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Transverse section of a degenerating adult male Wuchereria bancrofti (WB) surrounded by a thrombus obstructing a large venous vessel. A transmural inflammatory infiltrate is also obvious. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained x 200.
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A 47-year-old Indian male presented with an inguinal mass clinically suspicious as a tumor. Histological examination of the excised mass demonstrated tissue reaction to degenerating intravascular adult filarial worms. The worms have been identified as a lymphatic filariae, most probably Wuchereria bancrofti. The case report underscores the need to...
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... parasite. Serial paraffin sections, 7 µ thick, were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), para aminosalicylate (PAS) and trichrome stains. Several transverse, oblique and longitudinal sections of a slightly degenerated adult nematode were found mostly within venous blood vessels, surrounded by intraluminal thrombus (Figure 1). Post-mortem changes in the worms rendered identification more ...
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Filarial nematode species can host Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts. To understand the symbiosis, a higher level of complexity should be considered, taking in account the tripartite association between Wolbachia, filariae and mammals. This overview article discusses the biology of Wolbachia in filariae, including their distribution and phylogeny,...
Citations
... Culex mosquitoes are a mosquito genus that can be found in subtropical, tropical, and temperate climates [2]. In the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, Culex mosquitoes, especially Culex pipiens, are the major filariasis vectors [3,4]. Filariasis affects more than 25 million people in the vaginal area, with another 15 million suffering from lymphedema. ...
The effect of ethanolic, acetonic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of propolis against 3rd instar larvae of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal (Diptera:Culicidae) in various concentrations was investigated in this work. A con. of (300 ppm) of ethanolic extract of propolis on a 3rd day of treatment, had a lethal effect on mosquito 3rd instar larvae, resulting in a mortality rate of 100%, followed by a con. of (250 ppm), which caused in a morality rate of 91.52 percent of larva during the seventh day of experiment. The acetone extract con. of (1000 ppm), on the other hand, killed almost all of the larvae during the 3rd day of experiment, while the (750 ppm) con., killed 89.65 percent of the larva on the seventh day of experiment. On a fourth day of experiment, a con. of (1000 ppm) of methanol extract of propolis caused 100 percent mortality of larvae, followed by a con. of (750 ppm) that caused 90 percent fatality of larvae during the seventh day of experiment. In the status of the aqueous extract, the mortality percentage reached 100% on the 6th day of experiment at a con. of (5000 ppm), followed by 66.66 percent mortality of larvae during the 7th day of experiment at a con. of (4000 ppm), compared to the control group, where the highest percentage was 3.33 percent in the acetonic extract of propolis.
... They are considered of less medical importance in sub-Saharan Africa due to very low prevalence of LF in sub-Saharan Africa (Eneanya et al. 2019). LF is a parasitic infection caused by the filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (Abdel-Hameed et al. 2004). They are widely distributed across the world and Nigeria inclusive (Bhattacharya et al. 2016). ...
The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.
... In Nigeria they are found in several areas such as Kano, Akure, Ondo, Ibadan and Edo [1]. This night time-active, opportunistic blood feeder is a vector of many pathogens, several of which affect humans.Culex mosquitoes are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis [2]. Culex mosquitomay also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. ...
This research work was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of plants commonly used in Kano on a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species obtained from the dental problem with a view to find the most efficacious one among them. The sensitivity disc method was used to test the antibacterial activity of chewing sticks, Eucalyptus globulus, Salvadora persica, Gledistsia triacanthos, Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas were the plants. It was found that none of the plants ‘aqueous extract had activity on the two species of the bacterial isolate at various concentrations. But ethanolic extract was active against all the test bacterial isolate obtained from the dental problem with a greater zone of inhibition in A. Indica, followed by E. globulus and a smaller zone of inhibition in J. curcas. Some of the secondary metabolites were all present with high content in ethanolic extract. The extracts of these plants may serve as sources for chemotherapeutic agents of the management of orofacial infection. KEYWORDS: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, chewing stick, infection, plant-extract
... In Nigeria they are found in several areas such as Kano, Akure, Ondo, Ibadan and Edo [1]. This night time-active, opportunistic blood feeder is a vector of many pathogens, several of which affect humans.Culex mosquitoes are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis [2]. Culex mosquitomay also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. ...
The study was aimed at finding the effectiveness of a physical method of controlling filariasis vector larvae. Four ovillanta traps were placed in four different sites (north, south, west and east) of Gwale Local Government area of Kano state. The eggs and immature stage (larvae) of the filariasis vector were collected and destroyed. A total of 134667 larvae were collected altogether. 25% from site A, 23% from site B, 28% from site C and 24% from site D.The finding of the study shows that ovillanta trap is an effective method in controlling filariasis vector.
KEYWORDS: Culex larvae, Filariasis, Ovillanta, vector
... In Nigeria they are found in several areas such as Kano, Akure, Ondo, Ibadan and Edo [1]. This night time-active, opportunistic blood feeder is a vector of many pathogens, several of which affect humans.Culex mosquitoes are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis [2]. Culex mosquitomay also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. ...
The study was aimed at finding the effectiveness of a physical method of controlling filariasis vector larvae. Four ovillanta traps were placed in four different sites (north, south, west and east) of Gwale Local Government area of Kano state. The eggs and immature stage (larvae) of the filariasis vector were collected and destroyed. A total of 134667 larvae were collected altogether. 25% from site A, 23% from site B, 28% from site C and 24% from site D.The finding of the study shows that ovillanta trap is an effective method in controlling filariasis vector.
