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Several methodologies on the provisioning of the Location-Based Services (LBSs) solely using GPS-based positioning or combining several positioning techniques like GPS, GSM Cell-ID, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and RFID etc. have been proposed over the past few years. Most of these systems do not focus on limited battery power, memory-constraint of the mobile...
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In this work the spatial distribution of the location error in wireless cellular networks operating in an urban outdoor environment is studied. We assume signal strength based positioning methods that avoid additional network hardware costs and handset modifications, while approaching FCC requirements for emergency positioning. In order to cope wit...
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... In our earlier works [15][16][17][18], we have proposed an LBS infrastructure that is able to provide services to heterogeneous mobile devices in ubiquitous environment using either wireless communication technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or the Internet connection. Our proposed LBS infrastructure comprises several base stations (BS) each of which is Bluetooth-enabled as well as Wi-Fi-enabled and one (central BS) among these BSs have global IP in order to make the services available anywhere over the Internet connection. ...
... Our proposed LBS infrastructure comprises several base stations (BS) each of which is Bluetooth-enabled as well as Wi-Fi-enabled and one (central BS) among these BSs have global IP in order to make the services available anywhere over the Internet connection. Moreover, LBS-Middleware is deployed on each BS in order to advertise the services to the mobile users as well as enable the devices with limited resources (like computing capability, memory etc.) to consume the services in a secured fashion [16][17][18]. Our proposed LBS-Middleware acquires the features of generalized middleware such as interoperability, portability, scalability and so on. ...
... A reasonable way to address the abovementioned issue is the dynamic deployment of appropriate platform independent client application required to consume a certain LBS and also runnable on the heterogeneous mobile platforms onto the mobile device willing to invoke that service, as demonstrated by the LBS middleware proposed in our earlier work [19]. Moreover, our proposed middleware based LBS system integrating Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and GPS based positioning, can provide services anywhere over the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or Internet connection [16][17][18]. ...
Location-Based Services (LBSs) are a set of services designed to provide useful information and services based on the current location of the user. The wide applicability of the LBSs in several aspects of modern-day living that include transport, healthcare, leisure activities, business etc., is the main driving force behind drawing significant attention from not only the researchers but also the mobile network operators as well as the service providers in designing such services for smart living in urban areas. At first, this chapter provides a detailed definition of LBSs and also states its importance in today’s world. Then, it provides a state-of-the-art review of the various LBS infrastructures and systems proposed in the literature. A brief description of the architecture of an LBS infrastructure is also given in this chapter. Finally, it outlines some important research issues in the provisioning of LBSs in urban environments.
... Thus, the authors of the study [1] conclude that the use of hybrid multisensor systems based on MEMS technologies is an urgent task of the future, which is not currently implemented. In subsequent publications, the authors also indicate that improving the accuracy and speed of positioning is a very actual and unresolved task [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
... In the past decade, outdoor positioning technology and research in this area have shown explosive growth in achievement [2,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. At the moment, similar trends are observed for indoor positioning technologies, and it can be noted that indoors people spend more than 70% of their lives. ...
... Technologies based on RFID tags, Bluetooth tags and on measuring the signal strength of Wi-Fi access points and cell towers are of low accuracy (accuracy of the best samples is about 10-20 meters) and do not work in real time mode (firstly the "almanac" of locations and signal levels have to be built , and only after that it is possible to navigate) [10][11][12]. ...
The project is dedicated to the development of experimental samples of hardware-software complexes for seamless positioning of objects inside and outside the buildings to ensure the implementation of the principle “always and everywhere”. The work substantiates the need for developing a project dedicated to the creation of a hardware-software geo-information system for positioning objects. To achieve this goal, the analysis of shortcomings of existing technologies for object positioning is carried out. This analysis allowed identifying the main tasks that need to be addressed. A review of existing approaches to the development of geographic information positioning systems was held. The advantages of the developed geoinformation complex for object positioning are described. The main results and the effect of the project are characterized.
... So by considering maximum silent period limitation, it can be the possibility to track vehicle by knowing its temporal and spatial relationships. A lot of research has been done in this area and have proposed method that permit users to create their mix zones dynamically [1,12,19,23,40,55,58,62,64,67]. According to [11], density based privacy technique have been proposed, the basic idea was that vehicle Y and the neighboring vehicles alter their pseudonyms when there will be minimum K-1 vehicles inside their communication range. ...
... Nevertheless, if we consider selfish vehicle they might not willing to change their pseudonym because of some reasons like pseudonym preservation and bandwidth [60]. Different studies have more focus on selfish vehicles because such privacy techniques may consume higher resources such as pseudonym and bandwidth [9,10,17,38,40,64,71]. Lets take an example, in [9] have analyzed the concept of optimal placement of mix zones , by assuming the occurrence of local attacker, and have proposed an optimal behavior of different vehicles and the invader by applying game theory approach. ...
