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Total length (a) and weight (b) of Colossoma macropomum caught in ‘no-take zone’ and ‘open fishing zone’ of RDS Piagaçu-Purus.
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Fisheries zoning and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors in the spatial distribution of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) in the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve, Central Amazon, during 2012–2013 were evaluated. The relative abundance and population parameters of the C. macropomum were compared between conservation (no-take zone) a...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the conservation lakes had an average length of 58.8 cm (SD = 7.7) and a weight of 4.3 kg (SD = 1.7). These values were higher than for fish from the fished lakes -average length 53.2 cm (SD = 7.3) and weight 3.16 kg (SD = 1.55) (P < 0.001; Fig. 2). The average total length (regardless of the zoning area) was 56.74 cm (AE8.08), and 52.0% of individuals (n = 154) were larger than the minimum size of 55 cm established by ...
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Citations
... Aquaculture in the Brazilian Amazon is primarily (97.17%) composed of small properties of up to 5 hectares that are mainly engaged in cultivation of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) [1]. The pre-eminence of tambaqui in Brazilian fish farming is attributed to its compatibility with artificial propagation techniques to obtain juveniles, a pronounced capacity for exploiting plankton as a nutritional resource, and their favorable productive response to commercially formulated feeds [2][3][4]. ...
Simple Summary
This study focused on developing feed based on locally sourced ingredients for tambaqui farming in the Amazon. We tested diet formulations with varying levels (0% to 100%) of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal as a replacement for traditional fish meal, combined with cassava by-products (tuber residues, peel, and leaves). A traditional diet was used as the control. Neither diet rejection nor mortality were observed. Fish fed all the experimental diets presented similar feed conversion and protein efficiency rates. However, these results were worse than those observed in the fish fed a traditional diet. There were no significant differences in the overall body composition of the fish, but those fed cassava by-products developed yellow-colored fillets due to the carotenoids in the cassava leaves. The black soldier fly larvae meal and cassava by-products are a viable way to support sustainable aquaculture in the Amazon; however, we recommend further research to optimize the diet formulation, particularly a reduction in the proportion of cassava leaves, in order to improve digestibility and minimize the impact on fillet color.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce feed based on locally sourced ingredients for tambaqui farming in Amazon. Diets were formulated with increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) as a replacement for fish meal (FM), and cassava by-products in the same proportion (tuber residues, peel and leaves). A conventional diet (CO) was used as the control. Juvenile tambaqui (24.61 ± 1.14 g) were housed in 24 tanks in a recirculation aquaculture system. Neither diet rejection nor mortality were observed. Fish fed cassava by-products showed similar feed conversion rates (FCR 1.76); however, these values were worse than those observed in fish fed the CO (FCR 1.33). No differences were observed in the whole-body composition of the fish. The fillets of fish fed cassava by-products had a yellow color due the carotenoids present in the leaves. Dietary BSFL and cassava by-products can contribute to the sustainability of Amazonian aquaculture. Further studies with a lower proportion of cassava leaves in the diet formulation are recommended so as to ensure enhanced diet digestibility and less impact on the color of the fillets.
... There are few examples where local communities have attempted to manage C. macropomum overfishing. Controlled fishing zones seemed to have some positive effect on local C. macropomum populations where no-take floodplain lakes provided recruits of larger fish in the area of the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve in the lower Purus River of Brazil [122]. It is unlikely that such an approach would be successful across the large commercial fishing area as it would be highly challenging to implement and monitor. ...
... Floodplain deforestation directly impacts species that use the floodplains as nurseries, as spawning habitats for many species, and for growth of older fish, such as feeding seasonally in flooded forests [97,122]. The historical trend of large-scale floodplain deforestation in the Amazon is east to west along the Amazon River, and if it continues at a similar rate in the next 3-5 decades then it will reach as far west as the Andean countries. ...
