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The World Heritage Site of Angkor is enduring one of the most crucial, turbulent periods in its 1200‐year history. Since the early 1990s over 20 countries have contributed millions of dollars to help safeguard and restore its temples. As one of Southeast Asia’s premier destinations, Angkor has also seen a 10,000% growth in international tourist arr...
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... Over the past few decades, the number of heritage destruction incidents has significantly increased across the world. The Balkans, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Nagorno-Karabakh, Iraq, Syria, Mali, Libya, Palestine, Yemen, Ukraine and, more recently, Türkiye and Morocco have all witnessed destructive actions that have deeply affected cultural heritage (see Azzouz, 2023;Fisk, 2008;Isakhan and Meskell, 2019;Joy, 2018;McCafferty, 2023;Meskell, 2018;Munawar and Symonds, 2023;Munawar, 2017Munawar, , 2023aRayne et al., 2017;Rico, 2016;Winter, 2017;Walasek et al., 2016). Settler colonialism, civil wars, terrorism, armed conflicts, climate change, earthquakes, floods and hurricanes have all been catalysts for partially damaging and/or entirely destroying cultural property in one way or another. ...
The introduction of this special issue not only underscores the significance of engaging local communities in the reconstruction of their heritage in post-conflict contexts; it also emphasises the necessity and importance of including local researchers from the affected area, in this case the Arab region, in producing knowledge about its rich past. This special issue contributes towards a comparative knowledge base on the obstacles to and enablers of heritage reconstruction, management of cultural resources and recovery of societies in the Arab region. This introductory piece starts with examining the impact of colonial and post-colonial regimes on producing knowledge about the past and how the latter regimes introduced societal elitism in studying the past. I argue that by giving a voice and a chance to local scholars and early career researchers coming from the studied regions (even if they are currently based abroad), we would be taking another step towards decolonising the past by empowering societies and producing local decolonial knowledge about the region's iconic ruins. Allowing alternative forms of non-Eurocentric (culturally diverse) knowledge production about the past, primarily generated by local scholars, to be introduced , presented, published and promoted would render knowledge production authentic and simultaneously delink heritage from decades of knowledge coloniality.
... According to a study with 512 international tourists visiting Cambodia, especially Angkor, all Symbolic, Experiential, and Functional consumptions have significantly positive effects on destination attachment and satisfaction, which in turn, positively affect destination loyalty (Chen, Leask, & Phou, 2016). Another study reported that the main motivations of the tourists to visit Cambodia were to experience the tropical nature, urban, beach and mountainous areas, historical sites, doing sports activities for a reasonable price (Winter, 2017). ...
Tourism has become the second-strongest industrial sector in Cambodia in 2018, and the number of tourists visiting the country has reached 6.2 million (Un & Lue, 2020). However, when the pandemic situation broke out, the government decided to close the borders for tourism. The main tourist destinations were forced to close tourist attractions such as museums, restaurants, sports clubs, and travel agencies that didn't offer organized tours. Many tourist destinations, such as sports tourism sites have been suffering because of the lack of tourists. In the sector, a significant number of employees have lost their job. This study has focused on analyzing the effects of the pandemic situation on sport tourism services in Cambodia. The analysis was based on reviewing the changes in sports tourism elements, such as environmental changes, accessibility, becoming more complicated, and limited opportunities to attend sports events or participate in sports activities. It also analyzed how the Cambodian government reacted to the situation and how they supported initiatives to save the local tourism providers. A content analytic method was used mostly from governmental published sources for the general analysis. The perspectives of the visitors were analyzed by the feedback of travellers published on the international tourism homepages. The results stated that the tourism sector experienced an 80% drop in its international