Table 35 - uploaded by Todd Litman
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This guidebook describes how to create a comprehensive framework for evaluating the full impacts (benefits and costs) of a particular transit service or improvement. It identifies various categories of impacts and how to measure them. It includes examples of transit evaluation, and provides extensive references.
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This paper identifies service safety as separate dimension of quality and considers the need to view safety from the frontline worker's perspective. Stewart's (2003) "3 T" framework is used to categorize safety training elements by task, treatment and tangibles. Results from a survey of public transit bus drivers are presented. Results show that th...
1. To come up with the design of Multi Modal Transit Hub
2. To promote usage of public transport by integrating different
road services & making public mobility easy & affordable by
different class of people
Transit Hub integrating different road services, encourage use of
public transport & promote commercial establishment to generate
economy
Il lavoro elabora alcune metodologie per calcolare un costo di riferimento per il servizio di trasporto pubblico
urbano. Come costo di riferimento è da intendere un costo di media efficienza, rispetto ad un campione reale,
che pertanto differisce concettualmente dal costo economico standardizzato; quest’ultimo infatti, a norma della
L.151/1981, rap...
Citations
... Decision-making platforms should be able to acknowledge the socio-economic and environmental effects of all upstream, direct, and indirect processes, assessing alternatives based on clearly defined critical indicators. For road transport systems, in addition to the stakeholder targeted objectives (Butt et al., 2015), accessibility, road user satisfaction, travel time, congestion, travel cost, and impacts from the traffic component need to be considered (Litman, 2019). Nevertheless, as exhibited through Table 1, majority of the LCCA and LCA studies have predominantly focused on limited indicators. ...
... Further, studies suggest that when TDM strategies are integrated in university campuses, they can offer affordable travel alternatives to students, thereby decreasing their dependency on private vehicles and reducing the car ownership ratios (Davis & Dutzik, 2013). Particularly, such strategies can potentially reduce parking demand, leading to cost reductions of the universities providing parking areas and resource reallocation (Litman, 2013;Schmitt, 2013aSchmitt, , 2013b. University communities in car-dominated societies can improve the current situation and provide solutions not only impacting the behavior of university members but also can aid in the education and growth of long-term habits that can be spread to urban societies. ...
Transportation planners and policymakers’ main endeavour is to identify mechanisms to ensure that traffic congestion externalities and their adverse impacts are mitigated using various economic and market-based instruments. This paper proposes a framework integrating the concept of designing economic mechanisms for planning and promoting sustainable mobility using credit schemes on a disaggregated level of university communities. The mechanism uses a systems approach to model the components of policy, credit scheme, the choices of the populations and their impacts on society. Travel behavior data of different user groups are collected, informing the formulation of the system and the credit scheme while disincentivizing single-occupant vehicle trips and incentivizing sustainable transportation options, such as shared micro-mobility services, public transportation, and carpooling. The results of the framework’s application suggest that parking pricing schemes that function as disincentives are more efficient when gradually introduced. Externalities are not minimized if parking pricing or incentives towards sustainable transportation are imposed solely. On the contrary, externalities
are minimized when incentives and disincentives are integrated. Lastly, the framework could be extended to other large institutions or organizations, allowing the gradual diffusion of sustainable transportation and the unification of credit schemes.
... Silla and Kallberg (2012) observed that passenger rail has an accident rate of approximately one-tenth that of automobiles per passenger mile traveled, implying a significant safety benefit in shifting from cars to trains. This finding was reinforced by Waycaster et al. (2018) and Litman (2022), who identified rail as one of the safest modes of transportation based on the metrics of injuries and fatalities per distance traveled. Filigrana et al. (2022) highlighted the tangible economic value of this safety improvement, resulting from saved lives and decreased healthcare costs. ...