Migratory species are the most important commercial fishes in the Amazon. They are also now the most threatened directly by some combination of overfishing, floodplain deforestation, and dam construction. Limited governmental monitoring and implemented regulations impede adequate management of the fisheries at adequate scale. We summarize the current stock status of the three most heavily exploited long-distance migratory species, which are two goliath catfishes (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii and B. vaillantii) and the characiform Colossoma macropomum. In addition, we analyze impacts beyond overfishing on these species. Our results indicate: (i) the overfishing trends for these important species are either ominous or indicate the verge of collapse of the commercial fisheries based on them, and (ii) a dangerous synergy between overfishing, hydroelectric dams, and floodplain deforestation further challenge fisheries management of migratory species in the Amazon. We propose eight direct governmental actions as a proactive approach that addresses the main impacts on the fisheries. We consider that the most practical way to assess and manage overfishing of migratory species in the short run in an area as large as the main commercial fishing area in the Amazon is at market sites where enforced regulations can control fish catch. The management of the three species considered here has implications beyond just their sustainability. Their management would represent a paradigm shift where the governments assume their legal responsibilities in fishery management. These responsibilities include regulation enforcement, data collecting, inter-jurisdictional cooperation to protect migratory species at realistic life history scales, mitigation of the Madeira dams to assure goliath catfish passage to the largest western headwater region, and recognition of monitoring and managing wetland deforestation for the protection of fish and other aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity.
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... Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is a highly important species that has been largely exploited since the 1970's (Petrere Jr, 1978). Despite the establishment of a minimum catch size of 55 cm and the definition of a closed season throughout the Amazonas State, studies have shown signs of overfishing (Barthem & Fabré, 2004;Batista, 2012;Campos et al., 2015b;Arantes & Freitas, 2016). ...
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... In the Amazon, SDR zoning plans have been important tools for biodiversity conservation (Arantes and Freitas, 2016;Campos-Silva and Peres, 2016;Campos-Silva et al., 2018). The creation of SDRs represents a governmental attempt to reconcile the resident human populations' living conditions with the use of resources and biological diversity maintenance (MMA, 2011;Peres, 2011). ...
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... Over the last three to four decades, community-based management (CBM) has grown to encompass numerous communities in virtually all rivers of the Amazon and represents a major conservation movement. CBM has proved an effective tool for mitigating threats on some migratory species, such as P. nigricans (Anderson, Montoya, Soto, Flores, & McClain, 2009), C. macropomum (Arantes & Freitas, 2016), and especially on Arapaima. There are now 500 fishing communities implementing CBM for Arapaima in the Amazonas state alone (Campos-Silva, Hawes, & Peres, 2019). ...
... There are very few aquatic reserves in the Amazon basin (e.g. Mamirauá and Piagaçu-Purus in Brazil and Pacaya-Samiria in Peru), but these have proved effective in replenishing the populations of overexploited migratory species such as Arapaima or C. macropopum(Arantes & Freitas, 2016;Ortega & Hidalgo, 2008). Nevertheless, important habitats for the life cycle of migratory fishes, such as spawning, nursery, and feeding areas, are currently not protected. ...
• The Amazon basin hosts the Earth's highest diversity of freshwater fish. Fish species have adapted to the basin's size and seasonal dynamics by displaying a broad range of migratory behaviour, but they are under increasing threats; however, no study to date has assessed threats and conservation of Amazonian migratory fishes.
• Here, the available knowledge on the diversity of migratory behaviour in Amazonian fishes is synthesized, including the geographical scales at which they occur, their drivers and timing, and life stage at which they are performed.
• Migratory fishes are integral components of Amazonian society. They contribute about 93% (range 77–99%) of the fisheries landings in the basin, amounting to ~US$436 million annually.
• These valuable fish populations are mainly threatened by growing trends of overexploitation, deforestation, climate change, and hydroelectric dam development. Most Amazonian migratory fish have key ecological roles as apex predators, ecological engineers, or seed‐dispersal species. Reducing their population sizes could induce cascading effects with implications for ecosystem stability and associated services.
• Conserving Amazonian migratory fishes requires a broad portfolio of research, management, and conservation actions, within an ecosystem‐based management framework at the basin scale. This would require trans‐frontier coordination and recognition of the crucial importance of freshwater ecosystems and their connectivity.