visitors and a loss of an estimated USD 5 billion in revenues. The travel restrictions significantly affected the tourism flow as of May 20 th, 2020. Although the government introduced several projects to save this sector, still today's recovery has not reached the number of tourists that came before Covid-19.But, the crisis presents an opportunity for the tourism sector through the improvement of its infrastructure and events. Sports tourism is becoming a lever for action and strategic support for the renewal of the Cambodia destination. RÉSUMÉ. Le tourisme est devenu le deuxième secteur industriel du Cambodge en 2018, quant au nombre de touristes visitant le pays, il a atteint 6,2 millions. Cependant, lorsque la situation pandémique a éclaté, le gouvernement décide de fermer les frontières pour le tourisme. Les principales destinations touristiques sont contraintes de fermer des attractions touristiques telles que des musées, des restaurants, des clubs sportifs et des agences de voyages qui ne proposaient pas de circuits organisés. De nombreuses destinations touristiques, comme les sites de tourisme sportif, souffrent du manque de touristes. Dans le secteur, un nombre important d'employés ont perdu leur emploi. Cette étude s'est concentrée sur l'analyse des effets de la situation pandémique sur les services de tourisme sportif au Cambodge. L'analyse repose sur l'examen des changements dans les éléments du tourisme sportif, tels que les changements environnementaux, l'accessibilité, la complexité croissante et les possibilités limitées d'assister à des événements sportifs ou de participer à des activités sportives. Nous analysons la position du gouvernement cambodgien à la situation pandémique et comment il soutient les initiatives visant à sauver les prestataires touristiques locaux. Une méthode d'analyse de contenu est utilisée principalement à partir de sources publiées gouvernementales pour caractériser une vision globale des enjeux. Les perspectives des visiteurs s'analysent par les commentaires des voyageurs publiés sur les pages d'accueil des services touristiques. Les résultats indiquent que le secteur du tourisme a connu une baisse de 80 % de ses visiteurs internationaux et une perte de revenus estimée à 5 milliards USD. Les restrictions de voyage ont considérablement affecté le flux touristique à partir du 20 mai 2020. Bien que le gouvernement ait introduit plusieurs projets pour sauver ce secteur, la reprise actuelle n'a toujours pas atteint le nombre de touristes d'avant la pandémie. La crise présente une opportunité pour le secteur du tourisme à travers l'amélioration de ses infrastructures et des événements. Le tourisme sportif devient un levier d'action et d'accompagnement stratégique du renouvellement de la destination Cambodge.
... the absence of trust serves to amplify this issue if equal representation of all parties is not established in post-conflict discourse (Becken & carmignani, 2016;causevic & lynch, 2013), particularly when there is competition for resources that support tourism or if economic benefits are disproportionally distributed (Novelli et al., 2012). socio-economic issues may be exacerbated when tourism economies grow rapidly and 'outpace' strategy responses (Winter, 2008) or when there is a continuation of asymmetrical power relations between stakeholders that were previously in conflict (causevic & lynch, 2011). in short, reconciliation is a long and difficult journey and layers of complexity are added when tourism quickly brings together actors that have not been afforded sufficient time to rebuild trust (Novelli et al., 2012). ...
... According to H. pointed out that the normalization of the socio-political context is a basic condition for a successful tourism development in a post conflict period. The active role of the government and the political system is essential, firstly to foster such a normalization (Causevic & Lynch, 2013;Winter, 2008), secondly to implement an adequate tourism policy aimed to regulate and drive tourism development (Novelli et al., 2012;Winter, 2008), thirdly in order to rebuild the infrastructure system (Hall, 2003). ...
... According to H. pointed out that the normalization of the socio-political context is a basic condition for a successful tourism development in a post conflict period. The active role of the government and the political system is essential, firstly to foster such a normalization (Causevic & Lynch, 2013;Winter, 2008), secondly to implement an adequate tourism policy aimed to regulate and drive tourism development (Novelli et al., 2012;Winter, 2008), thirdly in order to rebuild the infrastructure system (Hall, 2003). ...
