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![Total harmonic distortion (THD) for phase a, b, and c of 50 kW ABB DCFC (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [152]. Copyright 2016 INL).](publication/358535701/figure/fig4/AS:1127448032886795@1645815966716/Total-harmonic-distortion-THD-for-phase-a-b-and-c-of-50-kW-ABB-DCFC-Reprinted-with.png)
Total harmonic distortion (THD) for phase a, b, and c of 50 kW ABB DCFC (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [152]. Copyright 2016 INL).
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As the number and range of electric vehicles in use increases, and the size of batteries in those vehicles increases, the demand for fast and ultra-fast charging infrastructure is also expected to increase. The growth in the fast charging infrastructure raises a number of challenges to be addressed; primarily, high peak loads and their impacts on t...
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... Today, world is exposed to consequences of excessive consumption of fossil fuels such as global warming, climate change and other environmental challenges. Burning of fossil fuels injects tons of pollutants such as carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide CO2 [1], The global trend is moving toward the renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydraulic and others as promising candidate for fossil fuels. Statistics for 2022 indicate that transport still depends on petroleum products for approximately 91% of its final energy consumption, as it consumed about 106.41 EJ of petroleum derivatives, about 5.25 EJ of NG, about 4.18 EJ of Biofuels, and about 1.65 EJ of electricity. ...
... Distinguished EV manufacturers like Toyota, Tesla, Nissan Leaf, and Ford are heavily investing in the development of EV charging systems to sustain their growth in the coming years [3]. This shift has motivated the evolution of innovative EV technologies since the 2010s [4,5] and research works in fast and ultrafast charging systems and technologies have emerged, thanks to advancements in battery technology, power electronics, and control systems [6]. ...
Due to the growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), there is a pressing demand for the development of charging infrastructure that offers enhanced performance while reducing the charging time of EVs. Combining innovative fast and smart charging technologies can result in cost-efficient charging solutions, optimized energy exploitation, and reduced charging time for EVs. This paper proposes a new design of a smart and fast charger for EV batteries. The charger is made of a PFC-based Vienna Rectifier (VR) and an isolated Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter. The proposed charger enables intelligent data flow between the battery and the charger thanks to the Controller Area Network (CAN) communication employed by the CHAdeMO charging protocol. To validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed charger, the results of real-time simulations performed on RT-LAB platform, from OPAL-RT are presented and discussed.
... Today, world is exposed to consequences of excessive consumption of fossil fuels such as global warming, climate change and other environmental challenges. Burning of fossil fuels injects tons of pollutants such as carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide CO2 [1], The global trend is moving toward the renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydraulic and others as promising candidate for fossil fuels. Statistics for 2022 indicate that transport still depends on petroleum products for approximately 91% of its final energy consumption, as it consumed about 106.41 EJ of petroleum derivatives, about 5.25 EJ of NG, about 4.18 EJ of Biofuels, and about 1.65 EJ of electricity. ...
Recent violent global climate change consequences necessities reducing the consumption of fossil fuel in different sectors. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are growing in popularity as eco-friendly and environmentally compatible solution in transportation industry. This article provides a thoroughly and comprehensive overview of the advancement of topologies and charging techniques for EV. The article is aimed to act as a guide for researchers/engineers in the field of EV and automotive industry. Charging circuits of EVs have been divided into several categories. Comprehensive comparisons are carried out and revealed in appropriate graphs/charts/tables. Moreover, a sufficient high number of recent and updated references are screened. Classifications of electric vehicle charging technologies based on their individual characteristics are provided. Alaa A. Mahmoud et. al.
... This non-isolated converter can still provide a floating power supply to the EV battery. Fig. 17 illustrates the isolated DC-DC converters suitable for FCs [77], [171]. In numerous scenarios, the voltage level of the EV battery is lower than that of the rectifier's output voltage. ...
... In numerous scenarios, the voltage level of the EV battery is lower than that of the rectifier's output voltage. To address this, the use of the buck converter, as depicted in Fig. 17(a), may be applied to reduce the input voltage, thereby simplifying the charging process [171]. This is the most straightforward nonisolated topology for battery interfacing. ...
... If there's a need for bidirectional power flow to exchange power between the EV battery and the grid, the buck-boost converters, as depicted in Fig. 17(c) and Fig. 17(d), are suitable for charging purposes [77]. Another topology known for its superior harmonic performance is the three-level buck converter, along with its bidirectional counterpart, as depicted in Fig. 17(e) and Fig. 17(f) [171]. This design minimizes current fluctuations, enabling the use of smaller inductors to conform to the required current ripple criteria [174]. ...