This study addresses the crucial question of the macroeconomic impact of investing in railroad infrastructure in Portugal. The aim is to shed light on the immediate and long-term effects of such investments on economic output, employment, and private investment, specifically focusing on interindustry variations. We employ a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and utilize industry-level data to estimate elasticities and marginal products on these three economic indicators. Our findings reveal a compelling positive long-term spillover effect of these investments. Specifically, every €1 million in capital spending results in a €20.84 million increase in GDP, a €17.78 million boost in private investment, and 72 new net permanent jobs. However, these gains are not immediate, as only 14.5% of the output increase and 38.8% of the investment surge occur in the first year. In contrast, job creation is nearly instantaneous, with 93% of new jobs materializing within the first year. A short-term negative impact on the trade balance is expected as new capital goods are imported. Upon industry-level analysis, the most pronounced output increases are witnessed in the real estate, construction, and wholesale and retail trade industries. The most substantial net job creation occurs in the construction, professional services, and hospitality industries. This study enriches the empirical literature by uncovering industry-specific impacts and temporal macroeconomic effects of railroad infrastructure investments. This underscores their dual advantage in bolstering long-term economic performance and counteracting job losses during downturns, thus offering valuable public policy implications. Notably, these benefits are not evenly distributed across all industries, necessitating strategic sectoral planning and awareness of employment agencies to optimize spending programs and adapt to industry shifts.
... They remain the most economically, environmentally, and socially appropriate solution for balanced and sustainable urban development. However, the critical issue facing this mode of mass transit is related to sustainability [101]. From this perspective, the rapid deployment of electric and fuel-cell buses is attracting increased attention in the transportation sector worldwide, which can meet higher environmental requirements in public transportation in terms of emission reduction [100,102]. ...
In this paper, the challenges inherent in the development of a decarbonized transportation system are thoroughly examined. Sustainable transportation practices that can contribute to the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions and overall sustainability are identified. Furthermore, the most effective and innovative research avenues being pursued by the research community to enhance transportation sustainability are reviewed and discussed. The review framework has been designed to facilitate the identification of key areas of interest through the implementation of a systematic literature review approach. Firstly, an in-depth analysis is provided concerning the main barriers encountered in the realization of sustainable transportation. These barriers are categorized into five dimensions, namely regulatory, technological, financial, organizational, and social. Subsequently, attention is directed towards the emerging approaches that actively support the implementation of sustainable transportation. Lastly, the primary policy measures intended to promote sustainable mobility are the subject of discussion. The findings unveiled in this paper possess the potential to provide managers and policy makers with a comprehensive understanding of transportation sustainability issues. Furthermore, they carry practical implications that can contribute to the construction of sustainable transportation systems.
... Public transport is therefore considered as a means for carrying passengers and goods either by private vehicles or public carriers, for hire to earn money (Adeniji, 1984;Badejo, 1993). Public transit also called public transport, mass transit and urban transit includes various transport services available to the general public including vanpools, buses, trains, ferries, and their variations (Litman, 2010). The provision of adequate public transport services is one of the most important components for the well-being of growing and expanding urban areas (Murray, Davis, Stinson, and Ferreira, 1998). ...
This paper examined the gender accessibility level to public transport services in Kano metropolis. Convenience/accidental sampling technique was used to administer questionnaire to 400 users of public transport services proportionately to both male and female in the study area. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Tricycle (55.3%) was the most preferred mode of public transport by both men and women. About 76% and 54% of the male and female respondents agreed to have access to their preferred mode of public transportation with 74.4% of the women having waiting time of less than 10 minutes as against 73.5% for the men. Conclusively, the study revealed that women have higher accessibility levels to public transport services when compared with men.
Keywords: Accessibility, Gender, Mode, Public transport.
... Public transport plays a vital role in society as it provides affordable basic mobility for everyone and efficient and sustainable urban travel. At its best, public transport contributes to more efficient land use development, increased air quality, and improved space allocation within the city (Litman, 2022;Miller et al., 2016). Moreover, public transport's role in decarbonization and urbanization is crucial in meeting the European Union's (EU) commitments to global climate action under the Paris Agreement, as transportation is one of the major and fast-growing emitters of CO2 (Giannakis et al., 2020) Public transport is a crucial driver of transportation sustainability and a tool to address the sustainability impacts of car dependency by providing energy-efficient transportation in urban environments that can compete with the speed of personal transportation (Miller et al., 2016). ...
Policymakers must find efficient public transport solutions to promote sustainability and provide efficient urban mobility in the course of urban growth. A growing number of research papers are applying Geographically weighted regression (GWR) to model the relationship between public transport demand and its influential factors. However, few studies have considered the rapid development of journey inference from ticket transaction data. Similarly, the potential of GWR to analyze spatio-temporal changes that reflect changes in transportation supply and thus provide a measure for evaluating the local success of transport supply changes has yet to be exploited. In this paper, we use inferred journeys from smart card inferences as the dependent variable and analyze how public transport demand responds to a set of explanatory variables, emphasizing transport supply. Consequently, GWR and its successor Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) are applied to analyze the spatially varying impact of transport supply changes for seven consecutive time frames between autumn 2017 and spring 2020, allowing conclusions about local changes in transport demand, as well as the benchmarking of transport supply changes. The (M)GWR framework’s predictive power is evaluated by training the model with past transport supply data and testing the model with data from the following consecutive years. The conducted analyses reveal that the (M)GWR model, using inferred journeys and transport supply data, can retrospectively predict the impact of transport supply changes on travel behavior and thus provides conclusions about the success of transport policies.
