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Total ion chromatogram of Hodgsonia macrocarpa seed oil that shows FAME composition (1 = C16:1, 2 = C18:0, 3 = C18:1, and 4 = C18:2 5 = C18:3).
Context in source publication
Context 1
... wt%) [28]. The very low acid value (1.12 mg KOH g À1 ) of the HM seed oil enabled direct base-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production without pretreatment. Table 2 shows that palmitic acid (C16:0, 28.45 ± 0.73%), oleic acid (C18:1, 23.69 ± 0.98%), and linoleic acid (C18:2, 39.36 ± 1.87%) were the main fatty acids in HM seed oil. Fig. 4 shows the total ion chromatogram of Hodgsonia macrocarpa seed oil. The composition of the fatty acid methyl ester of biodiesel was not measured, but is expected to be similar to that of the extracted oil [29]. Table 3 shows the comparison of fatty acid compositions between HM oil and other plants. Unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters ...
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Citations
... Biodiesel has shown various benefits over other biofuels such as cleaner combustion, substitute for fossil fuel, and application in heavy vehicles for transportation [15,16]. Biodiesel may be produced from numerous feedstocks such as peanut oil, coconut oil, mustard oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, moringa oil, corn oil, beauty leaf oil, waste cooking oil, tallow [17], cotton seed oil [18], jatropha [19], rubber seed oil, neem oil [20], citrullus colocynthis L. biodiesel [21], okra [Hibiscus esculentus] oil [22], shea butter oil [23], shea olein [24], watermelon seed [25], muskmelon oil [26] juliflora oil [27], lemon peel oil [28], terminalia seed oil, mesua seed oil, madhuca seed oil, hevea seed oil, pongamia seed oil [29], safflower oil [30], hodgasonia macrocarpa seed oil [31], citrus sinensis seed oil [32], Sal [Shorea Robusta] oil [33], simarouba glauca [34], corn oil [35], roselle oil [36], scheleichera oleosa oil [37], ceiba pentandra oil [38], momordica charantia oil [39], sugarcane oil-LS9 [40], azolla microphylla oil [41], Caulerpa racemose algae oil [42], water hyacinth oil [43], salvinia molesta oil [44] and Mesua Ferrea [MF]oil biodiesel [45]. Pyrolysis of tires [19] and waste plastic [46] results in oil which can be an alternative to diesel. ...
The twin problems, fossil fuel crisis and the rise in pollution, have activated research in different sources of renewable energy. In this regard, Mesua Ferrea seed oil biodiesel can be a solution which can be employed in diesel engines for power generation and transportation. Keeping this in view, Mesua Ferrea seed oil biodiesel is used in a diesel engine in this investigation. The potential for improvement in performance with varying engine load settings and injection timings is presented in this paper. The statistical investigation was carried out using analysis of variance [ANOVA], response surface methodology [RSM], and desirability-based optimization. A research test engine with a maximum load capacity of 3.5 kW was used for experimentation. Five load settings of engine [20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, 100 %] and four injection timings [20 • BTDC, 23 • BTDC, 25 • BTDC, 28 • BTDC] were employed for the study. Observation of results exhibited that the retarded injection timing of 20 • BTDC lowers the emissions and improves the conversion efficiency of fuel for diesel engines powered with Mesua Ferrea seed oil biodiesel. The RSM-based modeling and optimization contributed to the identification of 23.45 % BTE, 49.75 PCP, 25.62 ppm CO, 1.38 % CO 2 , and 23.38 ppm HC at 20 • BTDC FIT and 72.87 % engine load. The RSM-based model forecasted results were examined using a validation test, and the findings were well within 5 % of the model-predicted outcomes, suggesting a robust model. Introduction The exhaustion of fossil-based fuels and global warming has forced researchers to search for renewable sources of energy. A wide range of studies was reported for renewable and sustainable energy namely, solar energy [1], wind energy [2], tidal energy [3], geothermal [4] and bio-fuel energy [biodiesel and bioethanol] [5]. Various techniques are being adapted for renewable energy resources to achieve sustainable economic growth [6]. Greenhouse gas emission should be cut in half by within next decade for achieving 'net zero' by 2050 [7]. The efficient utilization of energy generated from biomass is integral for achieving sustainable development goal [SDG] [8]. Seventh sustainable development goal [SDG-7] gives the idea of increased contribution of renewable energy to satisfy the global energy supply [9]. Furthermore, use of renewable energy doubles the rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
... As shown in Fig. 5b and 5c, the biodiesel yield increased as catalyst dosage increased from 1.0 to 1.6 wt% and then decreased as the catalyst concentration increased above 1.6 wt%. This could be attributed to the fact that higher catalyst loading resulted in the formation of an emulsion (a more viscous phase) as a result of a side reaction (saponification reaction) that occurred between the remaining FFA in the esterified JCO and excessive catalyst, which inhibited the diffusion of reactant to the catalyst active sites, lowering the biodiesel yield [24,25]. ...
