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Transverse sections and microscopic characteristics of leaves of the three daqingye plants. (A) Transverse section of Isatis indigotica Fort. leaves. (B) Transverse section of Polygonum tinctorium Ait. leaves. (C) Transverse section of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek leaves. (D) Local enlarged details of I. inigotica leaves. (E) Local enlarged details of P. tinctorium leaves. (F) Local enlarged details of B. cusia leaves. Ue-upper epidermal cells; Co-collenchyma; Pp-palisade parenchyma; Vb-vascular bundle; Sp-spongy parenchyma; Ec-sclerenchyma; Le-lower epidermal cells; Cc-clusters of calcium oxalate; Pg-pigment granules; Gh-glandular hairs; Ey-cells containing cystolith.
Source publication
The macroscopic and microscopic morphologies and indigo and indirubin concentration of the traditional Chinese medicine herbs Isatis indigotica Fort., Polygonum tinctorium Ait., and Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek, all commonly known as “daqingye”, were determined and compared. The morphological analyses indicated that I. indigotica has leaves w...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... characteristics of the transverse section of the leaves of the three daqingye plants. The upper and lower epidermis was distinct in the cross section of the I. indigotica leaf. The leaf midrib was flat on the adaxial surface but slightly raised underneath. The leaves had one-two collenchyma cells on the inner side of the upper and lower epidermis; the palisade parenchyma had three-four rows of cells that were almost rectangular. The leaves contained loose spongy parenchyma (Fig. 3A,D). The upper and lower epidermis was distinct in the cross section of the P. tinctorium leaf. The upper epidermal cells showed tangential extension, whereas the lower epidermal cells were smaller. The leaves were bifacial, with two-three rows of palisade parenchyma cells. Cells of spongy parenchyma were circular or ovoid. Parenchyma cells contained a large quantity of granular blue materials, and some contained large clusters of calcium oxalate. Abundant collenchyma cells surrounded the main vein protruding upwards. Outside the phloem, sclerenchyma cells were present (Fig. ...
Context 2
... characteristics of the transverse section of the leaves of the three daqingye plants. The upper and lower epidermis was distinct in the cross section of the I. indigotica leaf. The leaf midrib was flat on the adaxial surface but slightly raised underneath. The leaves had one-two collenchyma cells on the inner side of the upper and lower epidermis; the palisade parenchyma had three-four rows of cells that were almost rectangular. The leaves contained loose spongy parenchyma (Fig. 3A,D). The upper and lower epidermis was distinct in the cross section of the P. tinctorium leaf. The upper epidermal cells showed tangential extension, whereas the lower epidermal cells were smaller. The leaves were bifacial, with two-three rows of palisade parenchyma cells. Cells of spongy parenchyma were circular or ovoid. Parenchyma cells contained a large quantity of granular blue materials, and some contained large clusters of calcium oxalate. Abundant collenchyma cells surrounded the main vein protruding upwards. Outside the phloem, sclerenchyma cells were present (Fig. ...
Context 3
... upper and lower epidermis was distinct in the cross section of the B. cusia leaf. The upper epidermal cells were rectangular or near-rectangular. The palisade parenchyma had one-two rows of cells. The spongy parenchyma was loosely arranged. The palisade and spongy parenchyma contained crystalliferous cells with round or oval-shaped crystals. Abundant collenchyma cells surrounded the main vein protruding upwards. The vascular bundles were grooved (Fig. ...
Citations
... Indigo, also known as indigotin (CI Vat Blue 1), has been used as a vat dye and traditional medicine for thousands of years. In ancient times, freshly picked stems and leaves of "daqingye" indigoid plants [94], i.e., Indigo Naturalis, Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) ...
There is an on-going demand in recent years for safer and “greener” hair coloring agents with the global consumer awareness of the adverse effects of synthetic hair dyes. The belief in sustainability and health benefits has focused the attention of the scientific community towards natural colorants that serve to replace their synthetic toxic counterparts. This review article encompasses the historical applications of a vast array of natural plant hair dyes and summarizes the possible coloration mechanisms (direct dyeing and mordant dyeing). Current information on phytochemicals (quinones, tannins, flavonoids, indigo, curcuminoids and carotenoids) used for hair dyeing are summarized, including their botanical sources, color chemistry and biological/toxicological activities. A particular focus is given on research into new natural hair dye sources along with eco-friendly, robust and cost-effective technologies for their processing and applications, such as the synthetic biology approach for colorant production, encapsulation techniques for stabilization and the development of inorganic nanocarriers. In addition, innovative in vitro approaches for the toxicological assessments of natural hair dye cosmetics are highlighted.
... However, the commercial "Daqingye" materials have been dried or processed, thus making it difficult for consumers to immediately distinguish these herbs by their appearance. Previously study had demonstrated that three "Daqingye" plants can be distinguished by internal leaf anatomy analysis and chemical analysis of major constituents [23]. However, the microscopic examination of related plant species often possess similar features. ...
Isatis indigotica Fort. (family Cruciferae), is an herb widely used in traditional herbal medicine and its dried leave was named "ISATIDIS FOLIUM". Baphicacanthus cusia (Ness) Bremek. and Polygonum tinctorium Ait. are commonly misused as ISATIDIS FOLIUM in Chinese Medicine pharmacy. For the purpose of being not misused, specific primers based on the sequence difference of chloroplast trnH-psbA intergenic spacer were designed and multiplex polymerase chain reaction method (multiplex PCR) was developed. In this study, 29 original herbal materials were analyzed and our results show that DNA size after multiplex PCR was able to distinguish variations between three herbs. DNA fragments of 464, 297, 170 base pairs (bps) were represented for I. indigotica and B. cusia and P. tinctorium, respectively. In conclusion, our investigations demonstrate that molecular identification method provides more accurate results for medicinal plants detection and good quality control of ISATIDIS FOLIUM.
