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Total germination percentage for each treatment in the three study populations. Lower-case indicate Habermann test results.
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The present study assesses whether the germination and establishment success of Argania spinosa seeds are affected by the environmental conditions under
which the mother plant has grown. Seeds from three populations with different climatic conditions and herbivory intensity were collected and sown in the
laboratory after different treatments. Our s...
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... Several factors have shown a pronounced effect on the Argan tree germination rate, indeed the optimal temperature for the germination of the Argan tree nuts is between 25 and 28 °C (Berka and Harfouch, 2001;Bouzoubaâ and El Mousadik, 2003;Elmandouri et al., 2020), and preferably it should be carried out in a photoperiod of 16 hours under Light / 8 hours under dark (Alouani and Bani-Aameur, 2003). On the other hand, the germination rate may vary depending on the origin of the mother plants (Zunzunegui et al., 2013;Ferradous et al., 2017) the date of harvest of the fruits (Hamani et al., 2018), and finally the storage duration (Berka et al., 2018). Parallelly, some pretreatments improve the nuts germination rate, such as imbibition and gibberellic acid treatments (Ikinci, 2014), mechanical scarification, and the pretreatment with the spores of some fungal species (Sellal et al., 2020). ...
... While, other operations such as chemical pretreatment by acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide seem to have an inhibitory effect on germination (Berka and Harfouch, 2001). The effectiveness of these pretreatments depends on the nuts origin (Alouani and Bani-Aameur, 2004;Zunzunegui et al., 2013). This study aims to optimize the sexual multiplication of the eastern Morocco Argan tree by studying the effect of the nuts weight on the various germination parameters as well as on the growth of the seedlings. ...
The Argan tree (Argania spinosa L) is an endemic species, located mainly in the southwest of Morocco, but also exists as a relic in the northeast of the country. It is a species of great biological, ecological and socio-economical importance. As part of the domestication of the Argan tree at the national and regional scale, a study was carried out which aims to optimize the mode of sexual multiplication of eastern Morocco Argan tree, by studying the effect of the nuts weight on the rate of imbibition, the rate of germination, the number of seedlings resulting from each nuts classes of weight, and the growth of the seedlings. The experimental treatment is mainly formed by three classes of nuts weight. The first class named W-1 is formed by nuts with a weight less than 2g. The second-class W-2 is characterized by nuts of a weight ranging from 2 to 3.5g. The last class is W3 and has a weight of over than 3.5g. The germination was conducted in a phytotronic room at a controlled temperature (26 2°C). While, the follow-up of the seedlings' growth was carried out in a glass greenhouse, and the rate and kinetics of imbibition were performed in a separate experiment. The results indicated that the nuts were water permeable and the rate of imbibition was found to be proportionally related to weight and varies between 18.18 % W1 and 32.21% W3 after 48 hours. On the other hand, for the germination rate, the nuts of class W1 showed the highest germination rate (84.4%) followed by those of class W2 (72%) and finally class W3 (68.8%). However, Argan nuts could contain more than one kernel and produce more than one seedling per nut and this allowed to have a high number of produced plants and increased the germination rate in particular for the classes W2 and W3, (99.2% and 97.2%). The results also showed that the growth and the development of seedlings were proportionally related to the weight of the kernels.
... With the increase of water stress, Argan of Tindouf promotes root development in depth; allowing it to cope with the lack of water and thereby the growth of the aerial part is slightly affected by the stress. This is in concordance with the correlation test that was significantly positive between these two parameters (Zunzunegui et al. 2013). It also appears through this study that the growth in height (SH) is positively associated with the other morphological parameters. ...
To alleviate the combined effects of water and heat stress prevailing in drylands, the choice and introduction of appropriate plant species to these conditions is essential for the success of planting in rehabilitation projects. The argan tree (Argania spinosa) is a vigorous plant, admirably adapted to dry climates, with indisputable physiological and ecological characteristics that make of this tree an ideal plant to fight against erosion and desertification process, which seriously threaten arid lands. However, the geographical origin of seeds/seedlings represents a determining factor. In this context, we investigated the morphological responses of growth in two provenances of argan, the provenance of Tindouf 'PT' from Algeria and that of Agadir 'PA' from Morocco; under water stress conditions. The experiment attempts to evaluate the level of drought tolerance of these two provenances for selecting the planting material that copes and adapts better to hot arid lands. Argan seedlings of both provenances (PA and PT) were submitted to a water stress gradient (75%, 40%, 20%, and 10% of field capacity), then morphological parameters (shoot height, number of leaves, number of spines, root collar diameter, length of taproot) were measured after three, six, nine and twelve months of growth. All variables of morphological growth varied significantly (P <0.001) between water stress levels, seed geographical provenances and seedling growth ages. The overall of results concerning morphological parameters indicated that the increase of water stress induced in both argan provenances: a decrease in shoot height associated with an increase in length of taproot that resulted in the reduction of leaf numbers and radial growth but the increase the number of spines. The argan plantlets of Agadir have completely failed to tolerate water stress of 10% FC. Under water stress (40%, 20%, 10% FC), argan seedlings of Tindouf revealed higher growth results than those of Agadir. PT seedlings offset the water deficit by root elongation to ensure growth of the various components of the aerial part. PT seedlings were more resilient to drought stress as compared to those of PA. The highest growth results were obtained with 40% FC in PT seedlings, and with 75% FC among PA seedlings. It is recommended to use the PT seeds in planting projects under drought conditions, while PA seeds are more suitable under conditions of non-water deficit.