Herein, a zinc oxide based coal fly ash (ZnO-CFA) composite as heterogeneous catalyst was formulated and explored for transesterification of non-edible oil (Jatropha curcas oil, JCO). The as-synthesized catalyst was analyzed to gain insights into its properties using various characterization techniques (EDX, FTIR, TEM, XRD and BET surface area). The solid catalyst’s ability to catalyze the methanolysis reaction was investigated and optimized at varying reaction temperature, methanol/JCO molar ratio and catalyst dosage using Box-Behnken design. Predicted value of biodiesel yield was found to be in excellent agreement with observed value with high coefficient of determination R2=0.9759andAdj.R2=0.9449. It was determined that optimum transesterification process conditions of 60.4 oC reaction temperature, 11.8:1 methanol/JCO molar ratio and 1.63 wt.% catalyst loading resulted in biodiesel yield and FAME content of 91.08 ± 0.06% and 97.22%, respectively. Additionally, the produced biodiesel at the optimum conditions was shown to be conformed to ASTM standard. The ZnO-CFA catalyst was simple to synthesize and handle, eliminating the need for costly aluminosilicate-based catalysts in biofuel synthesis. It was also simple to separate from the product stream and could be recycled up to four times.
... Moreover, glycerol recovery became difficult due to soap formation. Therefore, increased saponification with left-over base catalysts is also described in several literature sources [33][34][35]. ...
Background
Rapid consumption of fossil fuels as well as rising environmental deterioration caused by extreme CO2 emissions has become crucial in searching for a clean and renewable energy source such as biodiesel. The current work is an attempt to produce biodiesel from a potential non-edible feedstock of Aphanamixis polystachya, locally known as ‘Royna’ seed oil in Bangladesh.
Methods
Royna oil was extracted from the seed by Soxhlet extraction method. Biodiesel was synthesized by a three-step process: saponification of oil, followed by acidification of the soap, and esterification of the free fatty acid (FFA).
Results
The result presented showed that royna seed was found to be rich in oil with a maximum yield of 51% (w/w). Several reaction parameters were optimized during biodiesel production in their percentage proportion of oil to a catalyst (1:2), soap to HCl (1:1.5), FFA to an alcohol molar ratio (1:7), and catalyst (1 wt%). As a result, the highest yield of 97% was obtained from 7.5 wt% FFA content oil at 70 °C for 90-min reaction time. ASTM verified standard methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties of the as-prepared biodiesel. The structural and surface properties of the royna oil and as-prepared biodiesel were determined by ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopic methods indicating a complete conversion of oil to biodiesel.
Conclusions
The study investigated the promising viability of royna oil to biodiesel using a three-step conversion route along with the heterogeneous catalysis system to circumvent the current environmental issues.
... The dried kernel mass is powdered to granules of 0.3 mm size. The oil from the granule is extracted using petroleum ether (Cao and Zhang 2015). The petroleum ether is then expelled from the extract to retain the crude oil. ...
