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... Users may find themselves within echo chambers on social media and other online platforms, reinforcing their pre-existing health beliefs and limiting exposure to diverse perspectives. This insularity contributes to the persistence and amplification of health misinformation within specific communities (Dutton, Reisdorf, Dubois, & Blank, 2017). c) Cognitive Biases: Human cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias and the availability heuristic, play a significant role in the spread of health misinformation. ...
Health misinformation on digital platforms is a growing global concern, influencing individual health decisions, public health outcomes, and trust in healthcare systems. This review explores health misinformation's types, sources, and challenges, highlighting its diverse manifestations and societal impact. Countermeasures encompass regulatory frameworks, ethical content moderation, and digital literacy initiatives. Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, leveraging artificial intelligence, and tailoring interventions for diverse audiences. As we confront the evolving landscape of health misinformation, a collective commitment to research, education, and global cooperation emerges as the cornerstone for building a resilient and informed society. Keywords: Health Misinformation, Digital Platforms, Countermeasures, Digital Literacy, Interdisciplinary Collaboration.
... Moreover, individuals rely on search engine ranking algorithms as a measure for content relevance (Edelman, 2021;Keane et al., 2008;Schultheiß et al., 2018;. Consequently, search engines became one of the most used technologies of finding political information (Dutton et al., 2017), which is crucial as there is evidence of their potential to shift voting preferences of undecided voters (Epstein et al., 2017;Zweig, 2017). Notably, Donald Trump has also accused that 96% of Google results on Trump news come from national left-wing media suggesting an intentional manipulation of the US audience (Satariano et al., 2018). ...
The 2020 US elections news coverage was extensive, with new pieces of information generated rapidly. This evolving scenario presented an opportunity to study the performance of search engines in a context in which they had to quickly process information as it was published. We analyze novelty, a measurement of new items that emerge in the top news search results, to compare the coverage and visibility of different topics. Using virtual agents that simulate human web browsing behavior to collect search engine result pages, we conduct a longitudinal study of news results of five search engines collected in short bursts (every 21 minutes) from two regions (Oregon, US and Frankfurt, Germany), starting on election day and lasting until one day after the announcement of Biden as the winner. We find more new items emerging for election related queries (“joe biden,” “donald trump,” and “us elections”) compared to topical (e.g., “coronavirus”) or stable (e.g., “holocaust”) queries. We demonstrate that our method captures sudden changes in highly covered news topics as well as multiple differences across search engines and regions over time. We highlight novelty imbalances between candidate queries which affect their visibility during electoral periods, and conclude that, when it comes to news, search engines are responsible for such imbalances, either due to their algorithms or the set of news sources that they rely on.
... To Aronowitz and Giroux (1985), transformative intellectuals collectively are agents of change who empower and enfranchise beleaguered students who oppose the predominant ideologies (Apple, 1992), cultural politics, and mainstream voices, and their cultural capital is truth, steadfastness, veracity, and honesty. This highlights how the performative language of commercial textbooks could entangle assaulted educators in a rabbit whole of knowledge and in the true sense of knowledge creation in an age when knowledge is algorithmically more available (Dutton et al., 2017), accessible (Love, 2008), approachable, liquid, and fluid. As for the selection of textbooks, the faculty appears to have been dependent on an intuitive but collaborative mode in which professors are free to choose. ...
There is a limited number of existing literature exploring the nuanced relationship between online learning, academic performance and mental health among Chinese students in the COVID-19 epoch (Chi X, Liang K, Chen S, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, Jiao C, Guo T, Stubbs B, Hossain M, Yeung A, Kong Z, Zou L Int J Clin Health Psychol 21:100218, 2020). The limited amount of available research prompts the development of this chapter, where the author systematically reviews, evaluates and summarises relevant studies, for the purpose of presenting a broad understanding of how the digitalisation of learning approaches is associated with Chinese students’ academic and psychological performance. As per the framework of this systematic review, existing literature focusing on (1) digital learning, (2) academic performance and (3) mental health in Chinese contexts during the outbreak of the pandemic is exclusively examined. Since 30 January 2020, China has been one of the first countries to apply school closures and massification of digital learning (Ma Z, Idris S, Zhang Y, Zewen L, Wali A, Ji Y, Pan Q, Baloch Z, BMC Pediatrics 21:1–8, 2021). Thus, understanding if the digital pedagogies result in positive outputs regarding Chinese students’ development would be conducive to shedding light on whether a similar digitalisation process in academic settings should be delivered in contexts beyond China. In this chapter, the author explores available Chinese literature that assesses the nuanced relationship between digital learning, academic performance and mental health during the pandemic. He analyses how Chinese students undertaking e-learning are, positively and negatively, impacted by digital, non-face-to-face education. In addition, the author suggests interventions on how the design and delivery of digital education can be modified or improved, and how social support can be better arranged, in order to optimise Chinese students’ academic and psychological development.
