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![Fig. 2. Oil spray cooling principle [12]](profile/Lino-Di-Leonardo/publication/334994872/figure/fig2/AS:823997054873600@1573467615053/Oil-spray-cooling-principle-12_Q320.jpg)
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... Other significant advantages of these e high torque, strong dynamic responsiveness, and low overall maintenance s [33]. To compete with PM machines in terms of power density and torque s made with stator windings with bar-wound wires and rotor cage with copper may be viable options [34]. ...
... Other significant advantages of these machines are high torque, strong dynamic responsiveness, and low overall maintenance requirements [33]. To compete with PM machines in terms of power density and torque density, IMs made with stator windings with bar-wound wires and rotor cage with copper conductors may be viable options [34]. devices in industry. ...
... Other significant advantages of these machines are high torque, strong dynamic responsiveness, and low overall maintenance requirements [33]. To compete with PM machines in terms of power density and torque density, IMs made with stator windings with bar-wound wires and rotor cage with copper conductors may be viable options [34]. ...
Utilizing electric vehicles (EVs) in place of conventional vehicles is now necessary to lower carbon dioxide emissions, provide clean energy, and lessen environmental pollution. Numerous researchers are trying to figure out how to make these electric vehicles better in order to address this. Electric motors and batteries are necessary parts of electric cars. As such, the development of these vehicles was associated with the development of these two entities. This review lists all of the sophisticated electric machines, their control schemes, and the embedded systems that are utilized to put these schemes into practice. Due to this review, we determined out, the induction motor and permanent magnet synchronous motor have been demonstrated to be the most efficient and suitable alternative for propulsion drive in electric vehicles. Furthermore, because torque and speed can be controlled simultaneously with minimal noise and ripples, the FOC approach continues to be the ideal control method. This evaluation offers comprehensive information regarding the application of various control measures. Whereas the model-based design technique made it easier for engineers to program, validate, and fine-tune the system's controllers before deploying it in the field, STM32 and DSP320F28379 are the best embedded systems for implementation because of their low cost and compatibility with the SIMULINK environment.
... At present, the cooling methods of high power density vehicle motors mainly include two ways: water cooling and oil cooling methods [5]. Compared to the water cooling method, the direct oil injection cooling method has higher cooling efficiency, because the cooling medium is directly in contact with the hot parts of the motor [6,7]. Therefore, oil injection cooling is considered to be an effective solution to the heat dissipation problem of high power density motor for vehicles at present. ...
In recent years, with the continuous improvement of motor power density, oil cooling technology has been widely used in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for electric vehicles (EVs) as an efficient cooling method. A PMSM with a rated capacity of 53kW for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is designed, and the motor is cooled by the oil injection pipe. In order to improve the heat dissipation efficiency of the end winding, the number of injection pipes and the structure of the nozzle are optimised, and a novel nozzle structure is proposed. By using the moving particle solution (MPS) method to simulate the fluid flow, the optimal cooling structure of the motor is determined. In addition, different from the equivalent winding model in the traditional temperature field simulation, a hairpin winding model that can more realistically reflect the geometry of the end winding is established. On this basis, the temperature field of the motor is simulated. It is verified that the cooling structure designed can effectively improve the thermal performance of the end winding.
... [18] Additionally, using hairpin stator winding and oil spray for cooling an induction motor utilized in electric vehicle propulsion applications can increase an induction motor's overall performance. [19] The following Table 2 The rotor of an induction motor is devoid of magnets. ...
The only thing pushing people toward electric automobiles is the rising cost of fossil fuels, which are slowly vanishing from nature or are likely to be and creates noise and pollutants. The several challenges that researchers are encountering with things like initial cost, battery life, and in certain cases how far an electric vehicle can drive are a focus of this research article. Although most of the electric vehicle producers employ BLDC motors, their availability is limited, and they are only appropriate for the smaller size of urban or sophisticated electric vehicles which rarely bear the heavy load and rugged situations. However, induction motors are currently being employed in heavy-duty three-and four-wheel vehicles. The author of this research article looked into and evaluated a significant amount of data before concluding that an electric vehicle's solar roof can help keep energy in a storage cell if solar rooftops are incorporated into the vehicle in the event of open-air parking. The induction of motor-driven solar-powered electric vehicles is suggested in this regard. Two electric motors a BLDC and an induction motor-and their performance are evaluated mathematically in this research article. To learn more about the structural analysis of Induction motor-driven solar automobiles, MATLAB simulations were described. The findings of this study may help researchers better understand Induction motors, which are used to boost the durability, dependability, high speed, and low maintenance costs of electric vehicles. Solar roofing might also improve the battery life and distance running of an electric vehicle.
... [18] Additionally, using hairpin stator winding and oil spray for cooling an induction motor utilized in electric vehicle propulsion applications can increase an induction motor's overall performance. [19] The following Table 2 The rotor of an induction motor is devoid of magnets. ...