Family Cucurbitaceae has 965 species in 95 genera. Most of the plants in this family are annual vines. They are native to temperate and tropical areas. The most recent classification of Cucurbitaceae delineates 15 tribes. The seeds are exalbuminous, flattened, oleaginous with leafy cotyledons and are hitherto rejected for want of definite economical applications. Of late works were initiated for biodiesel production in four species belonging to two tribes, namely Citrullus colocynthis and Cucumis melo of Benincaseae and Hodgsonia macrocarpa and Luffa cylindrica of Sicyoeae.
... Ghoreishi and Moein (2013) reported that addition of large quantity of alcohol, methanol could slow down the separation of esters and glycerol phases, thereby having effect on the final biodiesel yield. Anwar et al. (2010), Kafuku and Mbarawa (2010) and Cao and Zhang (2015) who used Hibiscus esculentus, Moringaoleifera and Hodgsoniamacrocarpa as feedstock, respectively, also reported the same results. Therefore, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1 was used as an optimum ratio for chicken and guinea fowl egg shell derived CaO catalysts. ...
... The existence of moisture and remaining fatty acid in the raw material leads to side reaction that is saponification reaction, which produces soap and emulsion. This leads to increase in viscosity, formation of foams consequently increases the difficulties in separation process, leading to reduction in the biodiesel yield.Cao and Zhang (2015) andKafuku and Mbarawa (2010) reported similar results. ...
Raw material costs are responsible for the greater percentage of biodiesel production cost. In this research, chicken and guinea fowl wastes eggshell were used as feedstock for the producing heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel. Preceeding their utilization, calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained by calcining the eggshells which contains calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) in a muffle furnace at of 1000℃ for four hours. The solid oxide catalysts produced were then characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and XRF methods. The activity of the produced catalyst in transesterification of calabash seed oil with methanol was assessed, and the properties of biodiesel obtained were evaluated. The various effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, agitation speed and their reusability of the produced catalyst were also evaluated. The experimental outcome showed that methanol to oil of 12:1 M ratio, 1.5 wt.% catalyst, 64℃ reaction temperature, two hours reaction time and speed of 250 rpm gave the ultimate results. The results also indicated that the guinea fowl egg shell derived CaO catalyst had higher surface area, basicity and smaller particle size. The guinea fowl egg shell also exhibited higher biodiesel yield of 96% compared to 95% for chicken egg shell. The CaO catalyst derived from waste calcined chicken and guinea fowl egg shell endured a good catalytic performance after being repetitively used for 8 cycles with yield of around 91%, which suggests possible saving and inexpensive biodiesel production potentials. Egg shell of chicken and guinea fowl are therefore potential bioresource for the production of heterogeneous catalyst that can be effectively exploited for the production of biodiesel.
... Biodiesel refers to fatty acid methyl esters or ethyl esters derived from raw material oils such as crop oil, wild crop oil, engineered microalgae oil, animal fat, and waste cooking oil through transesterification with alcohols such as methanol or ethanol [1][2][3]. Biodiesel is a high-quality diesel substitute [4,5] and is a typical "green energy" in term of its better carbon balance over fossil fuels [6,7] and limited environmental impacts, e.g., higher SO 2 emission in biomass planting and biodiesel production processes [8,9]. Vigorously developing of biodiesel has great strategic significance for solving the shortage of petroleum resources, reducing environmental pollution and the greenhouse effect, and ensuring national energy safety [10]. ...
... The raw materials used in the experiment include: biodiesel, prepared from waste cooking oil according to our reported work [5,7]; Commercial diesel CFIs: P388, A132, A134, A146, A148, T803, V-300, IX-248, LZ-7749, V-385, 10-320, 10-330, A-4, CS-1, AH-BSFH, Haote, T1804D, and HL21. ...
