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The vegetation of Karaömer Mountain (Amasya, Turkey) was examined synecologically and syntaxinomically. The study area is a transitional zone between the boundaries of Central Anatolia and Middle Black Sea region. From the phytogeographical point of view, it is situated between the Euro—Siberian and Irano—Turanian floristic regions. The vegetation...
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Résumé
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Citations
... All three types of communities identified after cluster analysis were interpreted as new associations. A quantitative comparative analysis of 3 described associations from the Eastern Caucasus and 12 associations of ecologically similar Euxinian and Hyrcanian moderately xerophilous forests of the Quercetea pubescentis class from Turkey and Northern Iran (Karaer et al., 1999;Özen et al., 2002;Ture et al., 2005;Cansaran et al., 2010;Kaya et al., 2010;Korkmaz et al., 2011;Kenar, 2017;Gholizadeh et al., 2019;Yildirim et al., 2019) was carried out to demonstrate the floristic originality of the oak (Q. macranthera) forests associations from Dagestan and their position in the existing vegetation classification system. ...
A classification of Caucasian oak (Quercus macranthera) forests from Dagestan (Eastern Caucasus) using the Braun-Blanquet method has been developed. Three new associations were described: Ranunculo buhsei–Quercetum macrantherae ass. nov., Betonico macrantherae–Quercetum macrantherae ass. nov. and Calamagrostio arundnaceae–Quercetum macrantherae ass. nov. These communities are characterized by the leading role of sub-Mediterranean thermophilous species and Euro-Siberian meadow-steppe meso-xerophytes which allowed them to be assigned to the class Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959. The results of the study of ecological and plant-geographical properties of described communities revealed their unique feature – the presence of a large group of endemic subalpine Caucasian species. The combination of these ecologically contrasting species groups indicates moderately dry and continental climate of the oak (Q. macranthera) forests range in Dagestan and occurring them in the buffer zone between forest, steppe and alpine belts at altitudes of 1400–2100 m. Similar important ecological and floristic features are not typical for other forests of the class Quercetea pubescentis in Europe and Asia Minor. This made it possible to justify a new order Astrantio maximae–Quercetalia macrantherae ord. nov. containing a single alliance Astrantio maximae–Quercion macrantherae all. nov. Diagnostic species of the order and alliance are: Quercus macranthera, Astrantia maxima, Alchemilla sericata, Anthemis melanoloma, Betonica macrantha, Bupleurum polyphyllum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Carum meifolium, Chaerophyllum aureum, Cephalaria gigantea, Centaurea salicifolia, Cicerbita racemosa, Erysimum armeniacum, Geranium sylvaticum, Heracleum asperum, Iris colchica, Lathyrus cyaneus, Lilium monadelphum, Medicago glutinosa, Primula macrocalyx, Viburnum lantana, Poa longifolia, Polygonatum verticillatum, Ranunculus buhsei, Rubus saxatilis, Primula ruprechtii, Psephellus dealbatus, P. daghestanicus, Pyrethrum leptophyllum, Pedicularis chroorrhyncha, Sedum oppositifolium, Trifolium canescens, Vicia grossheimii, Vincetoxicum funebre.
Questions
What are the main vegetation types of forest and shrubland vegetation in central and eastern Euxine Turkey and SW Georgia? What are the main environmental factors affecting their diversity? What is their syntaxonomic position? Can we integrate them into the European vegetation classification system?
Location
Central and eastern Euxine Turkey and SW Georgia.
Methods
We collected 3104 vegetation plots of forest and shrubland vegetation in the study region and performed Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) classification. We described vegetation types based on the classification results, expert knowledge and information from literature sources. We defined diagnostic species and prepared distribution maps for each vegetation type. To determine the most significant environmental variables on floristic differentiation, we used canonical correspondence analysis. Detrended correspondence analysis with passive projection of most significant environmental variables was run to interpret the environmental variation of vegetation types.