... Disinformation is designed to be appealing to audiences and often gains 'viral' spread or traction. Often, producers of disinformation trick consumers into clicking on "news" stories and websites to produce revenue (Dutton et al., 2017). ...
... KhosraviNik (2018) highlights how algorithmic data and analysis can form a basis of understanding about users, informed by information such as their sexual orientation, ethnicity, as well as political and religious views that may not be openly revealed to the public, based on their digital behaviours and interactions. These technologies can ultimately lead users to become confined in echo chambers; an environment that surrounds individuals with likeminded people and opinions that reflect and reinforce their existing beliefs, knowledge, and values, enabled by digital algorithms and online behaviour (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... While echo chambers might be welcomed by users as tailored filters can introduce them to content that aligns with their interests, Dutton et al. (2017) discuss how echo chambers can also limit an individual's access to more diverse and differing opinions, beliefs, and political information. Rather than "democratizing access to information" (Dutton et al., 2017, p. 4), social networks slowly develop into uniformed groups of likeminded users that congregate with each other in order to assimilate, confirm, or amplify their beliefs through online interactions (Choi et al., 2020). ...
We analyse the perceptions of secondary school students in Germany regarding “fake news” (FN). First, we describe students’ awareness of the nature, frequency, and thematic scope of FN. Then, we look at students’ willingness to learn about FN, the mechanisms underlying it, and how they envision the integration of FN in the curriculum. We claim that effective pedagogies to develop students’ critical awareness about this phenomenon should be grounded in their lived experiences, in what we will call a situated and responsive pedagogy. Two elements are central for this pedagogy: first, bringing together student and teacher communities at school, as teachers are recognised by students as their most competent partners; second, combining top-down and bottom-up curriculum design and school development to allow student participation. Situated and responsive pedagogy offers the possibility of combining students’ digital and school lives, potentially creating maximal affective engagement in teaching and learning situations.KeywordsMisinformationFake newsStudents’ perspectivesSituatedResponsive pedagogy
... Al respecto, Baptista et al. (2021) sostienen que el condicionante ideológico impulsa a la audiencia a buscar "contenido informativo compatible con su visión del mundo (opinión, valores o creencias), aunque sea falso" (p. 25), persiguiendo el conocido como "sesgo de confirmación" (Dutton et al., 2017). Si bien la desinformación afecta a todas las capas sociales y personas de cualquier ideología (Pereira et al., 2018), la literatura muestra que son los individuos de derechas los más vulnerables ante este fenómeno, pues se muestran más propensos tanto a creer como a difundir noticias falsas (Lewis & Marwick, 2017;Halpern et al., 2019;Baptista et al., 2021). ...
Este trabajo explora, mediante un análisis de contenido, los rasgos de los bulos sobre política española registrados en las plataformas de verificación Maldita.es, Newtral, EFE Verifica y Verificat entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de marzo de 2022. Estos mensajes se difunden principalmente por Twitter y Facebook, empleando para ello el texto como soporte. También se demuestra la predominancia del propósito ideológico, la elevada presencia de relatos de invención absoluta, el protagonismo compartido de las fuentes anónimas y suplantadas, el empleo del estilo informativo y la preponderancia de las formaciones de izquierdas como objeto de los bulos.
... There are further design issues with all social media platforms, including Twitter. Without careful attention and intention on the part of the user, Twitter's algorithms can create echo chambers, where a user's feed is populated only with messages from similar points of view (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). When these are the only messages that one sees, they can both fortify pre-existing beliefs and convince users that what they are seeing is the predominant or only view, value, or knowledge (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... Without careful attention and intention on the part of the user, Twitter's algorithms can create echo chambers, where a user's feed is populated only with messages from similar points of view (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). When these are the only messages that one sees, they can both fortify pre-existing beliefs and convince users that what they are seeing is the predominant or only view, value, or knowledge (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... Putting this on us on the users of social media requires both intention and skill. As mentioned above, any social media platform can function as an echo chamber as a result of its design (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). The posts that we engage with on social media-from the videos that appear next in our queue on YouTube to the tweets from accounts we do not follow which appear in our Twitter feeds-are not solely based on our choices. ...