The uniform design method was used to screen the solidifying point depressing effects of 18 traditional diesel cold flow improvers on biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil. The cold flow improvers with good effects were selected for orthogonal optimization. Finally, the mixed cold flow improver (CFI) with the best depressing effect was selected to explore its depressing mechanism for biodiesel. The results show that the typical CFIs such as A132, A146, 10-320, 10-330, A-4, CS-1, AH-BSFH, Haote, T1804D, and HL21 all have a certain solidifying point depressing effect on biodiesel, while other cold flow improvers had no obvious effect. Amongst them, 10-330 (PMA polymer) and AH-BSFH (EVA polymer) had better solidifying point depressing effects over others, both of which reduced the solidifying point (SP) of biodiesel by 4 °C and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) by 2 °C and 3 °C, respectively. From the orthogonal mixing experiment, it can be seen that the combination of 10-330 and AH-BSFH at a mass ratio of 1:8 had the best depressing effect, reducing the solidifying point and cold filter plugging point of biodiesel by 5 °C and 3 °C, respectively. Orthogonal analysis showed that when used in combination, AH-BSFH had a greater impact on the solidifying point, while the ratio of the combination had a greater impact on the cold filter plugging point.
... The appropriate way to reduce the price of the produced biodiesel is the use of non-edible oils as feedstocks in the biodiesel production process, which reduces the price of finished product. So far, several researches have been done on the application of non-edible oils as the feedstock of biodiesel [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], such as rapeseed [24], sea mango [25], rubber seed [26], mahua [27], Hodgsonia macrocarpa [28], karanja [29], moringa [30], palm [31], jatropha [32], and tree of heaven [33]. So, intensive research on bioenergy resources, including crops with less food importance, or non-edible, can help to decrease the greenhouse gas emission and control climate change. ...
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that has been widely used in recent years. There are various resources used as biodiesel feedstocks, including animal fats, waste oils, and vegetable oils. In the present study, Chrozophora tinctoria seed oil is introduced as a new biodiesel feedstock. C. tinctoria is a weed and non-edible plant. So, the primary cost of this resource is very low, and hence it can be considered as a biodiesel source. This plant can also grow in most weather conditions. In the present study, the research team tried to produce biodiesel from C. tinctoria seeds through a transesterification reaction. To intensify the transesterification reaction, an ultrasonic device was used. In order to perform the transesterification reaction, potassium hydroxide was used as a catalyst. Important parameters, such as the reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of methanol, and concentration of the catalyst, were adjusted. Based on the adjusted conditions, a biodiesel yield of 84% was attained. The properties of the C. tinctoria biodiesel was compared with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The results show the properties of a biodiesel: the density, kinematic viscosity, pour point, flash point, cloud point, and acid number are 0.868 g/cm3, 3.74 mPa, −7 °C, 169 °C, 4 °C, and 0.43 mg, respectively. The specification properties of C. tinctoria biodiesel can thus pass the requirement of the ASTM standard. So, C. tinctoria seed oil can be used as a suitable fuel source instead of petroleum-derived fuels.
... Fig. 3 shows the relation among catalyst mass vs. temperature vs. yield, molar ratio vs. temperature vs. yield and molar ratio vs. catalyst mass vs. yield. The increase of each parameters, favors the reaction yield (Cao and Zhang, 2015;Kafuku and Mbarawa, 2010). ...
This paper proposes ethyl-ester biodiesel synthesis using calcined chicken eggshell as catalyst, ethyl alcohol and wasted cooking oil in an automatic low-cost production plant, using solar energy as a source of electrical and thermal energy. Eggshells based catalyst were used as source of CaO and samples of ethyl-ester were produced under reaction temperatures 40 °C and 50 °C, at molar ratios 1:6 and 1:9 (oil/alcohol), mass of the catalyst (wt% WCO) of 3% and 5%. The process temperature was monitored and controlled by low cost open-source electronic platform in order to maintain the process temperature stable. The eggshell used as catalyst proved technically feasible, such as the temperature control system, producing ethyl-ester with maximum yield of 84.3%, at 50 °C and 1:9 molar ratio with 5% mass of catalyst.