... For car traffic, there exists a large body of research (Guo et al., 2022;Gössling et al., 2022), recently often focused on a comparison of direct cost of electric and conventional cars (De Clerck et al., 2018;Hasan et al., 2021;Lebeau et al., 2013;Mitropoulos et al., 2017). In contrast, there is scant literature on the vehicle costs of public transportation; what does exist focuses on specific construction projects (Almujibah and Preston, 2019;Glazebrook, 2009), developing social cost models for specific street corridors (Vu and Preston, 2020), or considering different operating environments (Li and Preston, 2015) or benefits (Guerra, 2011;Litman, 2023). The reason is that costs of offering public transport services are hardly known outside of the companies which do so (Petruccelli and Carleo, 2017). ...
... The relations between fare collection system and tariff system, information and sale (distribution) systems are also mentioned next to it. A design and realization of fare collection system (FCS) is a complicated thing as it has been mentioned in the study Todd (2018) assessed public transit benefits and costs best practices. Todd define how to create an all-inclusive structure for assessing benefits and costs of a specific transport service. ...
... Several of the methods utilised in the earlier study can be replicated in assessing alternative modes, such as biking and ridesharing. The study or Todd (2018) is an exploratory work that differ in methodological approaches to the current study. ...
This study examined the fare structure and operational performance of Rivers Transport Company (RTC). Specifically, it looks at the cost and frequency of trips on each route, and the operational performance of RTC. The study used a cross-sectional research design. 398 copies of questionnaires were administered to users of RTC, and an oral interview was conducted using a simple random sampling technique. Descriptive tools such as percentage and frequency distribution, and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) were utilised for the data analysis. The analysis of the data revealed that the cost of transport per route is majorly determined by measurable indices including; the vehicle type, the distance covered, the destination, and the nature of road infrastructure. The frequency of customer patronage for RTC solely depends on the cost of travel and other attitudinal characteristics of drivers and the general operators of the Rivers Transport Company. Other findings revealed a significant increase in the vehicular fleet, 0.58% and 0.59% of profit margin for 2017/2018 and 2019, respectively. The net profit obtained at 1000 vehicles in operation in 2017 and 2018 was ₦246,365,810 and ₦256,310,766, respectively. In 2019 at 1200 vehicles, a net profit of ₦284,047,200 was attained. The CBA indicates a viable performance since there is a positive relationship in growth between the total income and operational cost, and it is significant. The study recommends that adequate funding and provision of vehicles should be encouraged.
... All these components have rendered the transportation system in institutions ineffective and thereby resulted in poor academic performance of the students in the university system. Litman (2010b) and Litman (2010a), proposed that in tackling transportation problems, four major things should be considered. One is growth which involves expanding and doing more. ...
As the problems of transporting University of Ilorin, Nigeria students to and from campus are on the increase and it is gradually affecting learning due to limited transportation options. The main objective of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the road transport system at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The study theoretical framework is based on human capital theory. To achieve this objective, questionnaires were distributed to students using a simple sampling technique in choosing respondents from the students' residential areas. And descriptive statistics and multinomial probit regression models were used in analyzing the data collected. The result indicates that there is an inadequate supply of transport modes particularly during peak periods which limited the effectiveness of transportation in the study area. Therefore, recommendations were made so that government, school authorities, and other stakeholders should take measures that will enhance the effectiveness of the transport system. Such measures include transport education, well-structured transport, and lecture timetables to reduce rushing periods, consideration should be given to e-learning and the policy of decreasing the cost of transport and providing adequate transport infrastructure should be implemented. These recommendations if adhered to, will reduce students' stress, and enhance their study capacity, which will in turn, improve human capital development.
... External costs such as accident risk and pollution are imposed on non-users; Traffic congestion results in incremental vehicle operating costs; Operating costs for drivers comprise oil and tire wear costs [102] Canada, 2010 ...