The direction of our research is based on the issue of the development of tourism and the European integration course of Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion. In the paper, the author emphasizes the need for the development of national tourism both in the conditions of war and in the framework of post-war reconstruction. At the same time, the development of tourism should take place strictly within the limits and taking into account the European integration course of Ukraine. Author emphasizes that today, Ukraine faces a task that consists in the contradiction between the need to integrate into the world economy, on the one hand, and to ensure the protection of national interests and security, on the other. That’s why the main aim of our study is the analysis of the development of tourism in the war conditions in the context of the European integration of Ukraine. The paper states, that military actions have a significant negative impact on the tourism industry regions and the whole country. There are reasons for military actions and their impact on tourism security concerns; decrease in demand; infrastructure damage; loss of jobs and a negative image, all of which have a significant impact on development of tourism in Ukraine. At the same time, the author notes that the situation in tourism, as in other sectors of the economy, is closely related to the issue of Ukraine's European course. Thus, the article noted that the experience of European integration of Ukraine in the conditions of war has a unique character. By resisting large-scale armed Russian intervention, suffering from huge human costs and financial and economic losses, the country acquired the status of a candidate for joining the EU, continues European integration in various areas, deepens partnership with the EU in sectoral directions, implements the recommendations of the European Commission and implements the provisions of the Agreement in practice about the association.
... According to H. pointed out that the normalization of the socio-political context is a basic condition for a successful tourism development in a post conflict period. The active role of the government and the political system is essential, firstly to foster such a normalization (Causevic & Lynch, 2013;Winter, 2008), secondly to implement an adequate tourism policy aimed to regulate and drive tourism development (Novelli et al., 2012;Winter, 2008), thirdly in order to rebuild the infrastructure system (Hall, 2003). ...
... According to H. pointed out that the normalization of the socio-political context is a basic condition for a successful tourism development in a post conflict period. The active role of the government and the political system is essential, firstly to foster such a normalization (Causevic & Lynch, 2013;Winter, 2008), secondly to implement an adequate tourism policy aimed to regulate and drive tourism development (Novelli et al., 2012;Winter, 2008), thirdly in order to rebuild the infrastructure system (Hall, 2003). ...
The direction of our research is based on the issue of the development of tourism and the European integration course of Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion. In the paper, the author emphasizes the need for the development of national tourism both in the conditions of war and in the framework of post-war reconstruction. At the same time, the development of tourism should take place strictly within the limits and taking into account the European integration course of Ukraine. Author emphasizes that today, Ukraine faces a task that consists in the contradiction between the need to integrate into the world economy, on the one hand, and to ensure the protection of national interests and security, on the other. That’s why the main aim of our study is the analysis of the development of tourism in the war conditions in the context of the European integration of Ukraine. The paper states, that military actions have a significant negative impact on the tourism industry regions and the whole country. There are reasons for military actions and their impact on tourism security concerns; decrease in demand; infrastructure damage; loss of jobs and a negative image, all of which have a significant impact on development of tourism in Ukraine. At the same time, the author notes that the situation in tourism, as in other sectors of the economy, is closely related to the issue of Ukraine's European course. Thus, the article noted that the experience of European integration of Ukraine in the conditions of war has a unique character. By resisting large-scale armed Russian intervention, suffering from huge human costs and financial and economic losses, the country acquired the status of a candidate for joining the EU, continues European integration in various areas, deepens partnership with the EU in sectoral directions, implements the recommendations of the European Commission and implements the provisions of the Agreement in practice about the association.
... certainly, despite its promotion as a passport to peace, the tourism industry is not peaceful per se (salazar, 2006). Often, interests of large operators are favoured at the expense of local communities whose presence is an inconvenience for major tourism projects, as has been evidenced in the cases of sri lanka (Buultjens et al., 2016) and cambodia (Winter, 2008). a particular phenomenon that has drawn the attention of critical geographers is the use of security narratives in the name of peace-through-tourism that translate into the militarisation of everyday spaces. ...
