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Transverse section of the rachis of the inflorescence of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (A) Low power view (X ¼ 30). (B) High power view (X ¼ 215). (C) High power view from the corners (X ¼ 315). col., collenchyma; c.par., cortical parenchyma; end., endodermis; ep., epidermis; m.r., medullary ray; n.gl.t., non-glandular trichomes; per., pericycle; ph., phloem; pi., pith; xy., xylem.
Source publication
Hydrodistilled oils of the fresh aerial parts of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. cultivated in Egypt were prepared from samples collected along the four seasons. The percentage yields of these essential oils were 0.50%, 0.52%, 0.60%, and 0.47% of the dry weight for winter, spring, summer, and autumn samples. GC/MS analyses of all samples revealed a qualita...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 2
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 3
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 4
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 5
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 6
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 7
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 8
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 9
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 10
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 11
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 12
... transverse section in the rachis (Figure 2) is more or less quadrangular in outline. It shows an outer epidermis sur- rounding 6-9 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. The cortex is lined by almost differentiated endodermis enclosing the pericycle and vascular tissue. The ring of the vascular bundle surrounds a wide parenchymatous pith. The epidermal cells (Figures 2 and 4A) are polygonal with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. Trichomes are of both glandular and non-glandular types ( Figure 8). The glandular trichomes are of two types: trichomes with unicellular stalk and unicellular head, covered with thin cuticle (capitate type) and trichomes with unicel- lular stalk and multicellular head of eight radiating cells (liliaceous type). The non-glandular trichomes are abundant and arise from one or more epidermal cells. They are either simple unicellular or multicellular (5-10), uniseriate, conical, with acute or blunt apices and covered with warty cuticle. The apical cells are sometimes curved and rarely collapsed. The cortex (Figure 2) is slightly narrow and consists of 5-7 rows of collapsed collenchymatous cells followed by 3-4 rows of parenchymatous cells. At the corners, the cortical tissue is formed of 8-10 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 4-5 rows of parenchymatous cells. The endodermis is almost differentiated by casparian thickenings (stained red with Sudan III on the radial walls). The pericycle (Figure 2) is formed of a continuous ring of about 2-3 rows of collapsed parenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue (Figure 2) is moderately wide, concentrated at the four corners. The phloem (Figure 2) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elem- ents: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays (Figures 2 and 8) are uni-to biseriate, being cellulosic, radially elongated, non- lignified in the phloem and slightly lignified in the xylem region. The cambium (Figure 2) is almost indistinguishable. The xylem (Figures 2 and 8) is lignified, forming a continuous ring and composed of fibers, vessels and wood parenchyma. The fibers (Figure 8) have moderately thin-lignified walls, wide lumina and acute apices. The vessels (Figures 2 and 8) are lignified, diffused either isolated or in radial rows with spiral thickenings. Wood parenchyma (Figures 2 and 8) are diffused and formed of moderately thin-walled, pitted, lignified and axially elongated cells. The pith (Figure 2) is wide, formed of moderately large rounded, sometimes pitted cells with thin cellulosic walls and narrow intercellular spaces. A transverse section in the bract (Figure 3
(Figures 3 and 4B) are polygonal somewhat elongated having straight anticlinal walls and covered with thin striated cuticle. The lower epidermal cells (Figures 3 and 4C) are similar to those of the upper epidermis, differing only in having slightly wavy walls and covered with thin smooth cuticle. The neural cells have similar structure. Stomata are few of diacytic type. Trichomes (Figures 3, 4 and 8) are very numerous on both surfaces. They are of glandular and non- glandular types. The glandular trichomes are more frequent on the lower epidermis than the upper one. They are similar to those present on the rachis and differ only in size. The mesophyll (Figure 3) is dorsiventral with an upper palisade formed of one row of radially elongated columnar cells with straight anticlinal walls and containing green chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is formed of irregular shaped parenchy- matous cells with wide intercellular spaces. The cortex ( Figure 3A and B) consists of upper and lower cortical tissues. The upper cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 9-10 rows of polygonal parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The lower cortical tissue of the midrib consists of 2-3 rows of collenchymatous cells followed by 6-8 rows of more or less rounded parenchymatous cells with thin cellulosic walls. The endodermis is indistinct. The pericycle ( Figure 3A and B) consists of parenchymatous cells below the vascular bundle. The cells are small, polygonal rounded with thick cellulosic walls. The vascular tissue ( Figure 3A and B) shows a single crescent-shaped collateral vascular bundle. The phloem ( Figure 3A and B) is comparatively narrow and consists of thin-walled cellulosic phloem elements: sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma with no fibers. The medullary rays ( Figure 3A and B) are uniseriate, formed of polygonal cells with thin cellulosic walls. The cambium ( Figure 3A and B) is almost distinguishable, formed of about 2-3 rows of thin-walled small and radially arranged cells. The xylem ( Figures 3A and B and 8) consists of xylem vessels and wood parenchyma with no fibers. The vessels are lignified, diffused in radial rows and show spiral ...
