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In Iraq the problem of electricity shutdown in the main supply still exists and the cuts may last for hours. This shutdown causes problems in lectures and students experiments in the colleges because all electrical devices are off. PV system is a good alternative source to overcome such a problem; therefore a stand-alone photovoltaic power system i...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... electrical loads of the three laboratories include desktop computers, oscilloscopes, function generators, DC power supplies; different types of training kits, network and spectrum analyzers. The daily electrical demand for each device is shown in Table 4. It is assumed that these electrical devices for each laboratory are fully on during the work time (from 8:30 am to 2:30 pm). ...
Context 2
... and air- conditioning were removed from the account because the work time is during the day and to reduce the electrical load also. The average daily load demand can be calculated from Table 4 to be 100968 Wh/day. The best facing orientation panel is in south facing because the peak output power solar panel is maximum in south facing orientation since the sun path is proportionally perpendicular to solar panel [18]. ...
Context 3
... electrical loads of the three laboratories include desktop computers, oscilloscopes, function generators, DC power supplies; different types of training kits, network and spectrum analyzers. The daily electrical demand for each device is shown in Table 4. It is assumed that these electrical devices for each laboratory are fully on during the work time (from 8:30 am to 2:30 pm). ...
Context 4
... and airconditioning were removed from the account because the work time is during the day and to reduce the electrical load also. The average daily load demand can be calculated from Table 4 to be 100968 Wh/day. The best facing orientation panel is in south facing because the peak output power solar panel is maximum in south facing orientation since the sun path is proportionally perpendicular to solar panel [18]. ...
Citations
... The system size and lifespan cost are calculated using HOMER software. Mahmood (Mahmood, 2019) suggested a stand-alone PV system to provide electricity continuity to the loads throughout the working hours for three laboratories, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad. In this study, simulation is accomplished using the Pvsyst6 software suite. ...
This paper details a framework for designing appropriate hybrid power supply system for a tiny and remote off-grid rural locations. A combination of Solar PV/Wind turbine/Diesel generator have been simulated and tested in different cases. The optimization program 'Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables' HOMER is utilized in this study to discover the best architecture. Data from load forecast together with the solar/wind international atlases have been used in the design. The total net present cost NPC and levelized cost of energy COE have been minimized to pick an economically practical and technically capable off-grid hybrid power system. The simulated study showed that the solar generator offers the most assistance for power generation, accounting for around 77.3%, while wind accounts for approximately 19%. Also, the overall net present cost (NPC) is $225,574.87, and the cost of electricity (COE) scheme is as low as $0.4037 per kWh.
... The environmental risks associated with the use of fossil fuels to power generators and vehicles in Nigeria have caused a great concern for Nigerians because it leads to release of greenhouse gases which resulted in global warming. Also, the noise from generators causes noise pollution and this affects the wellbeing of the rural users [5]. Asides the environmental issues, the financial implication for running them every day is very huge and this make researchers to consider renewable energy which is clean, reliable, affordable and environmentally friendly. ...
... Nigeria is blessed with abundance of renewable energy potentials such as wind, biomass, geothermal etc., but the country is still facing an energy crisis, which has a major impact on the ability to reduce poverty and promote economic growth. Renewable energy resources transform the passive energy to a clean active energy used to generate electric power with no emission these include photovoltaic (PV) system being a most popular renewable energy resource since electricity generation by solar energy does not need fuel, the costs of maintenance is low, produces no pollution and noise [5]. ...
... [14], presented the design of a stand-alone PV system for a typical residential building in Bauchi, Nigeria based on medium energy consumption. [5], designed a 21.12 kWp stand-alone PV system to feed three departmental laboratories loads in AL-Nabrain University, Baghdad to ensure power continuity. Also, in the work of [15], a stand-alone PV system was designed as a power source for an ozone monitor laboratory at Anyigba, North Cenral, Nigeria. ...
This paper designed a stand-alone photovoltaic energy system for small-scale business outlets in rural areas, using Arogbo Community in Ese-Odo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria as a case study. Structured questionnaires were administered to 150 business outlets for energy audit. Total energy estimate and consumption for 8 hours daily operation were estimated from obtained information. Total energy demand of the outlets based on their appliances used per day with power factor of 0.8 and 15% tolerance for a maximum load of 355.228 kW was 1,894.844 kWh. The specific energy required for a typical outlet (Barbing Salon, Computer Centre and Hairdressing Shop) were (0.938, 9.04 and 10.87) kWh, and their photovoltaic equivalence were estimated as (1.266, 12.211 and 14.67) kWh respectively. The solar components for the outlets were estimated as (0.317, 3.053 and 3.66) kW solar modules on installation areas of (3, 28.4 and 34) m2. Inverter ratings of (0.22, 4 and 6) kVA were selected for the respective outlets. (1, 4, and 4) numbers of 12 V deep cycle batteries of (100, 150 and 150) AH were selected. Electricity generator capacities selected were (1, 4 and 6) kVA respectively.