As tourism is increasingly portrayed as a means for peacebuilding, the need to study its impact in conflict-ravaged areas has become more acute. Current debates on peace-through-tourism engage critically in such analyses, focusing further on the connection between tourism and socio-spatial (in)equalities, power (im)balances and everyday (in)securities as central elements in the study of peace. Yet the discussion still reinforces normative assumptions by tending to invariably associate community-based tourism with peace outcomes. Hence, paradox-ridden contexts where structural violence and oppression persist even in the presence of grassroots development receive considerably less attention. This article addresses this gap by discussing the case of Urabá, a Colombian region wracked by the armed conflict that has seen a rise in bottom-up tourism initiatives in recent years. Our findings suggest that, despite their perceived peacefulness, tourism spaces have become ‘pockets of security’ where the conditions enabling grassroots tourism are maintained as long as the legal and illegal power structures that are furthering dispossession in the region remain unchallenged. Drawing on insights from peace studies and human geography, we aim at contributing to the burgeoning body of research on peace tourism by proposing a more nuanced understanding of the linkages between tourism, violence, and the spatial reconfigurations that underlie the so-called post-conflict period. Ultimately, we want to encourage more critical analyses of the use of heart-winning discourses that could conceal violent geographies surrounding tourism spaces.
... On their web pages, the number of feedback from the travelers are significantly increasing compared to past years. According to Winter (2008), the main motivations of the tourists to visit Cambodia were first of all to experience the tropical nature, urban, beach and mountainous areas, historical sites, and doing sport activities for a reasonable price. ...
This paper examines tourists' satisfaction level visiting the Cardamom mountains in Cambodia based on their feedback published on tourism providers' websites. Visitors' input reflects the quality of the attractions and services at the destination. Our analysis paralleled tourism products that the destination offers with the visitors' opinions. Cambodia's 1980's political changes have allowed the Cardamom mountains region to develop significant tourism super-and infra-structures, enabling this tropical region to host thousands of tourists every year. In the present study, we investigated the supply side of the tourism system as well as the opinions of the visitors published on tourism websites. Based on the reviews, we estimated travelers' satisfaction with their experience during their visit to Cardamom. The most frequently mentioned characteristics of the destinations were the natural environment, accessibility, hospitality, and the provided attractions. To get to know the level of each feature, we set up four categories: poor, basic, satisfactory, and high-quality. Based on the environmental analysis and the tour packages offered by the regional travel agencies, the Cardamom mountains is a tropical destination with jungles, unique water surfaces, and rich wildlife. The area is a bit cooler than the capital city, but in the rainy season, there is more rainfall, which makes it difficult to reach the sites. Tour operators advertise their packages by highlighting the jungle atmosphere, homemade food experience, and adventure activities. The travelers' opinions confirmed the importance of the tourism attractions. Most reviews rated the Natural environnent (47.5%), sport and adventure activities (47.2%), hospitality (37.9%), and homemade food (36.6%) as good or excellent. Some of the travelers were less satisfied with the accessibility of the destination and hygiene level. 2 RESUMO: Este artigo examina o nível de satisfação dos turistas que visitam as montanhas Cardamom no Camboja, com base no feedback publicado em sites de fornecedores de turismo. A opinião dos visitantes reflete a qualidade das atrações e serviços no destino. Nossa análise comparou os produtos turísticos que o destino oferece com as opiniões dos visitantes. As mudanças políticas dos anos 1980 no Camboja permitiram que a região das montanhas Cardamom desenvolvesse infraestruturas turísticas significativas, permitindo que essa região tropical recebesse milhares de turistas todos os anos. No presente estudo, investigamos o lado da oferta do sistema turístico, bem como as opiniões dos visitantes publicadas em sites de turismo. Com base nas análises, estimamos a satisfação dos viajantes com sua experiência durante a visita ao Cardamom. As características mais mencionadas do destino foram o ambiente natural, acessibilidade, hospitalidade e as atrações fornecidas. Para conhecer o nível de cada característica, estabelecemos quatro categorias: fraco, básico, satisfatório e de alta qualidade. Com base na análise ambiental e nos pacotes turísticos oferecidos pelas agências de viagens regionais, as montanhas Cardamom são um destino tropical com florestas, superfícies de água únicas e uma rica vida selvagem. A área é um pouco mais fresca do que a capital, mas na estação chuvosa, há mais chuva, o que torna difícil chegar aos locais. Os operadores turísticos promovem seus pacotes destacando a atmosfera da floresta, a experiência de comida caseira e as atividades de aventura. As opiniões dos viajantes confirmaram a importância das atrações turísticas. A maioria das avaliações classificou o ambiente natural (47,5%), atividades esportivas e de aventura (47,2%), hospitalidade (37,9%) e comida caseira (36,6%) como boas ou excelentes. Alguns dos viajantes estavam menos satisfeitos com a acessibilidade e o nível de higiene do destino. Palavras-chave: Turismo esportivo, atividades de aventura, satisfação do turista, Sudeste Asiático, Camboja.