Context 13
... Fragments of epidermis of the rachis showing polygonal cells with straight beaded anticlinal walls and covered with striated cuticle. (X ¼ 217). c.par., cortical parenchyma; c.t., connective tissue; ep., epidermis; f.l., fibrous layer of anther; i.ep., inner epidermis; n.gl.t., non-glandular trichome; o.ep., outer epidermis; ov., ovule; o.w., ovary wall; p.gr., pollen grains; p.s., pollen sac; v.b., vascular bundle. ...
Citations
... Independientemente de sus usos tradicionales en el ámbito de la cosmética o la aromaterapia, existe un creciente interés por las aplicaciones prácticas de sus diversas formas de actividad biológica, como resulta evidente a través del volumen de literatura científica generado en los últimos años (Bakkali et al., 2008;Sharifi-Rad, 2017). En efecto, cabe citar sus aplicaciones en la conservación de alimentos y en el tratamiento post-cosecha de productos agrícolas, como consecuencia de su actividad antioxidante (Amorati et al., 2013), antifúngica (Nazzaro et al., 2017) o antimicrobiana (Chouhan et al., 2017). De este modo, determinados aditivos alimentarios de origen sintético, en ocasiones potencialmente nocivos, pueden ser sustituidos por aceites esenciales. ...
RESUMEN:En este trabajo se describe la composición química de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de diferentes especies de los géneros Artemisia, Thymus y Mentha que crecen silvestres en los alrededores de Calamocha (Teruel). Los datos provienen de diferentes investigaciones realizadas por los autores en los últimos años y muestran la alta variabilidad intrapoblacional de estas especies. ABSTRACT:This paper describes the chemical composition of essential oils obtained from different species of the genera Artemisia, Thymus and Mentha that grow wild in the surroundings of Calamocha (Teruel). The data come from different researches conducted by the authors in recent years and show the high intrapopula-tional variability of these species.
... Pulegone (9.03%), 1.8 Cineole (3.56%), and sesquiterpene like Caryophyllene (10.21%) ( Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). This chemical composition shares some compounds with that reported by El-Kashoury and coauthors [36], who showed that M. suaveolens essential oil possessed oxygenated monoterpenes including Caryophyllene and also comparable to the findings reported by Benali et al. [37], who revealed that M. suaveolens essential oil possessed Piperitenone oxide, β-elemene, Butanone, methyl-5-ethylthiazole, β-trans-caryophyllene, E-β-Farnesene, α-Humulene, Epi-bicyclosesuiphellandrene, and Germacrene D. ...
The present research work investigated antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (EOR). Hydro-distillation was used to extract EOR before being subjected to the chemical characterization by the use of GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the use of three bioassays namely 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Antimicrobial potency was tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae , Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumonia , while antifungal activity was tested against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum . EOR yield was determined to be 1.31%, with 20 compounds wherein Menthol (31.28%) and Isomenthol (14.28%) constituted the greatest amount. Regarding antioxidant activity, EOR exhibited potent antioxidant power: DPPH (IC 50 value of 0.36 ± 0.03 mg/mL), FRAP (EC 50 value of 0.35 ± 0.03 mg/mL), and TAC (697.45 ± 1.07 mg EAA/g). Antibacterial activity results showed that EOR had broad antibacterial activity on the tested strains. Eventually, EOR resulted in the greatest inhibition zone diameters vs S. aureus (18.20 ± 0.41 mm) followed by E. coli (17.02 ± 0.5 mm). Antifungal activity results showed that EOR exhibited potent antifungal activity and resulted in the greatest inhibition zone diameters up to 51.32 ± 1.32 mm against Aspergillus flavus , and 34.51 ± 1.07 mm against Aspergillus niger.
... The plant can grow up to 100 cm in height [12]. M. suaveolens cultivated in Egypt is rich in oxygenated compounds, with carvone and limonene being the predominant compounds, followed by hydrocarbons [4,5]. identified two new triterpenes (3β-acetyl-22α-hydroxy ursa-12,20-diene and 2α, 3β-dihydroxy-olean-18-en-29-oic acid) in the ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of M. suaveolens growing in Egypt. ...
