Table 5 - uploaded by John Kinyuru
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The diversity of traditional foods in Kisumu West District of Western Kenya was assessed with an aim to identify the foods with a potential for complementary feeding. Leaves were the most consumed plant part amongst vegetables, while a few fruits were consumed together with their seeds. Amaranthus cruentus L. was found to be consumed as a leafy veg...
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... The many cases of child malnutrition reported in sub-Saharan Africa have been largely linked to poor diets and feeding practices, resulting from poor dietary selection and limitation in resources [33]. In most cases, children's diets are composed of only energy-dense foods with low viscosity and high bulk making them even more difficult to consume, exacerbating undernutrition [34,35]. This strongly suggests the need to emphasize maternal education on proper dietary selection especially during pre-natal and post-partum periods. ...
The trajectory for widespread integration of edible insects into the human diet is still confronted by low acceptability especially among communities that traditionally or habitually do not consume insects. While the concern today is how best to present edible insects into food matrices that improve their acceptability, this development should be aligned with consumer intrigues into the choices of insect-based foods. This study determined the influence of socio-economic factors (age, education, marital status, occupation, and income levels), and breastfeeding status of mothers and care givers on acceptability of cricket-based porridges. Four composite porridge flours were developed by blending cricket flour with maize, wheat, and soy flour at four different levels. The reference formula (CP) had 0% cricket inclusion and was a composite of maize, wheat, and defatted soy flour in the ratio of 2:1:1 resembling Famila Baby weaning porridge flour, a common infant formula in Kenya. The other treatment flours were formulated by replacing an equivalent amount of soy flour with cricket flour at 25%, 50% and 75% to allow enrichment of Famila formula with cricket flour, and were coded as CPB1, CPB2 and CPB3, respectively. Porridge prepared from the flours were evaluated for acceptability among forty mothers and care-givers selected in Siaya County, Kenya. Non-cricket porridge was the most accepted across the respondents’ socio-economic dynamics. Acceptability of cricket-based porridges improved with age and level of education but reduced significantly for both married (p<0.000) and unmarried women (p<0.000). Women engaged in formal employment rated cricket-based porridges significantly higher (p<0.003) than other occupations. Income level generated mixed influences with non-cricket porridge still rated significantly higher (p<0.000) than cricket-based porridges across different income groups. Breastfeeding had insignificant influence on acceptability of the porridges (p=0.06). From this study, age, education, occupation and income showed varied influences on the acceptability of cereal-cricket porridges and should therefore be considered among key factors that shape consumer acceptability. Consequently, promotion strategies should consider the latter socio-economic factors in devising interventions to improve acceptability of edible insects and their products. Key words: Edible insects, Crickets, Porridge, Socio-economic status, Consumer evaluation, Acceptability
... The long-horned grasshopper, Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is an important food in East Africa (Agea et al. 2008;Kinyuru et al. 2011;Kinyuru et al. 2012). The nutritional composition of R. differens is of higher quality than that of commonly consumed insects, animals and plants (Ssepuuya et al. 2016). ...
Natural enemies are major challenges in laboratory rearing of grasshoppers, but the identity and virulence of these towards the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is scarcely known. In this study, fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens collected from Mbarara, Masaka, Hoima, Kampala and Kabale districts in Uganda in 2018, cultured on standard microbial media, identified using molecular techniques and screened for virulence against the insect in laboratory bioassays. Fourteen and nine species of fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens, respectively, with the number of isolates varying based on collection site. The most prevalent entomopathogenic fungal species were Aspergillus flavus Link (27.3%), Fusarium equiseti (Corda) (24.2%), Mucor fragilis Fresen (12.1%), Clonostachys rosea (Link) (6.0%) and Aspergillus tamarii Kita (6.0%); whereas the most prevalent bacterial isolates were Serratia marcescens Bizio (38.1%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (14.3%) and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) (14.3%). Nine of the fungal species namely Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn), Trichoderma koningii Oudem, F. equiseti, M. fragilis, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Epicoccum sorghinum (Saccardo), C. rosea, Penicillium commune Charles Thom; and five bacterial species (Proteus penneri Hickman, S. marcescens, B. thuringiensis, Staphylococcus sciuri Kloos and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder)) were ~5–7-fold and ~4–5-fold, more lethal to third instars of R. differens than untreated controls, respectively. This study is the first to report C. lusitaniae, Exserohilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri and E. cloacae as insect pathogens. The results suggest a need to quarantine field collected R. differens before introducing them into the insectary, as well as performing antimicrobial practices during rearing of the insect to prevent entomopathogen-based mortality.
... Te majority of the study population believes that the consumption of grasshoppers/locusts is part of their culture. Tis reply is in line with the authors in [43], who indicated that grasshopper/ locust consumption is part of the culture in the western region of Kenya. ...