• Existing areas where fishing is allowed could be coupled with a chain of freshwater protected areas. Management of commercial and subsistence species also needs fisheries activities to be monitored in the Amazonian cities and in the floodplain communities to allow assessments of the status of target species, and the identification of management units or stocks. Ensuring that existing and future fisheries management rules are effective implies the voluntary participation of fishers, which can be achieved by increasing the effectiveness and coverage of adaptive community‐based management schemes.
... The definition of zoning systems with total or partial restriction to fishing, models which have been implemented in the Brazilian Amazon, have been shown in other studies to be an effective way of protecting the biodiversity in marine and continental environments (Russ et al., 2004;Gerber et al., 2005;Castejón and Charles, 2013;Azevedo-Santos et al., 2019). In the Amazon, the implementation of protected areas, through fishing agreements among users of fishing resources, which establish distinct fishing regimes in floodplain lake systems, have been achieving success in the recovery of stocks of the target species in several areas of the Amazon (Almeida et al., 2009;Sánchez-Botero et al., 2010;Arantes and Freitas, 2016;Campos-Silva and Peres, 2016;Petersen et al., 2016;Keppeler et al., 2017). According to Castro (2000) the Arapaima sp. is the main species that has presented a positive response to these co-management (fishing agreements) systems and since 1999, the fishing agreements have paved the way as a promising single-species co-management tool focused on the sustainable Arapaima sp. ...
... The spillover effect provides an increase in fishing yields, abundance, and biomass, as well as helping to protect biodiversity in environments near to no-take zones (Russ et al., 2004). This effect has been observed mainly in marine protected areas (MPAs) (Buxton et al., 2014), communitymanaged marine reserves (Silva et al., 2015) and also suggested in floodplain lakes in the Amazon (Silvano et al., 2009;Arantes and Freitas, 2016). However, more ecosystem-based approaches should be considered using food-web models, assessing the ability of fisheries agreements to reduce fishing effort and to supply biomass to a near no-take zone. ...
Co-management is increasingly recognized as an effective model for managing fisheries, but little information exists on whether co-management can produce effects in species other than the target species. Fishery co-management in the tropics, where fish diversity is high and fish catches tend to be multispecies, is prone to produce assemblage-wide effects via alterations in the food web and changes in the overall capture of non-target species. Here, we assessed the effects of co-management for the species Arapaima sp. in relation to the structure and composition of the overall fish assemblage in floodplain lakes of the central Amazon Basin. These floodplain lakes are managed under a system of zoning of fishing activities. We used data from surveys of six floodplain lakes, including two lakes of each of three categories (lakes where fishing is prohibited, limited-access lakes, and open fishing lakes). The surveys were carried out before and after implementation of co-management, through gillnet fishing. The study area was the lower Solimões River, in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Statistical models showed significant changes in the composition and structure of the fish assemblages after the implementation of the co-management, regardless of the zoning category. Through regulation of gear use and fishing practices, co-management allowed the colonization of species that had not been present before, which lead to higher richness and consequently increased fish sizes, abundance and biomass. Species of sedentary habits, migrants of short and medium distances, with commercial importance benefited the most from co-management. In the results presented in temporal scale, it was possible to observe a potential spillover effect being provided by the lakes where fishing is prohibited (no-take zones) and those of limited access that benefited those open to fishing. Thus, co-management had positive effects in the structure and composition of fish assemblages in all lakes, regardless of zoning category.
... In general, the levels of human predation at the study sites were low compared to other localities (Escalona & Fa 1998: Venezuela;Pignati et al. 2013b: Brazilian Amazon). This is likely related to the fact that the current study was carried out in a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit, where management and conservation education programs are conducted annually within the riparian communities living in the Reserve, both for turtles (Waldez et al. 2013) and other taxa (see , Arantes & Freitas 2016, Petersen et al. 2016. Consequently, it is likely that the research operations and the awareness activities of the Amazonian Chelonian Conservation Program together contributed to a reduction of local egg collection (Erickson 2018). ...