... These biochemical properties are mainly due to the presence of several aromatic and phenolic compounds in different parts of the Mentha species. The chemical composition of Mentha species differs according to the growing season [4,5]. Additionally, the volatile oil composition of Mentha species from various populations and geographical regions indicated that the plants relate to either carvone or menthol or linalool chemotypes [6]. ...
... Antioxidants are of major interest to scientists, however, many carcinogenic and toxic effects were reported for synthetic antioxidants, making natural antioxidants promising alternatives [18]. The volatile oils of M. suaveolens have several proven and beneficial biological activities, especially antioxidant activity [4]. Other studies also showed that the volatile oils extracted from M. suaveolens exhibited potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans [5]. ...
Mentha is an aromatic plant used since antiquity for its pharmaceutical virtues. The climate of Saudi Arabia favors the growth of aromatic plants including Mentha suaveolens L. The aim of this study is to analyze the volatile oils of different parts of fresh and dried Mentha suaveolens L. grown in Saudi Arabia (Aljouf area) using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) techniques, to recognize the effect of drying on chemical composition, then to evaluate the antioxidant and antifungal activities of different extracts. In total, 118 compounds were identified via GC/MS and GC/FID, in which carvone is the main volatile constituent (stems, leaves, whole plant 45–64%). This investigation deduces that Mentha belonged to the carvone chemotype. Then, the analysis of non-volatile constituents of fresh and dried Mentha was performed by HPLC. The main phenolic compound of fresh and dried Mentha for different parts was rosmarinic acid (ranging from 28,002.5 to 6558 µg/g). The ethanolic extract of fresh stem showed the highest antifungal activity (53% inhibition) compared with miconazole (60% inhibition) but the ethanoic extract of dry stem showed no activity. Additionally, all ethanolic extracts, whether for fresh or dry Mentha, have antioxidant activity more than 90% while the antioxidant activity of whole plant volatile oil is equal to 53.33%. This research shows that M. suaveolens L. could be applied to manufacture natural antioxidants, antifungal, and flavoring agents.
... In a previous study the main components were reported as piperitenone oxide (73.773 % ± 6.4), germacrene-D (3.309 % ± 1.19) and limonene (2.969 % ± 1.02) (Božović et al., 2015) while in another investigation piperitenone and pulegone (Benayad et al., 2012) were determined as the main phytochemicals of this species. However, the majority of researches have identified carvone and limonene as the most abundant constituents of this species (El-Kashoury et al., 2012Zekri et al., 2013;Poli et al., 2018;Velasco-Negueruela and Perez-Alonso, 1996). ...
Mentha is an important aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family with a great industrial potential which has a very complex classification. Mint genotypes (Mentha × piperita ‘Black’, M. × piperita ‘White’, M. × aquatica, M. × villosa, M. longifolia, M. rutoundifolia, M. suaveolens) were gathered from different regions of Iran to investigate their essential oil (EO) yield and components. Mints were cultivated in the greenhouse and their essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation. EO yield varied from 0.51 to 1.3% (w / w). Gas chromatography analysis revealed that each species consisted of 46–64 constituents which make up about 98.2 %–99.85 % of their essential oils. A total 111 types of chemicals were identified, of which only ten were common between species, which together constitute 0.5 %–3.5 % of the total essential oils. The other 101 components showed a great diversity, of which 29 were major constituents of these genotypes. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that the type and amount of the constituents are important to determine their groups. Diversity classification based on quantity and quality of EOs, put them into four groups. The highest detected components in the respective mints were: carvone (55.08 %), M. suaveolens; menthol (53.1 %), M. ×piperita ‘Black’; pulegone (44.55 %), M. longifolia; menthofuran (38.67 %), M.×aquatica; menthol (32.36 %), M. × piperita L. ‘White’; carvone (27.12 %), M. rutoundifolia; and neo-menthol (22.79 %), M.× villosa. For the first time new constituents were identified: α-terpinyl acetate (5.03 %) and geranyl tiglate (10.81 %) were found in M. longifolia; carvone (27.12 %) was identified in M. rutoundifolia; and neo-menthol (22.79 %) and pulegone (10.90 %) were detected in M. villosa. The phytochemicals demonstrate a great diversity among the studied Iranian mint species. These results merit further investigations at the gene expression and proteomics levels.
... Plants producing an EO with MIC values on C. albicans <1000 μg/mL or <2 μL/mL include several species of Thymus, Coridothymus, Origanum, Mentha, Calamintha, Satureja, Salvia, Lavandula, Plectranthus, and Stachys. Within this group, it is worth noting that some EOs were active at concentrations <100 μg/mL, such as Mentha mozaffarianii [102], Mentha suaveolens Ehrh [51], Salvia mirzayanii Rech.f. and Esfand [56], Stachys spruneri Boiss. [71], Thymus willdenowii Boiss [84], Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, and Plectranthus caninus Roth [55]. ...
