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Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) aims to move away from the traditional method of manual reading of electricity meters in which a meter reader who visit every meter location periodically and read the meter value manually. AMR by using radio frequency (RF) is the remote collection of consumption data from customers' utility meters using radio frequency...
Citations
... It consumes 9mA of current for its transmission [13,14]. The data pin was used to modulate the data signal with ASK modulation and transmit the signal with the carrier signal of 433 Mhz frequency range [15]. ...
Although intercropping gives additional yield per unit area than sole cropping, yield may also decrease as the crops differ in their competitive abilities. To avoid competition and to accompany complimentary action between the base crop and inter crop in intercropping practise, proper crop ratio of two crops should be maintained. When sowing with available seeders crop ratio was not maintained because of non-availability of a seed hopper, handling two different varieties of seeds and the un controlled seed flow from the hopper to the seed tube when ground wheel is rotating. To look after this problem an experiment was conducted at DFMPE, AEC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur by fabricating a seed hopper consisting of two compartments and circular shaped outlet for two variety of seeds and developing an RF (radio frequency) wireless technology to control servo motor in order to restrict the seed drop from seed hopper to the seed tube even though ground wheel is in running condition. In this paper considering a seven-row seeder, the performance of a micro controller coded with appropriate programme in embedded C language which can regulate seven servo motors each at seven seed hoppers, functioning of RF transmitter sketch, functioning of RF receiver sketch, header issue & its solution, angle conversion of servo shaft and power consumption was observed and discussed. Total power required for operating RF electronic setup containing seven servomotors was recorded as 5 V 12 A. The angle of rotation of servo motor shaft was from 0º to 165º when pulse width range in micro controller was set from 0 and 2400 micro seconds. The servo did not respond in the hardware interfacing because both the libraries use timer 1 interrupt which created an error issue. In order to overcome that “Servo timer 2.h” header was issued instead of servo.h. Then sketch was compiled and was executed successfully.
... Despite the advantages of using RF technology such as reduced meter reading time, it however has some limitations such as reduced range of radio signals, susceptibility to interferences from weather conditions, difficulty in receiving from some specific areas shielded by structures e.g. mountains (Ali et al., 2012). EPRI (EPRI, 2010) also stated that RF exposure may be hazardous to consumers, therefore this technology is not suitable for meter reading. ...
The measurement of the energy consumed by residential and commercial buildings by utility provider is important in billing, control, and monitoring of the usage of energy. Traditional metering techniques used for the measurement of energy are not convenient and is prone to different forms of irregularities. These irregularities include meter failure, meter tampering, inaccuracies in billing due to human error, energy theft, and loss of revenue due to corruption, etc. This research study proposed the design and construction of a microcontroller-based electric energy metering system using the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) network. This system provides a solution to the irregularities posed by the traditional metering technique by allowing the utility provider have access to remote monitoring capabilities, full control over consumer load, and remote power disconnection in the case of energy theft. Proteus simulation software was used to model the system hardware and the software was obtained by using embedded C programming and visual basic. It was observed that the system could remotely take accurate energy readings, provided full control over consumer loads and execute remote disconnection in case of energy theft. The system provides high performance and high accuracy in power monitoring and power management.
... The sensor for measuring the optical energy produced by the LED was used in the design. The optical response provides the energy usage and then the microcontroller controls further [7,8]. Their objective is to design a model that facilitates hassle-free, quick, and portable internet connectivity for the user. ...
... The steps involved in it are circuit design, server development, and debugging. The prior study parameters, particularly those listed in [7] of the project, are included and used in the project's development. The first project is solely focused on optocoupler integration. ...
The rapid growth in the population of major cities is causing an increase in energy consumption. Several approaches, including the use of recent technological advancements, are becoming increasingly important. IoT-based applications are becoming more common in addressing a variety of real-time issues. The central idea of the project in collaborating with this new technology is the human-machine interaction. Furthermore, the proposed architecture enables energy-saving applications that perform the following primary functions: estimating energy utilization of the home environment using metering devices; and applying user-defined limits that cut off boundaries providing if it exceeds energy limits. The Internet serves as an interactive medium between servers and home appliances, monitoring and controlling energy consumption remotely. For the purpose, android platform is used to design a mobile application. Raspberry Pi is dedicated for the server that maintains the database of each controllable unit. The proposed idea is successfully tested in the laboratory environment with synthetic load and in real-time over a running energy meter, to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness.
... Security issues associated with WiFi-based communication are also discussed at length. Ali et al. [11] also developed an automatic meter reading system for energy consumption tracking using an optocoupler sensor. The principle behind their work is to detect the optical pulse generated by the LED which is present within energy meters and the microcontroller uses this data to determine the energy consumed. ...
The number of household appliances has drastically increased in the recent years and with this, so has the consumption and demand for electricity. In the face of declining energy resources, there is a need for a solution that can help track, measure and control the consumption of electricity. Conventional energy meters do not provide information regarding power consumption at the device-level, due to which consumers cannot monitor or log the electricity consumed by each appliance. To bridge the gap in device energy consumption data, we propose the design and implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT) enabled, minimalistic, cost-effective and efficient smart energy meter which will aid consumers in obtaining information on the energy consumption of any electrical appliance. This will not only assist consumers in ensuring that their devices function as per the energy rating but also help them access energy expenditure patterns formed over time which will contribute towards awareness and conscious conservation of energy.