Nesting site selection is of great ecological and evolutionary importance for turtles, because it is a key determinant of individual reproductive success. In this study we evaluated the effects of two types of nesting substrate (sand bank and clay banks) on the incubation success of a generalist nesting species, Podocnemis unifilis, in a floodplain area in the Brazilian Amazon. Nesting characteristics were recorded during the nesting seasons of 2012-2014, when 634 nests were monitored throughout the incubation period. Mean size of laying females did not vary between substrate types (sand = 24.71 cm; clay = 25.44 cm; P = 0.2054), nor was clutch size related to females' sizes. However, females that nested on sand bank exhibited a clearer pattern of nest positioning relative to distances to vegetation and water line than those laying eggs on clay banks. Mean egg size (40.24 ± 2.68 mm) and weight (21.09 ± 5.46 g) did not vary between types of nesting substrate, and there was no variation in clutch size across the reproductive seasons for either substrate. On the other hand, clutch sizes were higher in nests in clay banks (28 ± 8) than those that were deposited in sand bank (22 ± 7). Mean incubation time was shorter in sand bank (62 ± 5.98) than in clay banks (77 ± 4.33). Although eclosion success for sand and clay nests was high (84.82 and 72.97%, respectively), incubation success was relatively low in both substrate types (sand = 57.34%; clay = 25.80%). On sand bank, clutch losses were mainly due to human predation (16%), on clay banks, human predation also affected 16% of the nests, but floods compromised another 30%. Natural predation was mostly due to ovivory by the lizard Tupinambis teguixin, although fire ants, Solenopsis geminata, also contributed to egg predation on clay banks. Hatchlings incubated on sand bank were on average larger and heavier than those from clay banks nests. Our results suggest that differences found in the life histories of different populations of P. unifilis reflect flexible responses that are largely linked to the diversity of habitats this species utilizes for nesting. Furthermore, the presence of source-sink and habitat patches should be considered for short term population management, beyond the creation of networks of reserves that incorporate and protect a variety of nesting sites that these small local groups depend on for their survival.
... Models testing the effect of several environmental and social predictors on the arapaima abundance, showed that the presence of the co-management scheme was the strongest one, accounting for over 70% of the observed variation in arapaima numbers(Campos-Silva & Peres, 2016). Importantly, other aquatic species also benefit from increased abundance with the protection of the water bodies, such as the high-value tambaqui fish (Colossoma macropomum;Arantes & Freitas, 2016;Silvano, Ramires, & Zuanon, 2009), freshwater turtles (Podocnemis spp.;Miorando, Rebêlo, Pignati, & Brito Pezzuti, 2013), and caimans (Melanosuchus niger;Projeto Médio Jurua, unpublished data). ...
Co‐management has been advocated as an effective tool to achieve natural resource conservation worldwide. Yet, the potential of co‐management arrangements can fail to be realized when there is insufficient local engagement.
In this perspective paper, we argue that co‐management schemes focusing on culturally important species (CIS) can help overcome this issue by engaging local people's interest.
To develop this theory, we explore published data on the outcomes of two management schemes, both encompassing multiple independent initiatives, to discuss CIS‐management effects and benefits.
We also show a compilation of CIS examples throughout the world and discuss the potential of CIS‐management to reach a global audience.
Based on these data, we argue that CIS‐management can be an effective tool to reconcile the often intractable goals of biodiversity conservation and human welfare.
... O estabelecimento de áreas protegidas na Amazônia (Silva e Bueno, 2017), incluindo as áreas alagáveis (Junk et al., 2014), pode apoiar indiretamente a gestão dos recursos pesqueiros por meio do efeito de "transbordamento", que ocorre quando o recurso que cresce nas áreas protegidas se espalha para as áreas não protegidas, como foi observado com o tambaqui em Piagaçu-Purus (Arantes e Freitas, 2016). Além disso, as áreas protegidas têm um papel mais amplo na conservação da biodiversidade e no manejo da pesca em geral por proteger os ambientes de berçário e de alimentação dos peixes migradores e residentes (Goulding, 1980;Goulding e Carvalho, 1982). ...