... Le génotype a eu par contre un effet hautement significatif sur le taux de germination. Plusieurs autres études se sont intéressées à la germination et au développement des jeunes plantules dans des conditions de stress hydrique ou salin dans le but d'étudier le potentiel du semis direct(Bani-Aameur et Sipple-Michmerhuizen, 2001;Tazi et al., 2003a;Zunzunegui et al., 2013). De tels travaux ont permis de mettre à la disposition des pépiniéristes et des forestiers une méthode aisée de multiplication et de production de plants de l'arganier issus de semis.La multiplication par semis est une méthode classique qui favorise la diversification du patrimoine génétique de l'arganier et promeut sa variabilité. ...
L’arganier (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) est une espèce à usages multiples et d'un grand intérêt socioéconomique au Maroc. Son principal produit est l’huile extraite de ses amandes, de haute qualité et à usages à la fois culinaires, cosmétiques et pharmaceutiques. L’explosion de la demande pour cette huile au niveau national et international a augmenté la pression anthropologique sur les arganeraies, ce qui a contribué à sa dégradation. Compte-tenu de cette situation, la domestication de l’arganier et l'établissement de vergers de production devraient être mis en oeuvre d’urgence afin d’atténuer cette pression d’une part, et d’autre part, pour satisfaire la demande croissante de son huile.
Dans la présente thèse, l’étendue de variabilité de l’arganier a été suivie pendant plus de 3 années sur une population conservée in situ dans la réserve naturelle d’Admine, dans le Sud-Ouest Marocain. Au total, 122 arbres ont été caractérisés morphologiquement à l’aide de 30 caractères quantitatifs. Puis 52 génotypes parmi les 122, choisis pour leur production régulière, ont été analysés à l’aide du modèle des effets additifs principaux et de l’interaction multiplicative (AMMI) pour évaluer la stabilité de leur rendement en amandes. Parallèlement, 31 génotypes représentatifs de la variabilité morphologique de la collection, ont été analysés pour leur teneur en huile, dont 21 pour également leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et 8 pour leur profil en acides gras. Egalement, une étude de l’aptitude à la multiplication par greffage et par bouturage a été menée sur 4 génotypes.
Des différences significatives ont été identifiées entre les génotypes pour l’ensemble des caractères agro/morphologiques, la teneur de l’huile et ses propriétés ainsi que pour les taux de réussite du greffage et du bouturage. L'étude des corrélations a montré que les caractères de vigueur (taille des feuilles et des rameaux) étaient corrélés positivement aux traits du fruit. L'héritabilité au sens large s’est révélée élevée pour la plupart des caractères. Les résultats ont aussi permis d’identifier les caractères les plus pertinents dans l’objectif de proposer un descripteur spécifique de l’arganier. L'analyse du rendement a montré que l'interaction génotype-année (GYI) est le principal facteur responsable de sa variabilité. L’analyse AMMI a permis d’identifier des génotypes productifs et stables pouvant constituer une base génétique propice à la sélection de cultivars d’arganier a vocation arganicole.
En plus du rendement, cette étude a mis en évidence la pertinence de la teneur en huile et ces caractéristiques physicochimiques dans les travaux de sélection vu l'importance du facteur génotype sur leur variabilité. Cependant, ça n'a pas été le cas pour la variabilité des profils d'acides gras où les différences entre les génotypes et les années n’étaient pas significatives. Finalement, concernant la multiplication végétative, les résultats ont montré que le greffage serait mieux adapté que le bouturage pour la propagation de l’arganier. En effet, le meilleur taux d’enracinement obtenu par bouturage était de 67 %, alors que pour le greffage le taux de reprise a atteint 96% pour les meilleures combinaisons Greffon/Porte-Greffe.
... In the case of the argan tree, previous studies reported that the variability in growth, fruiting and proportion of mature fruit, was related to the combined effects of the geographical location, climatic year and genotype of trees [10,19]. Other works showed that production in fruits and oil from the argan tree was strongly influenced by climatic factors of the regions [20,21]. In fact, the productivity of the argan oil depends on both the relative AW/SW and fruit productivity in different individual argan trees. ...
The fruit of Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae) is naturally characterized by three main forms: fusiform, round and oval. The fruit seed contains one to three kernels used in the extraction of argan oil renowned for its nutritional and cosmetic virtues. In order to characterize the phenotypic variability of the argan tree fruit in the Southwest of Morocco, a comparative study based on the shape and the geographical origin was carried out. Six characters were measured on 1,020 fruits: weight, length and width of the seed, kernel weight, number of kernels per carpel and seed. The results showed very highly significant differences in terms of both the shape and the area of origin. There were marked differences between all phenotypes especially almonds level weight, seed weight and kernel weight compared to the weight of the seed. Indeed, the fruits of the Amskroud region contained seeds and almonds with the largest average in weight and size. Moreover, the ratio of almond weight / seed weight, considered as criterion of argan oil production, was significantly higher in the Smimou region compared with the other provenances. Furthermore, the number and weight of kernels are significantly larger in the oval fruit and smaller in those rounded. The correlation coefficients showed that the weight was positively correlated with the characters related to the dimensions of the seed, the number and the weight of kernel. The width of the seeds was positively correlated with the number and the weight of the kernel. The results also revealed a large morphometric variability of the argan tree fruit under different environments. They would allow a combined improvement of different traits in order to select the most interesting morphotypes for the domestication and the conservation of the argan tree.
... A. spinosa is a tree species growing in arid and semiarid regions in Morocco, where annual rainfall ranges between 100 and 300 mm, and where no other tree species can live. It is well adapted to semiarid conditions, exhibiting physiological and morphological adjustments in response to drought (Ain-Lhout et al., 2013; Díaz Zunzunegui et al., 2010Zunzunegui et al., , 2013. The drought adaptation mechanisms in the Argan tree seem to delay leaf desiccation through highly conservative water use, which classifies it as a drought-avoiding, water-saving species, but also displaying tolerance mechanisms (Levitt, 1980). ...