... Furthermore, this oil is known as lard nut oil because it has seeds and the oil has taste like a lard. The oil 849 content in dendang pumpkin seeds is ± 65% (dry weight) (Sugiyono 2008) and can reach 70% (Bo et al. 2007); 71.65% (dry weight) (Cao and Zhang 2015); 62-77% (Semwal et al. 2014). based on (Bo et al. 2007) The highest content of fatty acids in Hodgsonia seed oil is linoleic acid. ...
... Therefore, this oil is often used as a substitute for coconut oil in India. Hodgsonia seed oil has the potential to be developed into biodiesel in Indonesia with 65% biodiesel yield from H. macrocarpa (Wirawan 2007), for biodiesel in China based on (Bo et al. 2007); 95.46% (Cao and Zhang 2015). ...
Purwayantie S, Suryadi UE. 2020. Plant diversity and nutrient substances of native edible plant: Case study in Suka Maju and Tamao Villages, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 842-852. The existence of plant diversity which is wild, indigenous and edibles, needs to be preserved. The research locations in Suka Maju and Tamao Village, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia were chosen based on population density. The purpose of this study was to determine the plant diversity and nutritional potential from both of regions. The study method used purposive sampling survey and the data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that from a total of 110 plants, the three local plant names were subjected to one species and nine species were found in both locations. So that from 98 plants consisting of 44 fruits (14 of table fruits and 30 fruits of suka-suka), 30 vegetables and mushrooms, 14 seasonings, 7 nuts, 3 cereals, and tuber. The discovery of rare genera reported from West Kalimantan, they are Hydnocarpus sp, Hodgsonia sp, and Hypoxylon spp. The highest proximate content of carbohydrate is from joluk kusuk seeds (C. lacryma jobil), fats from kepayang seeds (P. edule) and dangkuk seeds (Hydnocarpus sp), protein from sengkubak leaves (A. papuana), ash from keranji (Hypoxylon spp) and dangkuk. The highest Fe and Zn mineral content were found from sengkuang fruit (D. dao) and tepus leaves (E. foetidum), respectively. The results of this survey became an initial recommendation in the development of local wisdom for local food security.
... One further sample was dried at a higher temperature (65C) for 3-5 days as a representative sample to determine the total MC. The drying process of the kernel was performed by weighing the trays several times in a day based on other researchers (Ashwath, 2010;Cao and Zhang, 2015;Jahirul et al., 2013). The samples were sometimes stirred in the trays to ensure the uniformity of drying. ...
An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of the processing of the raw materials, such as preparation and extraction, grating (whole and grated), drying and moisture conditioning of the seed kernels on the yield of oil extraction. Both mechanical and chemical methods were used to extract oil from the beauty leaf (BL) seed kernel using a screw press expeller and n-hexane as an oil solvent, respectively. Both whole kernel (WK) and grated kernel (GK) were used in screw press technique, whereas, only GK was used in n-hexane technique. The study indicated that the kernels prepared for 14.4 % moisture content (MC) produced the highest yield of oil in both methods. The highest oil yield of 86.4 % was obtained on the basis of the weight of the kernel in n-hexane method for the GK. On the other hand, the oil yield of 78.0 and 72.1 % was achieved using a screw press technique for the GK and WK, respectively. The gas chromatography (GC) analysis was conducted to determine the fatty acid compositions of beauty leaf oil. The physico-chemical properties of the beauty leaf oil (BLO) were evaluated. A comparison of fossil energy ratio (FER) was made between n-hexane and screw press methods. The FER in-hexane method was found 4.9, whereas, in screw press method it was found 3.4 and 3.1 for the GK and WK, respectively, which indicates that n-hexane method is more efficient than screw press technique. This study provides an understanding of the basis of selecting an appropriate oil extraction technique for oil extraction users in large scale applications.