The only thing pushing people toward electric automobiles is the rising cost of fossil fuels, which are slowly vanishing from nature or are likely to be and creates noise and pollutants. The several challenges that researchers are encountering with things like initial cost, battery life, and in some instances how far an electric vehicle can drive are a focus of this research article. Although most of the electric vehicle producers employ BLDC motors, their availability is limited, and they are only appropriate for the smaller size of urban or sophisticated electric vehicles which rarely bear the heavy load and rugged situations. However, induction motors are currently being employed in heavy-duty three-and four-wheel vehicles. The author of this research article looked into and evaluated a significant amount of data before concluding that an electric vehicle's solar roof can help keep energy in a storage cell if solar rooftops are incorporated into the vehicle in the event of open-air parking. The induction of motor-driven solar-powered electric vehicles is suggested in this regard. Two electric motors a BLDC and an induction motor-and their performance are evaluated mathematically in this research article. To learn more about the structural analysis of Induction motor-driven solar automobiles, MATLAB simulations were described. The findings of this study may help researchers better understand Induction motors, which are used to boost the durability, dependability, high speed, and low maintenance costs of electric vehicles. Solar roofing might also improve the battery life and distance running of an electric vehicle.
... IMs find their application in EVs due to low construction and maintenance cost, improved robustness and reliability, availability of starting torque and good starting performance, high power level and efficiency, reduction in vehicle drive system cost and losses, and ultimately, improved efficiency of the overall vehicular system. Different classifications of IMs, such as squirrel-cage (SCIM), wound-rotor (WRIM), and doubly fed (DFIM), are employed in EVs [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. To become competitive with PM machines in relation to this power and torque density, stator windings with bar wound wires and rotor cages with casted copper conductors are reported as an alternative solution [15]. ...
... Different classifications of IMs, such as squirrel-cage (SCIM), wound-rotor (WRIM), and doubly fed (DFIM), are employed in EVs [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. To become competitive with PM machines in relation to this power and torque density, stator windings with bar wound wires and rotor cages with casted copper conductors are reported as an alternative solution [15]. The general structure of DFOC and IFOC for IM-based EVs is depicted in Figure 2. The various control strategies applied for IMs for EV applications, including basic, advanced, emerging, and future scopes addressed in various research works, are summarized below. ...
... Energies 2022,15, 8959 ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as an alternative transportation system owing to a reduction in depleting lubricates usage and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a technical review of each and every sub-system and its feasible control of battery EV (BEV) propulsion units. The study includes the possible combination of electrical machines (EMs), storage system, and power electronic converters and their associated control strategies. The primary unit, i.e., EM, is the heart of the EV, which is used to drive the vehicle at the desired speed as well as to restore the regenerative braking (RB) energy that is generated to enhance the overall system reliability. To electrify the transportation sector, it is necessary to include new options of power electronic converter topologies and their associated control strategies for numerous reasons, which include extracting maximum power from sources in case the EV is powered from renewable energy resources, boosting the energy storage capability for longer electric range, managing power flow from the source to battery or battery to vehicle or vehicle to battery, and regulating the speed of the vehicle and braking control. Based on the survey, the suitable combination of sub-systems and their control for three and four-wheeler EVs are summarized in this paper.
... The main benefit of using this strategy is the reduction of the optimization time (typical optimization time is less than two to three days). The presented workflow is widely adopted for the electric machine design in automotive applications [25], [26]. ...
Interior permanent magnet machines are a popular solution for traction applications. Within the frame of this paper, an air-cooled spoke interior permanent magnet machine is designed and optimized with respect to the maximum average torque and minimum magnet mass. Several performance constraints, such as the permissible torque ripple and the relative thermal loading, have been considered in the design workflow. A metamodel, (or surrogate model) optimization is utilized with the help of Ansys OptiSLang tool. Within an initial sensitivity study, the metamodel predicts the optimal design space which shortens the cumulative optimization time from typical 1-2 weeks to approximately one day. It is shown that this simplification marginally reduces the solution accuracy (±4 %). The obtained Pareto front is verified using the finite element analysis through Ansys Motor-CAD proving that the selected optimized design meets all set requirements. The novelty of the proposed design is reflected in the combination of pole shaping strategy and rotor mass minimization by implementation of inter pole holes.
... The latter permits to have a smaller slot crosssection, if compared to classical stranded windings, with the possibility to increase the machine torque and power density. Other advantages of this technology are the lower endwindings length and the improved heat transfer coefficient from the slot to the core iron [2]. ...
This work investigates circulating currents and additional losses in hairpin windings with multiple parallel paths when a weak symmetry pattern is adopted. The theoretical rules for designing hairpin windings may lead to configurations not completely preventing parasitic currents in the parallel branches, especially in heavy saturation conditions. Often, the proposed configurations in the literature present a weak symmetry between the parallel branches. This paper considers a typical hairpin winding configuration to compute the actual currents in the parallel paths. For this purpose, machine models are driven by an external three-phase circuit and finite element analyses are carried out. The main goal is to explain the causes of circulating currents. The analysis is repeated using different rotor topologies and keeping respectively the same stator design, overall machine volume and hairpin winding pattern to look into the different effects in windings induced by parasitic currents.