... Culex mosquitoes, especially Culex quinquefasciatus are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis. This disease is common in many regions of the world including the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean countries [3] . C. quinquefasciatus may also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. ...
Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been
coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of
diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness
and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses
like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes
bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can
transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology,
medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge
since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different
vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence
and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive
fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary
capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in
variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its
epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even
having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment
friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical
insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability.
Key-words- Culex quinquefasciatus, Smart vector, Plasmodium relictum, Southern house mosquito
... Mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex are wide spread in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates worldwide, especially in urban areas [1]. Culex pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus are the main vectors of filariasis in many regions of the world [2][3][4], with the distribution of Culex mosquitoes in various countries, including Indonesia, directly associated with the incidence of filariasis [5]. As shown by a survey of vector density, mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex predominate in Malaysia and Indonesia [6][7][8]. ...
Resistance among Culex mosquitoes to various insecticides has been reported in many countries. However, there have been no studies of the resistance status of Culex in Indonesia. There is a need for such studies to develop a database for use in vector control management. This study aimed to investigate the insecticide resistance status of C. quenquefasciatus, which is the primary vector of filariasis, to aid the planning of a vector control management program. In the present study, Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were collected from five districts/municipalities where filariasis is endemic in Central Java. The larvae were reared to adult stage, and insecticide susceptibility testing was then conducted according to standard bioassay procedures of the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of the bioassays showed that C. quinquefasciatus had a high level of resistance against 0.75% permethrin, with mortality rates ranging from 4.8 to 21.6%. The lowest resistance was found among mosquitoes collected from Grobogan district. This may be explained by the district’s remote geographical location. The high level of resistance found in the present study may be caused by exposure to local insecticides, which have been applied for many years as part of a dengue vector control program. These insecticides may also have contaminated the breeding sites of C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Better vector control management is needed to help prevent the development and spread of resistance. Such management should include routine insecticide surveillance and insecticide alternation.
... Culex mosquitoes, especially C. pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus, are the main vectors of filariasis in many regions of the world [1] including Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean countries. [2,3] Culex is also responsible for the transmission of some viral diseases such as Rift Valley Fever, [4][5][6][7] the West Nile virus, [5][6][7][8] Saint Louis Encephalitis (SLE) [9] and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE). ...
... [11] The distribution of Culex mosquitoes in various regions of the world, including Indonesia and its relationship with the incidence of filariasis has been reported. [1,12,13] The existence of Culex quinquefasciatus Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | March -April 2017 | Vol 10 | Issue 2 (4) and Pekalongan District (5). All of the locations are filariasis endemic areas (CDC, 1994). ...
Species identification of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes is crucial for planning vector control program. The progress of molecular entomology tool supports a better understanding of the species identification. In the molecular study, it has grown ITS2 sequences which are used as a potential marker for species identification and phylogenetic analysis. The genetic diversity of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes has been reported worldwide, but until now there has been no study of diversity of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of Culex quinquefasciatus as a filariasis vector in Central Java on the basis of ITS2 genes from ribosomal DNA. This study is done descriptively by collecting samples from filariasis endemic areas in Central Java. Results of the morphological and molecular analysis showed a difference of identification. ITS2 sequence alignment results of Cx. pipien complex from Central Java isolates have similarities with some isolates in many worlds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ITS2 sequence of mosquitoes in this study is not monophyletic. The further results indicate the fact of introgression history ITS2 from Cx. pipien toCx. quinquefasciatus in Central Java. The introgression may occur before Cx. quinquefasciatus proliferate and spread in the Central Java region.
... However, Culex mosquitoes, mainly Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus, are the main vectors of the parasite in many countries of the world including the Eastern Mediterranean countries [74]. Lymphatic filariasis has been reported from the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia where foreign labour constitutes the majority of cases [75][76][77]. In 2002, three autochthonous Saudi cases of lymphatic filariasis were reported in Riyadh [78]. ...
Climate change is an emerging global problem. It has hazardous effects that vary across
different geographic regions and populations. It is anticipated to have significant effects in
Saudi Arabia. The present work reviews the future of human parasitoses in Saudi Arabia in
response to the expected climate change. The key projections are increased precipitations, flash
floods, unstable temperatures, sea-level rise and shoreline retreat. Such environmental changes
could strongly influence the epidemiology of fly-borne, mosquito-borne, snail-borne and
water-borne human parasitoses in the country.
... Culex mosquitoes, especially C. quinquefasciatus, are the chief vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti that cause a disease known as bancroftian filariasis. This disease is common in many regions of the world including the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean countries [2]. C. quinquefasciatus may also cause protozoan, viral, parasitic and helminthic diseases. ...
Present study was conducted
to determine the resistance status of Culex
quanquefasciatus to deltamethrin (0.5%) in
district Sargodha. Only blood fed female
mosquitoes were sampled for the study and
subjected to residual bioassay test. The
mortality rate was 100% after 24 hours of
deltamethrin (0.5%) exposure. Results of
residual bioassays revealed that population of
Culex quanquefasciatus in study area is
susceptible to recommended dose of
deltamethrin (0.5%). Calculated LT50 was 6.38
hours. Non-significant difference was observed
in the activities of estrases, monooxegenases
and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) in
control and treated groups of C.
quinquefasciatus. It is concluded that mosquito
population in the study area is not resistant to
the recommended dose of deltamethrin.
