The other significance of agriculture is its role in supporting and improving rural livelihoods. The kind of agriculture practised determines the maintenance of the agroecological balance, biodiversity, sustainable use of land, water and other natural resources, apart from ensuring social security. Agriculture also supplies the raw material that is the foundation for economic activities ranging from industrial production to trade and commerce. Agriculture is both a victim of and contributor to climate change and, therefore, it must adapt to the consequences of this change and reduce its own emissions of greenhouse gases. The challenges and opportunities of the agriculture sector are dynamic; some are common for all countries while some are country specific.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
This book began with a short description of the challenges facing global and Indian agriculture, and highlighted India’s commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate change. This chapter presents the pathways for transforming the Indian agri-food system. Before doing so, it briefly dwells upon the demand and supply responses of the Indian agri-food system, with a focus on how the consumption patterns and production portfolio of major food commodities are changing, and what the key enablers and hurdles in the transformation of the agri-food system are.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
Globally food systems are at a crossroads and new directions are needed. At the first UN Food Systems Summit, Secretary General Guterres stipulated that a transformation of food systems is necessary so that they support the health and well-being of all people and at the same time protect our planet. Nearly 300 commitments from civil society, farmers, youth and indigenous peoples and member states highlights Summit’s inclusive process to accelerate action (UN Food Systems Summit, 2021).
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
There is a coexistence of undernutrition, over-nutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies in India. A structural shift in the dietary pattern and nutrition transition is observed. The contribution of cereals to calorie and protein intake is high, and an increased share of non-cereals items in calories and protein intake is reflected. The consumption of unhealthy foods has increased. Widespread adoption of healthy diets may lead to some adverse environmental impacts. Multi-pronged strategies with increased coverage, better targeting, change in the design, higher allocations of funds, and coordination between different policies and programmes to achieve SDG 2 targets are required. Pathways for nutritional security consist of improving dietary diversity, kitchen gardens, reducing postharvest losses, bio-fortification of staples with its inclusion in safety net programmes, women’s empowerment, enforcement of standards and regulations, improving WASH, nutrition education, and effective use of digital technology. Food and nutrition security initiatives will require tuning it with changing demographics, livelihood patterns, environmental sustainability, health-specific needs, and overall development activities.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
Climate change and associated increase in climatic variability is projected to increase risks to our food security. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), which includes several technological, institutional and policy interventions, can help us increase production and adapt to climate change with significant greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation co-benefits. Several policy and institutional initiatives in the past have promoted greater adoption of CSA practices and technologies, which have helped reduce the impact of rainfall deficit on an aggregate scale. There is a need to invest in developing a better understanding of the adoption domains of CSA interventions, their linkages with demand and supply of food, and appropriate ‘business models’ to scale them out. Climate-Smart Village approach is one such strategy to facilitate this. Increased focus on new digital and genetic technologies, improved early warning systems of weather and production risks, redesigned agricultural insurance programme, replacement foods, and circular economy for comprehensive resource utilisation could further transform resilience of agricultural systems.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
This chapter deals with key structural issues facing Indian agriculture since Independence. In the context of federal fiscal relations as well as shared responsibilities towards agricultural development, it examines spending on capital formation and subsidies in agriculture vis-à-vis other economic sectors. It then deals with reforms in the subsidy regime (relating to both inputs and ouput) and the implications of the agri-marketing laws enacted in 2020, since retracted. The agriculture sector (including irrigation) has always received relatively lower priority in public expenditure. Morever, the spending bias has been more towards input subsidies rather than on investment, which may affect agriculture growth in due course. The institutional, price and legislative reforms and structural changes identified in the paper suggest that the agricultural sector requires handholding. The Government of India and state governments should work in tandem to accelerate rural infrastructure, target specific regions as well as small and marginal farmers for support, and create a competitive environment that stimulates investment, productivity and marketing efficiency. States should also be given more flexibility in drawing up action plans relating to the production and marketing of produce to encourage farmers and the private sector. A greater role for existing institutions in coordination and to ensure effective implementation of policies is called for.