... Lets take an example, in [9] have analyzed the concept of optimal placement of mix zones , by assuming the occurrence of local attacker, and have proposed an optimal behavior of different vehicles and the invader by applying game theory approach. According to [64], it was considered that selfish vehicle might have to decide whether to alter pseudonym or remain same, this may decide that the target vehicle might not have much cooperating vehicles to execute alter pseudonym procedure to acquire the privacy level requirement for the vehicle. During [18,66], another approach named non cooperative behavior of vehicles have been further stretched by applying game theory approach and the best results for pseudonym change were discovered. ...
Nowadays communication by using mobile vehicle getting popularity and user experience map services like Google maps to reach at the destination. It is also clear that map services user have to reveal important information like GPS coordinates or some other personal information during this process. According to current mix-zones privacy techniques, it is revealed that, these methods are much generalized and cannot be applied to secure map
services users. In this paper, we have given a novel MMLPP technique, which is specifically constructed for map services users over road network. According to this, mobile vehicle’s users to ask a path among two end points defined on the map, however not to disclose secret location and query statistics. The main concept is to place end points in such a way that, they must be near to each other, alternatively: 1) Actual statistics defined inside these end points (like GPS coordinates) must not be altered i.e. location privacy ensured. 2) The path reverted by the map services change a little, i.e. service usability must be ensured. We can re-iterate in such a way that, firstly , a mobile client extract point of interest , that is close to original end points, and then finally consider two POIs considered as shifted end points which satisfy the condition of Geo-Indistinguishability. We analyzed MMLPP technique for road network application for GTMobiSim on multiple scales of map services and experiments are conducted using real traces. It has been revealed that MMLPP has outperformed all other techniques and shows balance among location privacy and service usability.
... By formulating the optimization problems as linear programs, the authors showed how to find the optimal LPPMs considering the user's requirements on both location privacy and service quality. [29][30][31] A new location privacy framework that generalized the well-known differential privacy model in statistical database through geoindistinguishability. The major difference of geoindistinguishability from the previous 2 frameworks is that it abstracts away the prior knowledge of the adversary. ...
The mobile vehicle is gaining popularity nowadays using map services like Google Maps and other mapping services. However, map services users have to expose sensitive information like geographic locations (GPS coordinates) or address to personal privacy concerns as users share their locations and queries to obtain desired services. Existing mix zones location privacy protection methods are most general purposed and theoretical value while not applicable when applied to provide location privacy for map service users. In this paper, we present new (multiple mix zones location privacy protection) MMLPP method specially designed for map services onmobilevehicles over theroad network. This method enables mobilevehicle users to query a route between 2 endpoints on the map, without revealing any confidential location and queries information. The basic idea is to strategically endpoints to nearby ones, such that (1) the semantic meanings encoded in these endpoints (eg, their GPS coordinates) change much, ie, location privacy is protected; (2) the routes returned by map services little change, ie, services usability are maintained. Specifically, a mobile client first privately retrieves point of interest close to the original endpoints, and then selects 2 points of interest as the shifted endpoints satisfying the property of geoindistinguishability. We evaluate our MMLPP approach road network application for GTMobiSim on different scales of map services and conduct experiments with real traces. Results show that MMLPP strikes a good balance between location privacy and service usability
... For location based services, there are several works that uses both GPS and cell towers to pin point the location of devices. Similarly, there are also works that uses GPS along with Wi-Fi access points for indoor positioning of the devices such as [2][4] [7]. Although these works are able to pin point the devices both indoors and outdoors, they require Internet connectivity. ...
This work explores the possibility of transferring data between mobile devices that are nearby each other without the need of pairing, authentication, superuser access and Internet connectivity. Such technology can be used for emergency broadcast, traffic congestion avoidance, IoT, smart city, social and dating systems and games. Except Bluetooth Low Energy technology, there is no other protocol or technology available that allows pairing-free data transfer without Internet connectivity. Bluetooth Low Energy is capable of doing so but at a relatively short range. Using Wi-Fi Direct's Service Broadcast and Discovery, a simple yet novel method is developed which allows for seamless long range (Wi-Fi range) data transfer without Internet connectivity.
... However, heterogeneity in mobile platform as well as some resource-related constraints of the mobile devices like limited amount of memory, limited processing capability and lack of proper API support for processing XMLbased simple object access protocol (SOAP) [20] messages required to consume web services, hinder those LBS systems to deliver services to a wide range of devices. The proposed LBS system presented in our earlier work [8,9,10] can easily deliver services to a wide range of heterogeneous portable devices by addressing the above issues. To enable resourceconstrained mobile devices to obtain the service advertisement and then to consume the available services dynamically without even having any pre-installed client application on the device, a novel middleware solution has been proposed and its performance has been evaluated using Bluetooth and GPRS technology [9,10]. ...
... The proposed LBS system presented in our earlier work [8,9,10] can easily deliver services to a wide range of heterogeneous portable devices by addressing the above issues. To enable resourceconstrained mobile devices to obtain the service advertisement and then to consume the available services dynamically without even having any pre-installed client application on the device, a novel middleware solution has been proposed and its performance has been evaluated using Bluetooth and GPRS technology [9,10]. The same LBS system and LBS-Middleware has been adapted for the present work and its performance has been evaluated using WLAN technology in this paper. ...