... Solar cells are a technology which directly produces electricity when exposed to radiation or light, without environmental pollution or maintenance. The amount of generated current depends on the intensity of the radiation falling on them [1]. ...
... ( ) (1) . Design power load. ...
The use of renewable energy in the recent years has become terrible, particularly solar PV plants. In this paper, a comparison study was made between the PV *SOL program and the MATLAB simulation program which used to calculate the design procedures for the solar plant laboratory inside renewable energy laboratory a Technical College of Engineering /Mosul. A New Zealand in method was depended for these calculation, including the environment effect and some factors related with solar system components. The results showed the best design with less components and cost .Finally both programs gave the same design.
... Few researchers analyze the importance of the PV system location which depends on bifacial PV array in Iraq. They studied the effect of tilt angle, irradiation, and temperature change on the back to back monofacial panel at Baghdad city [10], while a stand-alone monofacial PV system with and without shading at performance is analyzed in [11]- [13]. Other researchers have studied the performance of the photovoltaic monofacial in Al-Najaf [14]. ...
Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) module can gain 30% more energy compared to monofacial if a suitable location were chosen. Iraq (a Middle East country) has a variable irradiation level according to its geographic coordinates, thus, the performance of PV systems differs. This paper an array (17 series, 13 parallel) was chosen to produce 100 kWp for an on-grid PV system. It investigates the PV system in three cities in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, and Basrah). Effect of albedo factor, high and pitch of the bifacial module on energy yield have been studied using PVsyst (software). It has been found that the effect is less for a pitch greater than 6 m. The energy gained from bifacial and monofacial PV system module in these cities shows that Mosul is the most suitable for installing both PV systems followed by Baghdad and lastly Basrah. However, in Basrah, the bifacial gain is 12% higher in the energy than monofacial as irradiation there is higher than the other locations, especially for elevation above 1.5 m. Moreover, the cost of bifacial array is 7.23% higher than monofacial, but this additional cost is acceptable since the bifacial gain is about 11.3% higher energy compared to the monofacial.
... Variable kinds of PV modules accredit on the rating scale of the power. Solar cell is a fabric cited by famous semiconductors like silicon [5]. Changeability in the temperature will affect the solar module efficiency, and because of these mutations this technology is facing big defiance in its power finesse rendition. ...
Global heating, depletions, and high cost of fossil fuels ensued the exploitation of AC sources of energy such as solar stamina. The peculiarities of photovoltaic PV module are a condition for dimensioning and designing a PV system. The causation for developing PV modules beneficial for electrical applications, this manner permits the development of new hefty-performances stand-alone PV system. PV ingredients are permitting the computation of the demeanor of the total system in medley scenarios. In this work, a comparison between calculation solar program and manual mathematical method are made according to Mosul-Iraq site.
... However, the accessibility of solar energy to individual homes as an alternative to the inadequacy or unavailability of power supply to most Nigerians homes is limited as many electricity end users are not able to implement individual's solar energy installations for financial or technical reasons. Although there are reports on PV system design, these reports are limited to standalone PV system for a single residential building (Abu-Jasser, 2010; Guda and Aliyu, 2015;Hasan et al., 2016), local government offices (Johnson and Ogunseye, 2017), Laboratories (Saleh et al., 2015;Mahmood, 2019) and Hybrid off-grid solar system (Chukwuemeka and Felix, 2018). Solar garden/community solar for energy accessibility is rarely report. ...
... ŋ =Charge controller efficiency=0.98 The total dc current of the system is given by equation 3 (Chukwuemeka and Felix, 2018) while equation 4 and 5 (Mahmood, 2019) gives the number of modules to be connected in series and in parallel respectively. (3) module is needed in series while ten (10) modules are needed in parallel. ...
... = 53870.73 USD The annual life cycle cost (ALCC) was estimated using equation 17 (Shenawyet al., 2017).The unit electrical cost (UC) in USD/kWh can be estimated from the annual life cycle cost and the annual energy generation by the system using equation 22(Mahmood, 2019); ...