... al. [20]) is the reduction of optimization time (typical optimization time is 2-3 days). The presented workflow is widely adopted in the e-machine design in automotive applications [21], [22]. ...
A synchronous reluctance machine has been selected and optimized for commercial vehicle power takeoff application. The meta-modeling optimization process has been covered in detail. To reduce execution time, skewing has not been included in the optimization workflow. The penalty is elevated torque ripple of unskewed design (13.9%), which has been mitigated in the post-optimization process with the use of asymmetric rotor poles (7.5%), equal length segment skewing (6.2%), variable-length segment skewing (4.2%), and continuous rotor skewing (2.8%). Due to the increased production cost mostly related to winding insertion, stator skewing has not been considered as an option. A detailed comparative study has been conducted to illustrate the benefits and drawbacks of each rotor skewing alternative. The novel contribution presented in the paper is a new variable-length rotor segment skewing. This solution merges the qualities of continuous skewing (minimal torque ripple) and segmented skewing (reduced production cost).
... The initial step in rotor construction ( Figure 4a) is to specify number of pole pairs (p), rotor barriers (k) and barrier bridge thickness (w bb ). The user then specifies dimensionless ϑ min , ϑ max ∈ [0, 1] ( Table 4, [37][38]. Temporary construction points vector E ABC is then created with equidistant angular spacing (∆ϑ r ). ...
... The additional functionality enables motor designers to leverage the design space and most importantly reduce optimization time [38] (typical optimization time is 2-3 days). ...
... Sensitivity analysis gives a valuable insight into where to concentrate the efforts for specified motor requirements [38]. ...
Nowadays, due to the confidence in modeling tools and rapid product iteration, electric machine designers primarily rely on simulations. This approach reduces time and cost and is very useful when comparing different machine topologies. The prototype stage usually comes after the depletion of all simulation resources. When designing a synchronous reluctance machine, the first step is the selection of rotor barrier type. The literature provides several topologies but does not clearly state which one yields the best performance. The goal of this paper is to determine the best variant for a six-pole machine and the selected requirements using a metamodel-based optimization approach. Seven rotor topologies with different complexities were derived from circular, hyperbolic, and Zhukovsky barrier types (circular concentric, circular variable depth, hyperbolic with fixed eccentricity, hyperbolic with variable eccentricity, original Zhukovsky, modified Zhukovsky variable depth and modified Zhukovsky with equal barrier depth). The novelty of the proposed strategy is in the systematic and fair comparison of different rotor topologies. This approach significantly reduces the total optimization time from several weeks to a few days. Additionally, a novel modified Zhukovsky variable depth topology, which merges the best qualities of all considered variants, was developed. An identical optimization strategy was applied to all variants, and the final results prove that the barrier type substantially affects the final performance of the machine. The best results are achieved by the modified Zhukovsky variable depth topology. In relation to the worst (baseline) topology, the performance gain is 14.9% and the power factor is increased from 0.61 to 0.67. An additional study using different numbers of barrier layers (3, 4, and 5) was conducted to determine the best topology. The best results were achieved with the original four barrier layers.
... The 200 kW IM motor designed in the framework of the ReFreeDrive project [32] as a traction motor for premium vehicles was taken as the reference. The key performance indicators (KPIs) for the motor design, including the efficiency, specific torque, specific power, and power density, are reported in Table 2, while the main design choices and optimization process are described in [31,34]. A high rotational speed (22,000 rpm) was selected to increase the specific power of the machine, while a gear ration of 11.62 was envisioned for the target vehicle. ...
... Due to the high rotor speed, the mechanical integrity of the rotor core and copper cage were verified. A detailed design analysis leading to the specific machine topology detailed in [34]. The main electromagnetic and geometrical data of the initial design are reported in Table 3. good compromise between cost and performance. ...
... Due to the high rotor speed, the mechanical integrity of the rotor core and copper cage were verified. A detailed design analysis leading to the specific machine topology detailed in [34]. The main electromagnetic and geometrical data of the initial design are reported in Table 3. ...
This paper investigates the impact of the wire selection on the performance of induction motors for automotive applications. The section of wire and the material are evaluated at a high speed of 200 kW in an induction motor designed for premium vehicle applications. The proposed solutions have the same electromagnetic and thermal constraints, as well as the same final encumbrance. The various wire and winding types differ in terms of slot design, phase resistance, end-winding overhanging portion, skin and proximity effects, and equivalent slot thermal conductivity. Their impacts are analyzed in terms of the operating area motor efficiency and they are tested in an automotive drive cycle, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration.