... The detailed design of LBS-Middleware consisting of several modules like main module (MM), authentication module (AM), service advertising and invocation module (SAIM) have been presented in our earlier work [8,9,10]. The present scenario considers redesigning that part of LBS-Middleware, responsible for establishing WLAN connection with the mobile clients and enabling them to consume services over the established WLAN connection. ...
Location-Based Service (LBS) that requires the knowledge of current position of the user is very promising technology to deliver useful services inside the public facilities. The enormous availability of wireless local area network (WLAN) technology in an increasing number of mobile devices has motivated a lot of researchers to focus on developing LBS system for providing services inside the public hotspots such as university campus, airport, railway station, etc, using WLAN. This paper presents the design and implementation of a LBS system that can provide very useful services inside the public places and evaluates its performance using WLAN technology. Our proposed LBS system provides two services, namely location service and content-mapping service. The performance of our proposed LBS system has been evaluated in terms of service consumption time with respect to the separation distance between the device and the base station (BS) as well as number of clients requesting for service simultaneously in WLAN environment. This paper also demonstrates the variation of throughput achieved by our proposed system in WLAN environment with respect to the distance.
O posicionamento por satélites é a principal técnica utilizada para diversas atividades de posicionamento humano. No entanto, para atividades de transportes terrestres que ocorrem no ambiente urbano, a técnica pode apresentar severas restrições devido aos possíveis obstáculos existentes para recepção do sinal do satélite, gerando fenômenos - como bloqueio parcial ou total, refração e difração de sinal. Neste artigo são apresentadas as principais características destes sistemas de posicionamento, analisando-se as propriedades envolvidas em cada tipo de restrição, as principais soluções propostas pela literatura e as oportunidades relacionadas. Busca-se, desta forma, trazer orientações que contribuam para a especificação de tecnologias de posicionamento aplicadas a este contexto.
Road traffic information has become indispensable for routine vehicular communication but user location privacy an important issue which did not well addressed. An adversary may attack a user by tracking location in routine vehicular communication. Although, continuously changing pseudonyms is a promising solution to attain location privacy in road networks, it has been observed that changing pseudonym at improper time or location may again become a threat for location preservation. As a result, a number of techniques for pseudonym-change have been proposed to achieve location privacy on road networks but most of location based services depend upon speed, GPS position and direction angle services. Hence, sensitive information is periodically broadcasted in every 100-300 ms providing an opportunity to adversaries for accessing critical information and easily tracking vehicles. Moreover, existing methods such as RPCLP, EPCS and MODP for attaining location privacy in mix-zones environment have severely suffered due to large number of pseudonym-changes. To cope with these issues, we presented a Dynamic Pseudonym based Multiple Mix-zones (DPMM) strategy to acquire the highest level of accuracy and privacy. The concept of executing dynamic pseudonym change has been forwarded with respect to pseudonyms, velocity and direction of moving objects. We performed our simulations by using one SUMO simulator and analyzed results compared with existing pseudonym-changing techniques. Our simulation results outperformed various existing techniques and provided better results for achieving high privacy rate, requiring small number of pseudonym-change as well as providing best performance.
Localization is a key aspect of emergent applications in the medical, industrial and consumer field. In this article we survey state of the art, identify current challenges and issues for localization systems and suggest a unified layered architecture. The analysis reveals that challenges cannot be addressed in an isolated manner for example, energy consumption is tied to the choice of algorithm and employed hardware. To separate various challenges and investigate them independently, we propose the concept of position providers. Position providers in the lower layers allow abstraction of positioning methods, positioning algorithms and positioning hardware. Thereby, a position provider encapsulates methods, algorithms and hardware. Furthermore, we suggest a classification of position providers inspired by related work. We propose a unified architecture for location systems which uses positioning and integration layers as main building blocks.
To achieve location privacy for Location-Based Services (LBS) in the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) environment, many pseudonym changing mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. Although some exiting mechanisms, such as AGE, SLOW, SPOT and can achieve high security level, yet much overhead is incurred due to a large number of pseudonym changes. While performing pseudonym changes, the services from the location server will be interrupted and the routing has to be reestablished, causing communication overheads. In light of this observation, this study proposes efficient pseudonym changing schemes to minimize the number of pseudonym changes while still achieving high location privacy protection level. Criteria for performing pseudonym changing are proposed by considering the age of pseudonyms, the speed, and the moving direction of the vehicles. Thus, four mechanisms AS, AD, SD and ADS are developed by using the combination of these three factors. Simulations have been carried out with the SUMO simulator. Compared with other existing pseudonym changing approaches, simulation results show that the proposed mechanisms have better performance in the sense of achieving high protection rate with less number of pseudonym changes, and, in particular, ADS always has the best performance.