... Eectricity metering has undergone significant technological progress over the last 30 years, from electromechanical to electronic metering. An essential stage of this evolution arose with Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) [1], which includes the following main features [2,3]: ...
A new generation of smart meters are called cognitive meters, which are essentially based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and load disaggregation methods for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). Thus, modern NILM may recognize appliances connected to the grid during certain periods, while providing much more information than the traditional monthly consumption. Therefore, this article presents a new load disaggregation methodology with microscopic characteristics collected from current and voltage waveforms. Initially, the novel NILM algorithm-called the Power Signature Blob (PSB)-makes use of a state machine to detect when the appliance has been turned on or off. Then, machine learning is used to identify the appliance, for which attributes are extracted from the Conservative Power Theory (CPT), a contemporary power theory that enables comprehensive load modeling. Finally, considering simulation and experimental results, this paper shows that the new method is able to achieve 95% accuracy considering the applied data set.
... Authors in [12]. developed an Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Using Radio Frequency. ...
Electricity Metering has experienced significant changes through the years and the technology of e-metering continually advanced. This paper develops an improved SMS based metering system using GSM technology. An Arduino microcontroller is connected to a GSM-based wireless communication module. It monitors electrical pulses and the units consumed and the costs are calculated. This data is displayed on an LCD screen, and the data is also sent to the user via SMS. The user will be able to get SMS alerts of low and expired credit. The maximum and minimum units are set to 20 units and 0 units respectively. The alert on the LCD does not show until the units are getting close to the minimum. The experimental test was taken at different times at an interval of 5 min during the late hours of the day and the result shows that the proposed system is very effective.
... In [3], creators have built up an AMR based system to detect the energy utilization. They have utilized an optocoupler sensor to detect pulse created by the LED shown on the smart meter. ...
... So there is a great demand of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system which reads and collects the data of energy meters automatically, and processes the readings data for billing without any human intervention [3]. The AMR system is an efficient and reliable metering method which reduces operational costs by allowing remote access and control to energy meter and eliminating the need for the utility company personnel to visit every home for data collection [3,4]. Thus, the presented paper discusses the issues and challenges due to the current practice of manual meter reading method in Pakistan, and converse about the possible outcomes of the AMR system usage both for utilities and consumers. ...
The automation is now becoming necessary almost in every field including distribution, control and monitoring of electrical energy. However, in Pakistan the situation is very poor, and the country is facing the severe energy crisis because of outdated power system infrastructure. Even the energy monitoring and metering system for billing is still based on conventional electro-mechanical type meters; which are now being replaced by electronic type digital energy meters in many sub-divisions of Pakistan. However, the collection of energy meter readings data from these meters is being conducted manually which opens the doors of corruption in the form of overbilling which is a major challenge for the current government together with the electricity theft. Although; some steps, including the deployment of mobile based meter reading process using android phones, have been taken to solve this issue but the problem still persists. This is mainly because of the traditional manual meter reading method, which is obsolete, outmoded, inefficient and time consuming. So, this paper presents the simple, efficient, and inexpensive design of an automatic single phase energy meter reading system based on GSM wireless network which also has the provision for user notification. This system uses the short messaging service to transmit the energy meter readings data to utility for billing as well as to update the consumers about their energy usage on regular basis. Moreover, this paper also discusses the potential impacts of this system usage both for utilities and consumers especially in Pakistan.
... The system considered for meter reading is accurate for the both SMS and GPRS for the profiling of the energy meter to induce transparency in the electric meter reading system. For the use of hand-held devices, the meter reading system based on Radio Frequency (RF) [4]. In this device, the computer equipped with radio frequency transceiver is used to collect readings. ...
... System RF based automatic metering system was the most common types of metering systems some of which include the handheld, mobile and fixed network (Chu and Hogg, 2000;Prachi, 2014). Despite the advantages of using RF technology such as reduced meter reading time however, Ali et al., (2012) highlighted the inherent limitations to the RF based automatic metering system which include: reduced range of radio signals, susceptibility to interferences from weather conditions, difficulty in receiving from some specific areas shielded by structures (e.g. mountains). ...
The measurement of the energy consumed by residential and commercial buildings by utility provider is important in billing, control and monitoring of the usage of energy. Traditional metering techniques used for the measurement of energy are not convenient and is prone to different forms of irregularities. These irregularities include inaccuracies in billing due to human error, energy theft, loss of revenue due to corruption and so on. This research study proposed the design and construction of a microcontroller based electric energy metering system using the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) network. This system provides solution to the irregularities posed by the traditional metering technique by allowing the utility provider have access to remote monitoring capabilities, full control over consumer load, and remote power disconnection in the case of energy theft. Proteus simulation software was used to model the system hardware and the software was obtained by using embedded C programming and visual basic. It was observed that the system could remotely take accurate energy readings, provided full control over consumer loads and execute remote disconnection in case of energy theft. The system provides high performance and high accuracy in power monitoring and power management.