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy. Covering 11.24% of the world’s arable land area and 4% of the world’s renewable water resources, India produces sufficient food, feed and fibre to sustain about 18% (1.38 billion) of the world’s population (as of 2020). Over the last few decades (1980/81–2019/20), the sector has registered an average annual growth of 3.2%—almost double the population growth of 1.7% per annum during the same period. As a result, it has turned India from a food deficit country to one with a net trade surplus of 3.7% of agri-gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018–19. Agriculture contributes about 16.5% to the country’s overall GDP, and employs nearly 42.3% of the country’s workforce (2019/–20), with an average holding size of just 1.08 hectares (2015/16). This chapter dwells on how Indian agriculture was structurally transformed over the long run and the role of technologies, investments and institutions and policies in this transformation. In the light of this, a moot question addressed in this paper is: can India remain a food surplus nation by 2030, especially in the wake of emerging challenges of sustainability, climate change, urbanisation, etc.? The chapter ends on a positive note that with emerging innovations across food value chains, India can remain largely self-reliant in food—with the possibility of some net surpluses—and can also graduate to more nutritious diets, provided agriculture policy is not only crop-neutral but also neutral between consumers and producers.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
Science, technology and innovation (STI), targeted to solve both generic and location-specific challenges, are key drivers for transforming agri-food systems. These can transform the sustenance and low return livelihood to a profitable and respectable occupation for smallholder farmers, while motivating, attracting and empowering youth and women in agriculture. A paradigm shift is needed to: i) increase productivity, profitability, inclusiveness and efficiency of human engagement, ii) achieve complete nutrition security, iii) address the challenges of climate change, iv) adopt environment-friendly sustainable practices, and v) establish efficient farmer-market linkages. To achieve the desired goals, this chapter highlights effective pathways for: i) scaling innovations by combining ITK, conventional methods, and adopting NextGen cutting edge technologies evolved nationally or internationally, ii) enduring STI through a Gold Class education system, and iii) leveraging strong public-private partnership. The chapter also recommends increased investments in R&D, urgent need for enabling policy environment for scaling innovations and suggests clear transformative action points.
... The returns from fertiliser subsidy are found to be higher in less developed states, indicating that it should be targeted towards the disadvantaged, rainfed and low productivity states, which have a high proportion of small and poor farmers. Similarly, rationalisation in power and urea subsidy is a must in the north and north-west regions, in view of intensified cultivation of water-intensive crops, continuous depletion of groundwater and imbalanced nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) ratio (Chand & Pandey, 2008;Sharma, 2013). ...
This chapter develops the argument for twin propositions: (a) that the crisis in Indian agriculture cannot be resolved without a paradigm shift in water management and governance, and (b) that India’s water crisis requires a paradigm shift in agriculture. If three water-intensive crops use up 80% of agricultural water, the basic water needs of the country, for drinking water or protective irrigation, cannot be met. The paper sets out how this paradigm shift can be effected between 2020 to 2030—by shifting cropping patterns towards crops suited to each agroecological region, moving from monoculture to poly-cultural crop biodiversity, widespread adoption of water-saving seeds and technologies, a decisive move towards natural farming and greater emphasis on soil structure and green water. At the same time, we advocate protection of India’s catchment areas, a shift towards participatory approaches to water management, while building trans-disciplinarity and overcoming hydro-schizophrenia in water governance.
... This ultimately limits the agricultural sustainability. Fertiliser imbalance index was constructed following [23]. ...
... Broadly, N:P:K ratio of 4:2:1 is considered ideal at the national level. The fertilizer imbalance was calculated following the methodology used by other researchers [23]. The trend in the indices of fertilizer imbalance is provided along with the usage of NPK, in Table S1, wherein a higher value represented a higher level of imbalance. ...
Sustainable development warrants cognizance of the limits of the ecosystem in terms of
carrying capacity and technological externalities and, therefore, the limited extent of substitutability of natural capital with physical capital. The notion of sustainability assumes maximization and/or maintenance of current production without increasing the per unit use of inputs. In this paper, we assess the agricultural sustainability of 17 Indian states using an indicator approach for a period of two decades (1991–2011). For the analysis, the paper primarily uses the normalized temporal data for construction of indices for each of the selected indicators grouped under environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Overall, the agricultural sustainability has improved in all the states. Among the sub-components, while the social-sustainability dimension improved in all the states,
the environmental and economic dimensions improved in 8 and 14 states, respectively. There was significant variation in sustainability performance among the states. Economic and environmental sustainability indices were negatively correlated. Based on the results, we advocate a strategy that negates this negative correlation. We recommend a
comprehensive approach for integrating all the three dimensions for planning actions towards sustainable agricultural growth.