Results
The studied vegetation was divided into 29 vegetation types related to seven main vegetation groups: relict Mediterranean forests and shrubland (mainly along the coastline, beside some inland localities), lowland to submontane forests, central Euxine mountain forests, eastern Euxine (Colchic) mountain forests, subeuxine forests, azonal riparian forests and subalpine and alpine shrubland. Elevation is the most important factor causing the differentiation in vegetation. It is followed by longitude and latitude. Among climatic variables, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation and precipitation of the wettest quarter are the most significant factors for vegetation differentiation. These factors correlate with the reduction of maritime climate and geomorphological features.
Conclusions
Vegetation types mostly correspond to the syntaxa accepted in the EuroVegChecklist. However, some of them do not appear in the EuroVegChecklist since they appear only beyond Europe. We described three syntaxa as new: Abietion equi-trojani, Querco cerridis-Carpinion orientalis and Piceo orientalis-Fagenion orientalis. The study revealed high vegetation diversity of the region that should be taken into consideration in ecosystem management and used as a reference in restoration and mitigation of the effects of global changes.
Araştırma alanı, Amasya ilinin Merkez ilçesi sınırları içinde bulunan Direkli, Yassıçal ve Abacı köyleri arasında kalan alanı kapsamaktadır. Grid sistemine göre A5 ve A6 kareleri içerisindedir. Araştırma alanı; coğrafik olarak İç Anadolu ve Orta Karadeniz; bitki coğrafyası bakımından ise Avrupa-Sibirya ile İran-Turan fitocoğrafik bölgeleri arasında bir geçiş sahasında bulunmaktadır. Braun-Blanquet metodu ile yapılan vejetasyon analizine göre araştırma alanında; orman vejetasyon tipine ait bir bitki birliği (Cirsio pseudopersonatae-Fagetum orientalis) ile bir bitki grubu (Quercus cerris) ve step vejetasyon tipine ait iki bitki birliği (Marrubio vulgaris-Astragaletum microcephali, Sideritido dichotomae-Astragaletum angustifolii) tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, vegetation–environment relationships, species, and syntaxonomic diversity in Akdağ, located in the transition zone to the Euxin of the Central Iran–Turanian floristic region, were investigated using classical Braun-Blanquet and multivariate methods. A total of thirteen plant associations and two sub-associations were identified and classified in the study area. Three new plant associations and two new sub-associations belonging to the forest were described and classified. Seven new mountain steppe and one new coniferous cushion scrub associations were also identified and classified. Relationships between vegetation and environmental factors were evaluated using canonical correspondence analysis. Raunkiaer life form ratios, Shannon–Wiener index values, and the chorological spectrum of syntaxa were calculated and interpreted. EUNIS habitat codes and names for the described syntaxa were proposed.