The escalating concerns about petroleum resources depletion and ecological issues have accelerated the technological evolution of electric mobility. Electric vehicles (EVs) promise to revolutionize future transportation by reducing fossil fuel dependence, improving air quality, integrating with renewable energies, and enhancing energy efficiency, especially when smart grids have become omnipresent. However, range anxiety and long charging times remain substantial barriers to widespread EV adoption. This review underscores the critical role of fast-charging technology in overcoming these barriers. Fast chargers (FCs) alleviate long charging times by delivering higher charging power in shorter durations, like refueling at gas stations, resulting in promoting consumer interest. Besides, the presence of a fast-charging infrastructure along travel routes is essential to provide quick access to charging points, minimizing range anxiety. The successful FC deployment necessitates careful consideration of appropriate power electronic interfaces to avoid grid issues, including voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, and power quality disturbances through the implementation of advanced control mechanisms like voltage regulation and power factor correction. Hence, a substantial portion of research efforts has been directed towards the advancement of FCs utilizing silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) technologies. This focus highlights breakthroughs in power electronics, facilitating faster charging rates. Besides, adequate cooling is essential for FCs to prevent semiconductor component damage. The review contributes to the thorough examination of pertinent information regarding FCs, encompassing standards, architectures, power converter topologies, compatible battery chemistries, fast-charging techniques, and cooling systems. It also explores the multifaceted impacts of fast-charging on AC-grid and traction batteries, focusing on advanced solutions for grid stability, battery lifespan, and environmental sustainability, including smart grid technologies, battery management systems, and shifting towards renewable energy resources. Finally, the future research trends towards fast-charging are presented. This review provides a unique perspective on the current state of fast-charging infrastructure by synthesizing information from various sources, serving as a valuable one-stop source for researchers interested in this topic.
... Naturalresource-based transportation systems are major causes of global emission problems [1,2]. Green and efficient transportation electrical vehicle (EV) mobility is the compulsion of the 21st century [3]. Technology is driven by energy, whether a small-scale electronic gadget, industry machinery, or a warship. ...
Citation: Ilahi, T.; Izhar, T.; Zahid, M.; Rasool, A.; Tsamaase, K.; Zahid, T.; Khan, E.M. Design Analysis of High-Power Level 4 Smart Charging Infrastructure Using Next-Generation Power Devices for EVs and Heavy Duty EVs. World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/ wevj15020066 Academic Editors: Gregorio Cappuccino and Giovanni Pede Abstract: Trending electric vehicles with different battery technologies need universally compatible and fast chargers. Present semiconductor technology is not suitable for designing high-power-rating converters. The increasing demand for high-capacity electric vehicle chargers requires efficient and optimum advanced material technology. This research presents next-generation material-based smart ultra-fast electric vehicle charging infrastructure for upcoming high-capacity EV batteries. The designed level 4 charger will be helpful for charging future heavy-duty electric vehicles with battery voltages of up to 2000 V. The designed infrastructure will be helpful for charging both EVs and heavy-duty electric trucks with a wide range of power levels. Wireless sensor-based smart systems monitor and control the overall charging infrastructure. The detailed design analysis of the proposed charger using the Simscape physical modeling tool is discussed using mathematical equations.
... In the future, BEV battery degradation is expected to be improved, profiting from developed battery technologies. By then, in contrast to normal charging, fast charging scenarios with a relatively shorter cycle life and higher degradation cost might be more common [52][53][54] . ...
Flexibility has become increasingly important considering the intermittency of variable renewable energy in low-carbon energy systems. Electrified transportation exhibits great potential to provide flexibility. This article analyzed and compared the flexibility values of battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles for planning and operating interdependent electricity and hydrogen supply chains while considering battery degradation costs. A cross-scale framework involving both macro-level and micro-level models was proposed to compute the profits of flexible EV refueling/charging with battery degradation considered. Here we show that the flexibility reduction after considering battery degradation is quantified by at least 4.7% of the minimum system cost and enlarged under fast charging and low-temperature scenarios. Our findings imply that energy policies and relevant management technologies are crucial to shaping the comparative flexibility advantage of the two transportation electrification pathways. The proposed cross-scale methodology has broad implications for the assessment of emerging energy technologies with complex dynamics.
... The speed of the global transition of the transport industry towards environmental friendliness is critically based on the rate of adoption of EVs [1][2][3]. Therefore, to increase the rate of adoption, more EV chargers (EVCs) are required. Further, with growing EV charging demands, more EVCs are expected to be publicly available [4][5][6]. ...