2021 February; 15(2): pages 1-12 https://doi. INTRODUCTION The increase in energy consumption due to increase in industrialization, human population and urbanization has proven to be a cause of the gradual energy crisis witnesses today. The extensive use of fossil fuel is not only associated with environmental pollution and global warming but its reserve is also finite and non-renewable (Sagar, 2005; Fashina, 2019). The imbalance ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Instability and unavailability of electricity supply in most developing countries of Africa has necessitate the use of fossil fuel power generators which is not only associated with environmental pollution and global warming but its reserve is also finite and non-renewable. Solar energy technology has been characterized as eco-friendly and abundantly available. However, many energy end users are not able to implement individual's solar energy installations for financial or technical reasons. OBJECTIVE: The study present a model for climate change mitigation/Adaptation by enhancing energy accessibility via people group energy installation called solar garden where a group of persons come together according to their energy need to set up a solar energy grid or a an individual set up the solar energy grid with a system of load control for subscribers via smart metering and payment adherence control using Global System for mobile communication smart application control and is based on method of empirical research supplemented by theoretical analysis via the use of computational models and formulas. RESULTS: A choice of five residence with daily total energy consumption of 35kW was made for the model design which can be extended or reduced depending on energy need. The solar garden with smart meter control gives energy access at reduce cost of 0.0831USD/kWh, the total unit of consumption, unit balance and other power/energy status per time. CONCLUSION: The model empirical design of a community solar of five residence gave energy accessibility and availability to the households with real time energy services for the households thereby enhancing climate change adaption by reduction of greenhouse gas emission..
... The latitude of Baghdad, Iraq is 33.312805, and the longitude is 44.361488. Other information about suggested place in Al-Nahrain University could be found in [9] includes monthly mean sun shine hours, yearly solar radiation with different tilt angles and hence the best direction of the tilt angle for the solar panels. Because of the occurrence of Iraq in the northern hemisphere, the best orientation of solar panels is to the south in order to obtain the highest amount of solar radiation falling on the panels and thus obtain the best energy of the panels. ...
p class="ICST-abstracttext"> The use of the stand-alone PV systems for electric power generation is important to meet the needs of electric power, especially in countries that have major problems in the generation and continuity of electricity such as Iraq. The aim of this research is to design and simulate a stand-alone PV system installed on the roof of the parking garage in the College of Engineering at Al-Nahrain University for the purpose of using the electrical energy generated by this system to meet the energy demand of the daily light for the parking garage and engineering laboratories buildings beside it.
The main factor in the design was the total area of the roof of the parking garage. The Pvsyst6 program is used to simulate the suggested PV system and to determine the effect of partial shading which caused by the trees surrounding the garage on the available generated power of the system. A comparison was made between four types of solar panels to see the suitability of these types to the weather conditions in Iraq, in addition to the impact of the shadows surrounding the garage. These types of solar panels were (CIS SL2-145, CdTe F-4112-3, Poly JAP6-60-260, and Mono JAM6-60-260), CdTe type showed better performance compared to other types in terms of available energy generated because it has small losses due to temperature and shadows. It was found that the best tilt angle of the solar panels in the case of shadows is 19o to the south. Finally, the financial analysis was made to see the economic feasibility of this PV system and it is found that the PV system that uses CdTe panels has the smallest kWh unit price (0.236 $/kWh) as compared with the other three types. </p
... Variable kinds of PV modules accredit on the rating scale of the power. Solar cell is a fabric cited by famous semiconductors like silicon [5]. Changeability in the temperature will affect the solar module efficiency, and because of these mutations this technology is facing big defiance in its power finesse rendition. ...
This study presents a model design of a subscription based community solar energy for the business community of the “Back gate”, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo. The business community is largely dependent on the use of fossil fuel generators due to the absence of connection to the Nigeria national electricity grid. The extensive use of the fossil fuel is not only associated with environmental pollution and global warming but its reserve is also finite, non-renewable and expensive. This study presents the use of solar energy to supply the electrical energy need of twenty (20) business premises at the study location. The design was carried out according to the daily electrical load profile of the community, taking into consideration the solar irradiation data of the location, the geographical location and the weather condition. The sizing of each of the system components and the economic analysis of the system in terms of the life cycle cost and electricity unit cost was also taken into consideration. The subscription based community solar with smart meter control gives energy access at reduce cost, the total unit of consumption, unit balance and other energy status per time. The unit cost of electricity using the model design was determined as #0.078/kWh which is cheaper with real time energy costing via a smart meter thereby encouraging the usage of the energy system as an efficient system with enhanced energy accessibility, real time energy services, climate change adaption by reduction of greenhouse gas emission, clean energy development plans/implementation within the community and an investment platform for would-be investors and philanthropist.