The paper represents the results of grass pine forests classification in Dagestan by the Brown-Blanquet method. A number of 68 releves of pine forests (taken from the paper by Abdurakhmanova et al., 2018) were included in two higher categories of vegetation – the boreal forests of the class Vaccinio–Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 and the sub-Mediterranean thermophilous forests of the class Erico–Pinetea Horvat 1959 based on the quantitative classification. Comparative syntaxonomic analysis of the Caucasian communities of the Erico–Pinetea class revealed their high level of floristic originality in comparison with similar forests of southern Europe, Western Asia and Crimea. This corresponds to the unique bioclimatic conditions of Dagestan located on the territory with a clear effect of «rain shadow» from the high mountain ranges of the Greater Caucasus stretching on the way of the western Atlantic moist air masses that result in the high climate continentality. These essential ecological and floristic peculiarities of the grass pine forests of the Eastern Caucasus provided a basis for the description of a new order — Alchemillo sericaceae–Pinetalia sylvestris ord. nova hoc loco representing the extreme eastern part of the Erico–Pinetea class range. The diagnostic species group of the order includes dominantly Eastern-Euxinian, Caucasian endemics and Eurasian xerophilous species: Juniperus oblonga, Alchemilla sericata, Galium valantioides, Peucedanum ruthenicum, Thalictrum foetidum, Rosa elasmacantha, Filipendula vulgaris, Koeleria cristata, as well as diagnostic species of subordinated alliances. The order includes two alliances demonstrating the ecological and floristic differences of Dagestan pine forests due to the thermic factor. The alliance Bupleuro polyphylli–Pinion sylvestris all. nova hoc loco (holotypus of the order) includes grass pine forests with predominance of thermophilous floristic elements. Differential species of the alliance are Astrantia major, Valeriana alliariifolia, Polygonatum verticillatum, Pyrethrum coccineum, Psephellus daghestanicus, Galium rubioides, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Rubus saxatilis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Fragaria vesca, Fragaria viridis, Primula macrocalyx, Anthriscus sylvestris, Amoria ambigua, Bupleurum polyphyllum, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum scoparium, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Rhodobryum roseum, Climacium dendroides, Abietinella abietina, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Betula litwinowii, B. pendula. Three associations and two non-rank communities were included in the alliance (Carici albae–Pinetum sylvestris Ermakov, Abdurakhmanova, Potapenko 2019 — holotypus of the alliance, Ranunculo caucasicae–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nova hoc loco, Viburno lanatae–Pinetum sylvestris Ermakov, Abdurakhmanova, Potapenko 2019, community Stachys atherocalyx–Pinus sylvestris, community Centaurea phrygia–Pinus sylvestris). The alliance Onobrichido cornutae–Pinion sylvestris all. nova hoc loco includes unique cryophilous pine forests with predominance of the cushion plants in the gound layer and numerous constant species of Caucasian cryophilous and xerophilous endemics. Diagnostic species of the alliance are Onobrychis cornuta, Festuca woronowii, Gypsophila tenuifolia, Salvia canescens, Rosa elasmacantha, Androsace koso-poljanskii, Galium brachyphyllum, Thymus daghestanicus, Asperula alpina, Anthemis dumetorum, Scutellaria oreophila, Satureja subdentata, Potentilla recta, Teucrium polium, Euphorbia virgate, Scabiosa gumbetica, Astragalus alexandri, A. fissuralis, Seseli alexeenkoi, Pseudomuscari pallens, Rhamnus pallasii, Vincetoxicum funebre, Jurinea ruprechtii, Helianthemum dagestanicum, Stipa caucasica, Centaurea edmondii, Selaginella helvetica, Scorzonera filifolia, Dracocephalum austriacum, Viola somchetica, Oxytropis lanata. At present the alliance is represented by a single association – the Onobrichido cornutae–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nova hoc loco. The results of the classification have demonstrated a significant level of originality of the Caucasian grass pine forests and a high floristic status of the Caucasus as a one of the important centers of modern phytodiversity.
Urbanization, increase in gain and developments in transportation popularized there recreational use of regions that have natural beauties. Among the prefered regions in this process are lakes. In central blacksea region there are many natural lakes. Boraboy Lake, which is located in Taşova, Amasya, is one of these lakes and has natural park status. This lake is one of the places often used by localpeople for recreational activities. In the study, deficiencies and environment problems arising out of intensive use were emphasized and cautions that can be taken to avert the problems were listed.
Central Black Sea Region includes many different vegetation types. At high elevations, forest vegetation is dominant. Some forest types have closed canopies, while some of them can be disturbed mainly due to anthropogenic factors (grazing, clear-cutting, etc.). Oceanic climate is seen in northern slopes, while continental climate is also seen especially in inner parts of the region. Continental climate is also seen in inner parts of stream valley (e.g., Kizilirmak valley). Mediterranean climate is also penetrated in inner parts of the region. As a result of this, it is impossible to draw a demarcation line among different vegetation types. For example, some forest communities include Euxine, steppe, and Mediterranean-type communities and phytosociological classification is too difficult.