... Για παράδειγμα, παράλληλα με τα επιστημονικά τεκμήρια, ανακριβείς, ψευδείς ή πολιτικά στοχευμένες πληροφορίες για πάσης φύσεως ζητήματα και ιδίως για θέματα υγείας, μπορεί να διακινούνται με ταχύτατους ρυθμούς από τα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης. Αυτή η μεταφορά στοιχείων καθιστά αρκετές φορές δυσδιάκριτα τα όρια μεταξύ αλήθειας και παραπληροφόρησης, με αποτέλεσμα να γίνεται λόγος για το φαινόμενο της μετα-αλήθειας (post-truth) (Dutton et al., 2017). ...
... Δεδομένης της ολοένα αυξανόμενης επίδρασης της μετα-αλήθειας στο δημόσιο πληροφοριακό σύστημα (Barzilai & Chinn, 2020), το 2014, το Παγκόσμιο Οικονομικό Φόρουμ συμπεριέλαβε την παραπληροφόρηση ανάμεσα στους δέκα μεγαλύτερους κοινωνικούς κινδύνους (Howard et al., 2021). Μάλιστα, τα τελευταία έτη τα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης κατέχουν τον πιο ενεργό ρόλο στη μετάδοση της μετα-αλήθειας (Dutton et al., 2017) και όπως αναφέρει ο Andrew Chadwick βρισκόμαστε στην εποχή ενός νέου υβριδικού συστήματος ενημέρωσης. Μερικές δεκαετίες πριν, η παραδοσιακή τηλεόραση αποτελούσε την κατεξοχήν πηγή πληροφόρησης, ενώ σήμερα υπάρχει πληθώρα ενημερωτικών πηγών (Suiter, 2016), με τη νέα γενιά να χρησιμοποιεί κυρίως τα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης για να επικοινωνήσει, να διασκεδάσει και να αντλήσει πληροφορίες για πάσης φύσεως ζητήματα (Wharf-Higgins & Begoray, 2012). ...
The information available in the media and networking platforms is diverse, making it challenging to distinguish between truth and misinformation, particularly concerning health issues. Therefore, it has become crucial to develop new forms of education to address this issue. This article aims to explore the concept of post-truth in health and the potential role of universities in combating it. After reviewing the existing literature in Greece and internationally, the article discusses the concept of post-truth and its relevance to health. It also highlights the significance of health promotion and education, including health literacy, in reducing the risk of public and individual health from post-truth phenomena. The article concludes with some amazing findings which suggest, that a holistic approach to health through a Healthy University, could turn individuals into critical thinkers and empower them with knowledge and skills necessary to identify misinformation and make informed health decisions. Περίληψη Οι πληροφορίες στα μέσα ενημέρωσης και δικτύωσης ποικίλλουν, με αποτέλεσμα η διάκριση μεταξύ αλήθειας και παραπληροφόρησης, ειδικά για τα ζητήματα υγείας, να έχει καταστεί ιδιαίτερα δύσκολη και να απαιτεί νέες μορφές εκπαίδευσης. Ως εκ τούτου, σκοπός του παρόντος άρθρου είναι η διερεύνηση της μετα-αλήθειας σε σχέση με την υγεία και το ρόλο που θα μπορούσε να αναλάβει το πανεπιστήμιο για την αναχαίτισή της. Μετά από ανασκόπηση της ελληνικής και διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας αρχικά σκιαγραφείται η έννοια της μετα-αλήθειας και η σύνδεσή της με την υγεία. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται ο ρόλος του πανεπιστημίου στη μείωση του κινδύνου που διατρέχει η υγεία (ατομική και δημόσια) από το φαινόμενο της μετα-αλήθειας, αλλά και πώς θα μπορούσε το πανεπιστήμιο να προάγει την υγεία στο χώρο του πανεπιστημίου. Σημαντικό ρόλο σε αυτή τη διαδικασία φαίνεται ότι μπορεί να έχει η προαγωγή-αγωγή υγείας μέσω του γραμματισμού υγείας και γι' αυτό ακολουθεί η εννοιολογική τους ανάλυση. Το άρθρο κλείνει με κάποιες καταληκτικές επισημάνσεις, σύμφωνα με τις οποίες, η ολιστική προσέγγιση της υγείας μέσα από ένα Υγιές Πανεπιστήμιο θα μπορούσε να μετατρέψει τα άτομα σε εν δυνάμει κριτικούς στοχαστές 1 Μαρία Φρούντα, ΕΔΙΠ, Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, mariafggm@upatras.gr 2 Βικτωρία-Χαρούλα Κονιδάρη, ΕΔΙΠ, Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, vickonidari@yahoo.gr 3 Βικτωρία Ραφαηλίδου, μεταπτυχιακή φοιτήτρια MaHep, Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, vraf69@otenet.gr 4 Κυριακή-Χριστίνα, Σιδηροπούλου, μεταπτυχιακή φοιτήτρια MaHep, Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών,
... Moreover, individuals rely on search engine ranking algorithms as a measure for content relevance (Edelman, 2021;Keane et al., 2008;Schultheiß et al., 2018;. Consequently, search engines became one of the most used technologies of finding political information (Dutton et al., 2017), which is crucial as there is evidence of their potential to shift voting preferences of undecided voters (Epstein et al., 2017;Zweig, 2017). ...