Edible insects play an important role as a protein source of high-nutritional value in the western region of Kenya. However, current knowledge on edible grasshopper/locust species consumed in western Kenya and the perception towards these insects as an alternative protein source are not well documented. A questionnaire was issued to 901 respondents in four counties of western Kenya. The results showed that 91.6% of the respondents had heard that grasshoppers/locusts are edible insects and that 51.2% of the respondents had consumed them. The most frequently identified edible species was Cyrtacanthacris tatarica, with 58.6% cases followed by Schistocerca gregaria (25.7%), while Ruspolia differens was the least identified (1.2%). The majority of the consumers (60.0%) were introduced to entomophagy by their relatives, fewer by their friends (34.0%), and 5.7% by themselves. For those who had never eaten them, 53.8% were unwilling to try, while 11.9% were willing. On availability in the market, 97.9% indicated having never bought, while only 2.1% had bought the insect. The highly preferred method of cooking was smoking/roasting at 53.3%. The majority at 50.1% indicated the willingness to rear, while 21.0% were undecided. The frequency of the respondents who highly preferred to rear the insect for food and feed was 50.4%. The results suggest that the study population has knowledge of edible grasshopper/locust species and is willing to rear edible insects as an alternative protein food source.
... Although the indigenous traditional knowledge on medicinal uses of wild plants of Jharkhand has been relatively well documented [4,5,6,7,8], studies on the traditional knowledge of wild edible plants in Jharkhand are limited [9,10,11]. Now concern has grown worldwide to document wild edible plants as a strategy to tackle food insecurity in future [12][13][14][15][16]. ...
Yams are common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea (Family-Dioscoreaceae) that forms edible tubers. These are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous vine constituting an important part of the forest flora of district Khunti. The
Munda tribe is dominating tribal community of the district. They live in close vicinity of nature. They have indigenous traditional knowledge of identifying and consuming wild edible plants and plant parts as food. This indigenous traditional knowledge is passed
on orally from one generation to the other. But due to urbanization, change in the lifestyle, deforestation, unplanned developmental activities etc., the biodiversity and its associated traditional knowledge is declining at a rapid rate. Therefore, it is necessary to document the traditional knowledge of indigenous tribal people before it is been lost. This paper deals with the ethnobotanical study of nine wild edible Dioscorea spp. of the region.
... Leafy vegetables deteriorate very rapidly after harvest and therefore require proper postharvest handling to preserve the quality at harvest. Lack of knowledge on appropriate quality preservation practices and technologies can result in high qualitative and quantitative losses in vegetables [7]. High postharvest losses (upwards of 50%) in leafy vegetables are attributed to various biological and environmental factors [6]. ...
... As part of the Malabo Declaration, African Union member states have committed to decreasing post-harvest food losses by 2025 [22]. Reduced post-harvest food losses have ramifications for other SDGs connected to food systems, as well as socioeconomic and environmental repercussions on SDGs 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15, and 17 [23]; [3]. Fruit and vegetable post-harvest losses are difficult to anticipate; the major causes of spoiling are physiological damage and the interactions of numerous species. ...
The effect of two different drying techniques (Sun drying at ambient temperature for 2 days, and oven drying at 65 o C for 4 hours, on the proximate, mineral composition, vitamin content and ant-nutrients of fluted pumpkin leaf were studied. The results obtained showed that oven drying technique had higher protein (21.75%), moisture (82.25%) and Ash (6.50). High levels of vitamins A (17.25mg/100), B 1 (2.35 mg/100g), and B 2 (2.17mg/100g) content were observed in sun-drying of fluted pumpkin leaf. Low levels of P (156.25 mg/100g), Na (405.45 mg/100g) and K (178.40 mg/100g), were observed in the sun-drying. Oven-dried fluted pumpkin leaf showed significant lower level of anti-nutrients contents of Tanins (1.34 mg/100g), saponin (61.35 mg/100g), oxalate (70.20 mg/100g), phyates (1.12 mg/100g) and Trpsin (22.50 mg/100g) and microbial count of total plate count (2.4 x 10 2 Cfu/g) and Yeast/Mold (1.4 x 10 1 Cfu/g). This work showed that oven-drying of fluted pumpkin could be the best method of preserving it without compromising on its quality.
... Soybean grows widely and able to adapt in many geographical and climatic conditions [21]. A study by [22] in Western Kenya indicated scarcity use of soybean at household level in diet composition. However it's highly used at industry level in formulation and development of complementary formulas and supplement/relief diet for use during stress period or blanket feeding programs [23]. ...
... The values for pumpkin seed protein were higher than 34.56 g/100g reported by Shahangir (2015) but lower than 39.22 g/100g obtained by Shemi (2014). Protein intake among children in Kenya has been reported to be insufficient both in quality and quantity in turn resulting in protein deficiencies (Kinyuru et al., 2012;Okoth et al., 2017). The utilization of locally available foods that are nutrient dense has been identified as a low cost and sustainable strategy in addressing protein deficiencies among children in low-income countries (De Jager et al., 2019;Kinyuru et al., 2015). ...
