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Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) has been widely studied in literatures in the past few years. Researchers from all around the world are investigating EPON main challenges and dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) problems. This paper, reviews the most recent studies conducted in EPON networks and presents the new proposed DBA schemes. The revi...
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... on its low cost passive components, compatibility, scalability, and capability to deliver a bundled service to subscribers, EPON became the attractive solution to the bottleneck problem of the access network. Basically, EPON consists of an optical line terminal (OLT) residing in the central office, 1:N passive optical splitter/combiner, and multiple optical network units (ONU) as shown in Fig.1. Each ONU may serve one or more subscribers. ...
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Citations
... E thernet passive optical networks (EPONs) have been proposed as a method of deploying optical fibers in tree architecture within the IEEE 802.3ah standard [1]. Nowadays, communication systems need to satisfy bandwidth-hungry applications such as high-quality audio visuals, data transfer, and services that are offered via Internet with different quality of service (QoS) in terms of signal to interference ratio (SIR) and latency [1,[2][3][4]. EPON can still accommodate the ever-increasing number of end users to reliably provide them with the required QoS. ...
... An EPON consists of several optical network units (ONUs) that are connected to an optical line terminal (OLT) [3,4]. The uplink communication is a multiple access operation, while the downlink communication is a broadcast-and-select operation. ...
Multiclass systems with different quality of service (QoS) requirements are essential in today’s Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs). In this paper, we propose a code division multiple-access-enabled dynamic power and bandwidth allocation (DPBA) algorithm for a multiclass system. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is the resource allocation components: power control and bandwidth allocation. Both resources are related and optimized through the weights of the weighted round-robin scheduler in a way to meet the physical layer signal to interference ratio and the network layer packet delay requirements for every class of users. Our objective is to offer a differentiated class of services for all optical network units while optimizing network performance and guaranteeing fairness between different classes. A closed-form solution for the optimal power and bandwidth allocation using the DPBA algorithm is analytically derived. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can radically enhance the network performance in terms of packet delay, throughput, queue size management, transmission cycle time, and class of service fairness while guaranteeing the QoS requirements for all classes.
... The queue sizes for each T1 to T4 traffic is limited to 1 MB. System performance is first evaluated by a Poisson traffic source by exponentially varying the inter-arrival time for each value of network load, as explained in [9]. Each simulation runs for 1 h and the variation of mean inter-arrival times is observed to be within a confidence interval of 95%. ...
Passive optical networks (PONs) require a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm at the optical line terminal for efficient utilization of upstream bandwidth among the optical network units (ONUs) as per the quality of service requirements for each traffic class defined by PON standardizing bodies. The GigaPON access network (GIANT) was the first International Telecommunication Union compliant DBA algorithm, which is further improved by Immediate Allocation with Colorless Grant (IACG) and Efficient Bandwidth Utilization (EBU) algorithms. However, the polling mechanism of IACG and EBU may not report the true bandwidth demand of ONUs during a service interval. Furthermore, ONU scheduling mechanisms give preference to best effort traffic over the assured traffic during recursive allocation cycles in a service interval, which results in an increase in upstream delays for the assured traffic class. This paper presents an improved bandwidth utilization (IBU) algorithm, which rectifies these deficiencies with a novel polling and scheduling mechanism. Experimental results show that IBU improves the mean of upstream delays of type 2 traffic up to 98%, 93%, and 76% and up to 99%, 92%, and 73% for type 3 traffic compared to the GIANT, IACG, and EBU algorithms, respectively. IBU also shows the least frame loss compared to these state-of-the-art algorithms.
... Till date, several Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithms have been developed to enhance the bandwidth utilization and provide better Quality of Service (QOS). An overview of some of the most prominent algorithms is given in [5]. The DBA schemes are classified as single level scheduling and hierarchical scheduling. ...