... Considering that the potency of EOs is reported as MIC, the SI cannot be measured and conclusive statements on the selective activity of EOs and on their safety is hazardous. Indeed, several EOs listed in Table 4 strongly interfere with cell proliferation of the tested cell lines with IC50 values <30 μg/mL, a threshold defining the cytotoxicity of natural products by the American National Cancer Institute and in scientific literature [51,99,137,138]. Thus, additional studies on EOs should be conducted in the perspective of their pharmaceutical use as antimicrobial agents. ...
Extensive documentation is available on plant essential oils as a potential source of antimicrobials, including natural drugs against Candida spp. Yeasts of the genus Candida are responsible for various clinical manifestations, from mucocutaneous overgrowth to bloodstream infections, whose incidence and mortality rates are increasing because of the expanding population of immunocompromised patients. In the last decade, although C. albicans is still regarded as the most common species, epidemiological data reveal that the global distribution of Candida spp. has changed, and non-albicans species of Candida are being increasingly isolated worldwide. The present study aimed to review the anti-Candida activity of essential oils collected from 100 species of the Lamiaceae family growing in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. An overview is given on the most promising essential oils and constituents inhibiting Candida spp. growth, with a particular focus for those natural products able to reduce the expression of virulence factors, such as yeast-hyphal transition and biofilm formation. Based on current knowledge on members of the Lamiaceae family, future recommendations to strengthen the value of these essential oils as antimicrobial agents include pathogen selection, with an extension towards the new emerging Candida spp. and toxicological screening, as it cannot be taken for granted that plant-derived products are void of potential toxic and/or carcinogenic properties.
... For example, Pietrella et al. (2011) highlighted essential oils to possess candicidal activity. Previous studies have shown that essential oils obtained from M. suaveolens have antiinflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antifungal activities (El-Kashoury, El-Askary, Kandil, Salem, & Sleem, 2012). ...
In all over the world, herbal drugs are usually adulterated with similar species or varieties due to incorrect identification. Most of herbal products devoid purity and quality, therefore an attempt was carried out to identify plant species and authenticate its herbal drug products from Mentha suaveolens. Microscopy tools provide an excellent platform to identify plants at species level. In this study, microscopic and pharmacokinetic parameters of M. suaveolens were observed. Plant species were collected from high diverse areas of Northern Pakistan. Macro and micro-morphology including palynology and anatomical features were analyzed to study M. suaveolens. Species characteristics were studied, while implementing microscopic techniques for the delimitation and identification of the species. Traditionally Mentha species are used to cure several diseases that is, digestive disorders, respiratory disorders. Micro-morphology (stem, leaves, flowers structure, length etc.), palynology (shape, size of pollen etc.), and anatomical characters (types of stomata, epidermal cell shape, and trichomes) were studied. Micromorphology and anatomical characters were of great interest and significance to discuss the taxonomy of the species. Taxonomic characters were studied to characterize and authenticate the species. The aim of the present study is to observe in detail the taxonomic identification of the species in term of morphology, palynology, and foliar epidermal anatomy for the correct identification along with their medicinal uses in the area.
... M. suaveolens has a wide range of effects such as stimulating, stomachic, choleretic, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Because of these benefits, it has been used as folk medicine [9,10]. Furthermore, it has been reported that it possesses various biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer [11][12][13]. ...
Mentha suaveolens is an aromatic herb that has a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. Although there are a few reports on the antioxidant property of M. suaveolens , its cytoprotective activity against oxidative stress has not been reported yet. The objective of this study was to determine the protective activity of M. suaveolens aqueous extract (MSAE) against hydrogen peroxide- (H 2 O 2 -) induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. MSAE pretreatment decreased H 2 O 2 -induced cytotoxicity and suppressed H 2 O 2 -induced intracellular ROS generation. Furthermore, MSAE suppressed expression levels of H 2 O 2 -induced apoptotic genes such as cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Pretreatment with MSAE induced expression of phase II enzyme such as HO-1 through translocation of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) upon H 2 O 2 exposure. These results revealed that the cytoprotective effect of MSAE against oxidative stress-induced cell death was associated with activation of Nrf2-mediated phase II enzyme expression.