... The role of tourism in establishing peace is reported in numerous studies (Becken & Carmignani, 2016;Blanchard & Higgins-Desbiolles, 2013b;D'Amore, 1988;Farmaki, 2017;Gelbman, 2019;Moufakkir & Kelly, 2010). The contribution of tourism in reconciliation efforts in post-conflict settings has also been highlighted in cases including the Former Yugoslavia (Causevic & Lynch, 2011), Cambodia (Winter, 2008), Vietnam (Gillen, 2014), Burundi (Novelli et al., 2012), Cyprus (Farmaki, 2017), Korean Peninsula (Cho, 2007;Kim & Prideaux, 2003), Palestine (Isaac, 2009), Afghanistan (Durko & Petrick, 2016) and China and Taiwan (Rowen, 2014). In contrast, there is another perspective that questions the validity of the causal relationship between tourism and peace (Hall, 1994(Hall, , 2005Khalilzadeh, 2018;Pratt & Liu, 2016;Salazar, 2006). ...
... Instead, what is required is an understanding of peace in which the vital role of social, economic and environmental justice is recognised along with human rights (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2006, 2008Higgins-Desbiolles et al., 2019;Isaac & Hodge, 2011;Jamal & Camargo, 2014). Importantly, this observation extends to both sanctions and the role of tourism as tourism itself can be used to support authoritarian and despotic regimes with little real commitment to development endeavours such as the SDGs Cortright & Lopez, 2018;Hall, 1994). ...
... Post-conflict destinations provide resources on which dark tourism can be built (Zhang, 2017). Contestation over post-conflict tourism resources, however, means that the selection of sites for development can exacerbate or create inequalities and lead to concentrations of wealth (Winter, 2008). ...
... Thus the Fine Arts Department of Thailand (FAD) designated the local inhabitants as the protectors of their antiquities (Byrne 2016, 346), and the registration was a way to keep such looting at bay. Ban Chiang was certainly not the first site where looting happened: archaeological sites were looted both before or after the registration in Thailand, and many still are (Shackley 1997;Brodie, Doole, and Renfrew 2001;Brodie and Renfrew 2005;Winter 2008;Vella et al. 2015). But heritage protection in Ban Chiang hoped that economic development of the community through tourism and the consequent prosperity would divert the local villagers from looting (Peleggi 2016, 107;Peleggi 2017, 114). ...
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the success or otherwise of the prehistoric World Heritage (WH) of Ban Chiang, Thailand. The site remains an exception among the WH registered sites, as its heritage is buried under modern houses, while the early claims for remarkable antiquity were the principal criterion for WH inscription. The registration in 1992 aimed to protect the site from further looting devastation, which by then had spanned a couple of decades, through regulations and anticipated tourism income as incentives for heritage protection. Preceded by the tourists’ statistics of the site and an analysis of local stakeholders’ involvement in tourism and its activities, the study employs the Market Values/ Robusticity Matrix originally advocated by du Cros and McKercher, to determine the heritage and tourism strength and weaknesses. The Market Values/Robusticity Matrix of Ban Chiang reveals that only a wider modification of the site and relative promotion would improve the number of tourists. From the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) point of view, Ban Chiang does not meet the original criteria of its registration. Therefore, whether sites not responding to the original criteria of registration should be deleted from the World Heritage list is also discussed.