An efficient algorithm to dynamically allocate the bandwidth in the Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) is proposed. The algorithm provides bandwidth allocation between Optical Network Units (ONUs) and also within the ONUs for different types of traffic. It also efficiently divides the excess bandwidth between the ONUs. The proposed algorithm is compared with the existing Russian Doll Model Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (RDM DBA) algorithm and Min DBA algorithm. The results show a considerable improvement in bandwidth and fairness.
... Optical fibers are able to accommodate the increasing number of end-users and to provide them reliably with the quality of service (QoS) required. Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) that form an effective solution of deploying optical fibers in a tree architecture are currently in service within the IEEE 802.3ah standard [1][2][3]. ...
... Generally, it consists of several optical network units (ONUs) that are connected to an optical line terminal (OLT). The ONUs, located at the nearest point to the end-users, connect a large number of users to the Internet backbone via the OLT, which is located far away at the central office [2,3]. The uplink communication between the ONUs and the OLT is a multiple access operation, while the downlink communication between the OLT and the ONUs is a broadcast-and-select operation. ...
In this paper, a code division multiple access (CDMA) enabled dynamic bandwidth allocation (CDBA) algorithm is proposed for the upstream access scheme for Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON). The CDBA algorithm is based on two major components: The first is the parallel transmission capacity offered by CDMA according to the quality of service (QoS) requirement and the second component is the scheduling algorithm which uses the round robin technique. Extensive simulations have been performed in order to compare the proposed CDBA with existing dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms that achieve good bandwidth utilization by use of polling schemes. It is shown that the CDBA can significantly improve the network performance in terms of packet delay, throughput, and queue size management as compared with the well known IPACT algorithm.
... Optical fibers are able to accommodate the increasing number of end-users and to provide them reliably with the quality of service (QoS) required. Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) that form an effective solution of deploying optical fibers in a tree architecture are currently in service within the IEEE 802.3ah standard [1][2][3]. ...
... Generally, it consists of several optical network units (ONUs) that are connected to an optical line terminal (OLT). The ONUs, located at the nearest point to the end-users, connect a large number of users to the Internet backbone via the OLT, which is located far away at the central office [2,3]. The uplink communication between the ONUs and the OLT is a multiple access operation, while the downlink communication between the OLT and the ONUs is a broadcast-and-select operation. ...
In this paper, a code division multiple access (CDMA) enabled dynamic bandwidth allocation (CDBA) algorithm is proposed for the upstream access scheme for Ethernet passive optical networks. The CDBA algorithm is based on two major components. The first is the parallel transmission capacity offered by CDMA according to the quality-of-service requirement, and the second is the scheduling algorithm, which uses the round robin technique. The CDBA algorithm is presented and its cycle time is derived. The performance of the proposed algorithm is studied, assuming that the traffic load is symmetric and that the packet arrivals are Poisson distributed. Extensive simulations have been performed in order to compare the proposed CDBA algorithm with existing dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms that achieve good bandwidth utilization by use of polling schemes. It is shown that the CDBA algorithm can significantly improve the network performance in terms of packet delay, throughput, and queue size management as compared with the well-known interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time algorithm.
... OFDM signal has high tolerance, high spectral efficiency, the fibre chromatic dispersion and the high flexibility on both multiple services provisioning and dynamic bandwidth allocation. Since the OFDM technology, with its predominant performance, wins recognition from many people of insight, so passive optical networks (PONs) access technology based on OFDM has been called the next-generation optical access technology [3]. In this paper, we firstly introduce the basic principle of OFDM and then simply state some current optical access technologies, finally presented an optical access technology based on OFDM. ...
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can not only provide high speed and low price, but also can access quickly and smartly. OFDM is a core technology in future 4G times. In this paper, we presented the OFDM scheme and compare current technology in optical access network.
... In EPONs, bandwidth allocation and arbitration are critical issues which require to be addressed efficiently in order to provide end-to-end QoS for different classes of service. The IEEE 802.3ah standard did not mention any specific algorithm for EPON's upstream shared bandwidth access and left it open for vendors, manufacturers and researchers [3]. Fig.2 depicts different bandwidth access methods in EPON. ...
Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) has been considered for access networks for quite some time to provide high-speed and high-capacity services. As a novel type of network, EPON presents many challenges so one main aim of this paper is to provide a test-bed based on IEEE 802.3ah standards using OPNET Modeler to enable smooth implementation of the wide range of bandwidth allocation algorithms. This paper includes a full implementation of a sample EPON environment considering the standard messages, protocols and structures as well as the modeling, simulation and performance analysis of the selected bandwidth allocation algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents a detailed network architecture for the EPON environment and its most challenging issues for the first time. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed test-bed provides smooth insertion of the different bandwidth allocation algorithms for EPON and can be considered as the standard model for further research and investigations.
... To date, a lot of DBA schemes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] have been developed over the years to cope with the challenges of high bandwidth utilization and QoS provisioning. An overview of some of the algorithms can be found in [14]. ...
... To date, a lot of DBA schemes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] have been developed over the years to cope with the challenges of high bandwidth utilization and QoS provisioning. An overview of some of the algorithms can be found in [14]. Among the most famous algorithms is interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time (IPACT) [9]. ...
An upstream access scheme for Ethernet passive optical networks, called the intelligent fuzzy-logic-based dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm (IFLDBA) has been proposed. The algorithm provides the allotment of bandwidth between optical network units (ONUs) and within ONUs. Fuzzy logic is used to improve the bandwidth allocation within each ONU. We compare the IFLDBA algorithm with the existing broadcast polling algorithm. The results show that IFLDBA has bandwidth utilization of up to 21% better and lower delay than the broadcast polling algorithm.
... In the past decade, a great deal of effort has been done to develop broadband access to the network. The Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is considered to be a very attractive solution for implementing broadband access optical fiber-to-the home (FTTH) because of its low cost passive components [1], compatibility, scalability, and capability to deliver a bundled service to subscribers [2]. The term "passive" in EPON is used as it does not consist of any active elements in the path between the signal source and destination. ...
Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) is a promising solution for access network. In this paper, we propose an enhanced Sharing DBA algorithm (SDBA) that supports multiple priority queues and fairness among optical network units (ONUs) over upstream EPON. We conduct simulation using MATLAB to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of fairness, throughput and packet delay. From the result, it has been shown that the proposed algorithm improves the Quality of Service (QoS) for EPON.
... In the WDM–TDM hybrid architecture, wavelength provisioning and bandwidth allocation have to be coordinated simultaneously to guarantee service continuity in both wavelength level and timeslot level. Overall comparison of the properties of bandwidth allocation in the TDM–PONs and related technical issues are dealt with in detail in [28] and [29]. In this paper, adaptive excess timeslot provisioning (ETP) mechanisms are proposed in order to achieve fair and efficient bandwidth allocation in both scheduling domains by optimal distribution of the remaining cycle bandwidth to competing ONUs and traffic classes. ...
Time-division-multiplexed passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) have been successful solutions for providing the huge bandwidth needed for quadruple-play services in last-mile networks. In this paper, the effects of excess bandwidth provisioning applied to a reservation-based TDM are analyzed in detail, and noble adaptive excess timeslot provisioning (ETP) mechanisms are proposed in the interoptical network unit (ONU) and intra-ONU domain in the TDM-PONs. Using traffic load distribution information observed in an optical line termination (OLT), a proposed deficit reservation-based dynamic bandwidth allocation, called dr-DBA, controls the amounts of excess timeslot bandwidths in order to efficiently serve the burst traffic of heavy-loaded ONUs while guaranteeing strict fair link-sharing. The authors also introduce a service work-based ETP bandwidth reservation as well as an optimal reservation class selection mechanism to support prioritized service in an intra-ONU so that serious node light-load penalty and bandwidth overbooking can be minimized. The performance results achieved by numerical analysis and simulations prove that proposed ETP mechanisms provide fair and optimal excess bandwidths to the ONUs according to the changes in traffic load distribution, while compensating the systematic weakness of each mechanism in both ONU domains.