... In recent years, some studies have indicated that the essential oils of M. suaveolens have an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria [21]. Moreover, it has been reported that these essential oils possess also the antioxidant properties [22]. Thereby, in this study, we proceeded to (i) extract the essential oils of M. suaveolens harvested from Meknes Region in Morocco and (ii) evaluate its antibacterial and antioxidant activities, in addition to its effect in the survival of E. coli and S. aureus in fresh sausages. ...
... However, it exhibits this activity at concentrations compatible with their bactericidal effect. On the other hand, it has been reported in the literature that M. suaveolens is a plant rich in essential oil and endowed with a potent antibacterial and antioxidant activity [21,22]. ...
The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Mentha suaveolens essential oil against pathogenic bacteria in fresh turkey sausages. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation. The antibacterial activity was carried out by agar diffusion and microplates methods against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Streptococcus faecalis. The antioxidant activity was carried out by ferric reducing antioxidant power and free radical scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The antimicrobial effect on sausages was conducted by the enumeration of S. aureus and E. coli during the storage period of fresh sausages manufactured with different concentrations of essential oil. The results showed that the essential oil of M. suaveolens has an antibacterial effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in addition to its antioxidant activity (EC 50 = 3.95 ± 0.03 mg/mL and IC 50 = 3.11 ± 0.02 mg/mL). Moreover, the addition of essential oil to fresh sausages has a significant effect against the tested pathogenic bacteria. The present data clearly demonstrate that the essential oil of M. suaveolens has a remarkable antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and can be used as a food additive to extend the shelf life of food products.
... Our study showed also that a low content of carvone (1.555%) coupled with a high content of piperitenone oxide (73.773%), suggest a piperitenone oxide chemotype for M. suaveolens, encountered also in Southeastern Europe [23]. A different study (El-Kashouri et al.) found a higher percentage of carvone (24.72%-55.74%) in M. suaveolens harvested from North Africa [24]. The variations in chemical composition of essential oils from Mentha species can be attributed to several factors such as temperature, humidity, climate, harvest season, or photoperiod [25]. ...
This work was aimed at correlating the chemotype of three Mentha species cultivated in Romania with an in vivo study of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of essential oils. The selected species were Mentha piperita L. var. pallescens (white peppermint), Mentha spicata L. subsp. crispata (spearmint), and Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (pineapple mint). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the essential oils isolated from the selected Mentha species was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils was determined by the rat paw edema test induced by λ-carrageenan. The antinociceptive effect of the essential oils was evaluated by the writhing test in mice, using 1% (v/v) acetic acid solution administered intraperitonealy and by the hot plate test in mice. The results showed a menthol chemotype for M. piperita pallescens, a carvone chemotype for M. spicata, and a piperitenone oxide chemotype for M. suaveolens. The essential oil from M. spicata L. (EOMSP) produced statistically significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects.
... Hydrodistilled oils of the fresh aerial parts of MS cultivated in Egypt were characterized by carvone and limonene as the major constituents [10,43], while the cultivated material from Beheira (Egypt) showed dominance of linalool (35.32%), p-menth-1-en-8-ol (11.08%) and geranyl acetate (10.86%) [20,38]. Wild material analysis from the Alexandria-Cairo desert road (Egypt) showed PO (35.14%), germacrene-D (22.65%), o-menth-8-ene (8.98%), trans-β-farnesene (6.92%), veridiflorol (7.67%) and L-limonene (5.89%) as the main constituents [6]. ...
... In that study, the antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic extract and its subfractions were performed [10]. The oil of the fresh aerial parts showed a potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger [43]. Other studies on the Egyptian plant material showed a strong antibacterial activity of the essential oil, especially against Staphylococcus aureus [6]. ...
... Analysis of some Egyptian mint species gave different results, since the lowest antioxidant activity was found in EOMS-only 6% [6]. Other analysis of the Egyptian EOMS showed potent in vivo (96% relative to vitamin E) and moderate in vitro antioxidant activities [43]. Ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of MS cultivated in Egypt and its subfractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were also evaluated. ...
Since herbal medicines play an important role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, there is a growing need for their quality control and standardization. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (MS) is an aromatic herb with fruit and a spearmint flavor, used in the Mediterranean areas as a traditional medicine. It has an extensive range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and insecticidal properties, among others. This study aims to review the scientific findings and research reported to date on MS that prove many of the remarkable various biological actions, effects and some uses of this species as a source of bioactive natural compounds. On the other hand, piperitenone oxide (PO), the major chemical constituent of the carvone pathway MS essential oil, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. Thus, this integrated overview also surveys and interprets the present knowledge of chemistry and analysis of this oxygenated monoterpene, as well as its beneficial bioactivities. Areas for future research are suggested.
