Table 5 - uploaded by Robert Cloninger
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Modern psychobiological theory conceptualizes personality as a self-organizing, complex adaptive system involving a bi-directional interaction between heritable neurobiological dispositions to behavior (temperament) and developing concepts about self and external objects (character). Since its introduction in 1993, the Psychobiological Model of Tem...
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Citations
... 42,43 Temperament is individual differences in preconceptual emotional reactions, which manifests during the early developmental stages and remains relatively stable throughout their lifespan. 44 In contrast, character is individual differences in higher cognitive processes (e.g. life goals and values) and includes responses to different aspects of one's identity or self-experiences. ...
Background:
Vaccine hesitancy can prevent full immunization against coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19). We hypothesized that multiple factors, including an individual's personality and psychological factors, are associated with vaccine hesitancy.
Methods:
A total of 275 non-vaccinated individuals were recruited for this study. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire including sociodemographic factors, health status, COVID-19 literacy and psychological factors (depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, somatization, illness anxiety, temperament and character). In a hierarchical logistic regression analysis, a discrete set of hierarchical variables with vaccine acceptance or hesitancy as the dependent variable was added to the demographic factors for Model 1; Model 1 + health status for Model 2; Model 2 + COVID-19 literacy for Model 3 and Model 3 + psychological factors for Model 4.
Results:
Models 3 and 4 could predict vaccine hesitancy. High scores on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Illness Attitude Scale, low confidence, low collective responsibility and low reward dependence were risk factors for vaccine hesitancy.
Conclusions:
The present study demonstrates that psychological factors play critical roles in vaccine hesitancy. In addition to conventional policies that emphasize COVID-19 vaccines' safety and efficacy and the collective benefits of vaccination, a more individualized approach that considers an individual's emotions and personality is necessary.
... This hierarchical system is formed by the interaction of the two distinct psychobiological dimensions of temperament and character. Temperament describes the individual differences of unplanned response to heterogeneous environmental stimuli (such as danger, novelty, frustration) and include response patterns that involve behaviours which derive from primary emotions [25,26] such as fear, aggression, sociability, and attachment [27,28]. Temperament can therefore be conceptualized as the biological core of personality, as it reflects the biological variability of personality that remains relatively stable throughout the course of life, since it derives from hereditary biological characteristics that are the basis of the neurobiological systems of activation/inhibition of specific behaviors. ...
This paper intends to clarify the complexity of the concept of Executive Functions and to show its relationships with cognitive, emotional and awareness dimensions. In this sense, Executive Functions cannot be considered precondictions of normal physiological functioning, when they are undamaged or, on the contrary, the cause of pathological phenomena, when they are in deficit. Although the small size of our sample does not allow us to explore completely this hypothesis, our data show that there is probably no direct relationship between Executive Functions deficiencies and psychopathological manifestations. In the light of these empirical evidences and theoretical implications, it is plausible to move from a linear interpretative model to a circular explanatory hypothesis.
... Temperament is defined as individual differences in preconceptual emotional reactions, hypothesized to be based on unconscious procedural memory and learning. Temperament traits are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and are relatively stable throughout life [4]. The 4 independent temperament dimensions are as follows: Novelty Seeking (NS), Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), and Persistence (PS). ...
... Lastly, ST reflects the sense of being an integral part of the universe through feelings of self-forgetfulness and spiritual identification with things outside the individual self. These character dimensions facilitate one's adaptation to the social environment and are clinically useful in establishing the probability of the presence of personality disorders [4,7]. ...
... Thus, further empirical studies are needed to shed more light on the TCI-R psychometric properties, especially in clinical populations from various cultural settings. The exploration of the TCI-R in different cultural contexts is particularly needed given its applicability in the assessment of personality disorders [4] and the well-known impact of cultural factors on the definition, measurement, and expression of personality pathology [24]. ...
... Thus, one of the indirect ways to alleviate the negative consequences of internalized stigma, might lie in the reduction of harm avoidant traits, particularly via psychopharmacological approach. A detailed and clinically useful description of psychopharmacological efforts in the context of the Psychobiological model of personality, can be found elsewhere (Svrakic and Cloninger, 2013). ...
This study investigated the associations between internalized stigma, depressive symptoms,
and temperament dimension Harm avoidance. One hundred and seventeen stable outpatients
with schizophrenia completed a battery of self-report instruments. Internalized stigma was
significantly positively related to depressive symptoms, while Harm avoidance moderated the
internalized stigma – depressive symptoms relationship.
The assessment of personality and its disorders is a core feature of person-centered medicine (PCM), because it allows the promotion of health by stimulating greater self-awareness and thereby promoting the integration of all aspects of a person’s life. Growth in self-awareness leads to greater flexibility and resilience in the individual and thus is at the root of sustainable well-being. Personality disorder (PD) is the primary psychiatric illness observed in most patients with psychosocial complaints, and such patients constitute the majority of patients seeking treatment in primary care. Reliable diagnosis of PD can be made in routine clinical practice by brief assessment of two essential features of a person’s character—low self-directedness and low cooperativeness—that indicate reduced ability to work and to get along with other people. Subtypes can be distinguished in terms of configurations of temperament traits measuring a person’s emotional drives for immediate gratification. Improved self-regulation through development of character strengths, virtues, and greater plasticity can promote greater physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being even in cases of severe PD. The strengths and weaknesses of both DSM and ICD classifications are discussed in relation to a scientifically grounded psychobiological model that allows a coherent systematic approach to rating the level of a person’s healthy character strengths and the qualitative diagnostic features of their styles of emotional expression and mental self-government.