The 2020 US elections news coverage was extensive, with new pieces of information generated rapidly. This evolving scenario presented an opportunity to study the performance of search engines in a context in which they had to quickly process information as it was published. We analyze novelty, a measurement of new items that emerge in the top news search results, to compare the coverage and visibility of different topics. We conduct a longitudinal study of news results of five search engines collected in short-bursts (every 21 minutes) from two regions (Oregon, US and Frankfurt, Germany), starting on election day and lasting until one day after the announcement of Biden as the winner. We find more new items emerging for election related queries ("joe biden", "donald trump" and "us elections") compared to topical (e.g., "coronavirus") or stable (e.g., "holocaust") queries. We demonstrate differences across search engines and regions over time, and we highlight imbalances between candidate queries. When it comes to news search, search engines are responsible for such imbalances, either due to their algorithms or the set of news sources they rely on. We argue that such imbalances affect the visibility of political candidates in news searches during electoral periods.
... There are further design issues with all social media platforms, including Twitter. Without careful attention and intention on the part of the user, Twitter's algorithms can create echo chambers, where a user's feed is populated only with messages from similar points of view (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). When these are the only messages that one sees, they can both fortify pre-existing beliefs and convince users that what they are seeing is the predominant or only view, value, or knowledge (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... Without careful attention and intention on the part of the user, Twitter's algorithms can create echo chambers, where a user's feed is populated only with messages from similar points of view (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). When these are the only messages that one sees, they can both fortify pre-existing beliefs and convince users that what they are seeing is the predominant or only view, value, or knowledge (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... Putting this on us on the users of social media requires both intention and skill. As mentioned above, any social media platform can function as an echo chamber as a result of its design (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). The posts that we engage with on social media-from the videos that appear next in our queue on YouTube to the tweets from accounts we do not follow which appear in our Twitter feeds-are not solely based on our choices. ...
This chapter discusses how the very design of social media impacts the civic sphere. Social media is not neutral, and from its algorithms through manipulation and disinformation from its individual users, social media has threatened civic life. This chapter also includes ways in which these concerns have been addressed through media literacy education. Further, this chapter explores two concepts which impact both civic education and social media use: civic perspective-taking and political polarization. The chapter concludes by arguing that students need to be taught about the potential harm of social media, for themselves and the civic sphere, through critical digital citizenship.
... There are further design issues with all social media platforms, including Twitter. Without careful attention and intention on the part of the user, Twitter's algorithms can create echo chambers, where a user's feed is populated only with messages from similar points of view (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). When these are the only messages that one sees, they can both fortify pre-existing beliefs and convince users that what they are seeing is the predominant or only view, value, or knowledge (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... Without careful attention and intention on the part of the user, Twitter's algorithms can create echo chambers, where a user's feed is populated only with messages from similar points of view (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). When these are the only messages that one sees, they can both fortify pre-existing beliefs and convince users that what they are seeing is the predominant or only view, value, or knowledge (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). ...
... Putting this on us on the users of social media requires both intention and skill. As mentioned above, any social media platform can function as an echo chamber as a result of its design (Dutton et al., 2017;Laybats & Tredinnick, 2016). The posts that we engage with on social media-from the videos that appear next in our queue on YouTube to the tweets from accounts we do not follow which appear in our Twitter feeds-are not solely based on our choices. ...
This chapter shares another finding of a study of high-school teachers who included Twitter as part of their civic education teaching. Teachers in this study felt that students did not consider themselves to be worthy of participating in civic life. The teachers believed that their students felt that they were not yet seen as members of the community, and thus did not have either a right or a responsibility to participate in civic life. Teachers used social media to encourage students to see their own value as civic participants, primarily by having them interact with experts, elected officials, and members of their communities. The teachers believed that the way to address students’ feelings of unworthiness was by having students participate in civic activities that were real; the teachers saw social media as a way to do this.