Vitamin A and iron deficiencies are prevalent in preschool children being a public health concern. The study aimed at developing a flour blend formulation made of sorghum, pumpkin pulp and seeds and examining its contribution to the daily nutrient requirement for iron and vitamin A among preschool children. Three flour blends were formulated using a mixture of fermented sorghum flour, pumpkin seed flour and pumpkin pulp flour with the following ratios 80:10:10 (FP1), 70:15:15 (FP2) and 60:20:20 (FP3), respectively whereas control was made of 100% fermented sorghum flour. The flour blends and the control were analyzed for moisture content, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, carbohydrate, beta-carotene and iron content. Further, sensory tests were conducted using a nine-hedonic scale to evaluate consumers acceptability of porridge made of the flour samples. Microbial analysis was conducted to establish the safety of developed flours. The results show that as the proportion of pumpkin pulp and pumpkin seed flours increased the protein content, ash, vitamin A and iron content significantly (P<0.05) increased. The flour blend FP3 recorded the highest amount of protein (22.87%), vitamin A (875.00 µg RAE/100g) and iron (27.51 mg/100g). The FP2 flour blend was the most preferred with sensory score of 7.91 and had ability to meet >70% of daily protein, iron and vitamin A requirements of preschool children thus most suitable for a feeding trial. The findings of this study demonstrate that pumpkin pulp and pumpkin seed can be used to enhance the nutritive value of sorghum and as such meet the protein, iron and vitamin A requirements of preschool children aiding in the eradication of nutritional deficiencies.
... One way to do this may be to use traditional names wherever possible. This is already practiced in many scientific papers (Ayieko et al., 2012;Kinyuru et al., 2012Kinyuru et al., , 2013Matojo and Yarro, 2013) and by some industry partners, and signals the role of insects as a culturally important food. ...
... The long-horned grasshopper, Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is among the most consumed edible insects in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Brits and Thornton, 1981;Kelemu et al., 2015;Meutchieye et al., 2016;Mmari et al., 2017;Ssepuuya et al., 2019;van Huis, 2013). Ruspolia differens is particularly popular as a delicacy around Lake Victoria in East Africa (Kinyuru et al., 2012). In Uganda, grasshoppers are a potential alternative protein food source in both rural and urban areas and contribute to improving livelihoods through creation of employment opportunities (Agea et al., 2008). ...
... The prediction indicated a decreased potential for the establishment of the insect in the future (2050), especially in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia), southern Africa (Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique and Madagascar) and the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea). Countries in East and Central Africa will continue to be suitable for survival and reproduction of R. differens, which is encouraging as these are regions where people widely consume this insect (Kinyuru et al., 2012;Mmari et al., 2017). Artificial mass rearing could be an alternative to wild harvesting in countries where the study predicted the decrease in establishment potential of the insect. ...
The edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is widely distributed and consumed in sub-Saharan Africa. Efficient mass rearing of the edible grasshopper is critical to ensure their sustainable supply for food and nutritional security. Hence, we investigated the effect of temperature on development, survival and reproduction of R. differens under six constant (15, 20, 25, 30, 32 and 35 • C) and fluctuating temperatures. Using Insect Life Cycle Modeling software we fitted, linear and non-linear models to R. differens development, mortality , longevity, and fecundity. The best-fitted functions were compiled for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which was stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. We used the process-based climatic phenology models, and applied establishment risk index (ERI) and generation index (GI) in a geographic information system to map the potential distribution of R. differens under current and future climates. At optimum temperatures of 30-32 • C, egg incubation period was 14-15 days and the developmental time was shortest at 52.5-58 days. Lowest nymphal mortality (3.4-13%) and the highest female fecundity was obtained at 25-30 • C. The optimum temperature for the reproduction ranged between 27 and 30 • C. Most simulated lifetable parameters were at their maximum at 28 • C. Predictive models showed that countries in the East, Central, West, Southern and the Horn of Africa were suitable for establishment of R. differens under current climate scenarios (2000). However, by 2050, climatically suitable areas for the establishment of R. differens were predicted to shrink in the West, Southern and the Horn of Africa than its current distribution. We predict up to three generations per year for R. differens in sub-Saharan Africa under current scenarios which can increase to 4 under future scenarios. The optimum rearing temperatures identified can guide optimization of mass rearing of R. differens.
... Livelihood diversification is the main way to cope with drought [6]. There is evidence of livelihood diversification in dry areas of Kenya to cope with changing climatic conditions such as the extraction of gums and resins by some communities as a source of income [7,8] while wild plants are also reported as important sources of traditional foods [9][10][11]. ...
Wild food plants are important resources for people living in dry areas of Kenya. A botanical inventory of vascular plants of Kitui county was compiled from specimens collected during field investigations in Kitui county, at the East African (EA) herbarium and from literature reporting on plants of Kitui county. To obtain an inventory of wild edible plants found in Kitui county, literature reporting on wild edible plants of Kenya were searched and combined with the use reports obtained from field surveys in Kitui county. A total of 199 wild plants found in Kitui county have the potential of being utilized as foods in different ways. Plant species growing either as trees or shrubs (83 species) and herbs (36 species) are the dominant life forms while the best represented plant families are Leguminosae (25 species) and Malvaceae (17 species). Fruits (124 reports) and leaves (56 reports) are the common plant parts collected for food. Fruits (120 species) and vegetables (44 species) are the common wild food types in Kitui county. Further studies on species distribution are necessary to address conservation concerns that may threaten such plants.