A conventional electric vehicle charger (EVC) charges only one EV concurrently. This leads to underutilization whenever the charging power is less than the EVC-rated capacity. Consequently, the cost-effectiveness of conventional EVCs is limited. Reconfigurable EVCs (REVCs) are a new technology that overcomes underutilization by allowing multiple EVs to be charged concurrently. This brings a cost-effective charging solution, especially in large car parks requiring numerous chargers. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimal planning strategy for car parks deploying REVCs. The proposed planning strategy involves three stages. An optimization model is developed for each stage of the proposed planning strategy. The first stage determines the optimal power rating of power modules inside each REVC, and the second stage determines the optimal number and configuration of REVCs, followed by determining the optimal operation plan for EV car parks in the third stage. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal planning strategy, a comprehensive case study is undertaken using realistic car parking scenarios with 400 parking spaces, electricity tariffs, and grid infrastructure costs. Compared to deploying other conventional EVCs, the results convincingly indicate that the proposed optimal planning strategy significantly reduces the total cost of investment and operation while satisfying charging demands.
... The global trend toward electrified transportation is gaining momentum, with significant attention being paid to electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). [1][2][3][4] Despite technological advancements, consumer acceptance and market penetration of EVs is barely satisfactory compared with internal combustion engine vehicles, partly due to the unfavorable charging experience compared with refueling time. 5,6 Therefore, the development of LIBs with fast-charging capability is crucial in promoting widespread EV adoption. ...
Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with fast‐charging capabilities have the potential to overcome the “range anxiety” issue and drive wider adoption of electric vehicles. The U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium has set a goal of fast charging, which requires charging 80% of the battery's state of charge within 15 min. However, the polarization effects under fast‐charging conditions can lead to electrode structure degradation, electrolyte side reactions, lithium plating, and temperature rise, which are highly linked to the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of electrolytes. The conventional nonaqueous electrolytes used in LIBs consist of carbonate and cannot support fast‐charging without compromising performance and lifespan. This review outlines the challenges of fast‐charging LIBs and the requirements of electrolytes suitable for fast‐charging. Additionally, recent developments in fast‐charging electrolytes from four key perspectives: electrolyte additives, low‐viscosity co‐solvents, high concentration or localized high‐concentration electrolytes, and advanced electrolytes are summarized. Furthermore, this review provides insights for the design of fast‐charging electrolytes based on the mechanism of charging process and offers an overview of the current state and future direction of the field.
... Because of the inverter's semiconductor switches, PV systems are harmonic sources. The inverter technology, solar radiation, temperature, and network parameters all affect total harmonic distortion [42,43]. The low penetration of EVs and the slow charging rate have little effect on the network's PQ harmonic distortion. ...
The problem of global warming, along with environmental concerns, has already led governments to replace fossil-fuel vehicles with low-emission electric vehicles (EVs). The energy crisis and environmental problems, such as global warming and air pollution, are essential reasons for the development of electric vehicles (EVs). Electric vehicles are one of the most fascinating and essential fields to emerge in recent years. According to the current report, electric vehicles are attempting to replace older, traditional automobiles. These vehicles not only help to reduce pollution but also to save natural resources. The presence of electric vehicles may cause several problems for the conventional electrical grid due to their grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging and discharging capabilities. With increased EV adoption, many power quality (PQ) issues in the electrical distribution system arise. With the penetration of EVs in distribution networks, power quality issues such as voltage imbalance, transformer failure, and harmonic distortion are expected to arise. The focus of this research is on exploring and reviewing the issues that the integration of EVs poses for electrical networks. The existing and future situations of electric vehicles’ integration, as well as new research on the subjects, have been reviewed in this paper. This study provides a thorough examination of power quality issues and their mitigating approaches.
... In the past, another major cost associated with these products was the battery packs. The high cost of lithiumion batteries, which increase battery capacity and driving range, is the origin of EV's high price [34,35]. ...
Business models (BMs) are crucial for the successful market penetration and diffusion of sustainable innovations. Nonetheless, consumer preference knowledge about adopting electric vehicles (EVs) under innovative BMs is low. Drawing on existing conceptualizations of BMs, this investigation studied consumer preferences for three innovative BMs (EV-leasing; battery-leasing; B2C EV-sharing) and the traditional total purchase BM. This research aimed to analyze the growth of the EV market, as well as to understand consumer preferences regarding business models and how these can overcome the barriers to EV purchase. During this study, an empirical study was applied based on a quantitative method. Data were collected through Google Forms and disseminated via social media. Using survey data to conduct a quantitative analysis, the findings showed that most people have an interest in EVs but consider their high cost the main barrier. The environmental benefits are the main motivation for buying an EV, since people are very concerned about the environment. Regarding the innovative business models (IBMs), most people were not aware of their existence but believed that they were fundamental for EV acquisition.
