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... macroscopically. Fish were not weighed at capture. All individuals were ripe and were easily sexed in the field. Ripe ovaries were dark orange with a mass of oocytes clearly visible when cut transversely. Males were running ripe with a white compact testes and ex- tractable milt. All male gonads were substantially smaller than those of females (Fig. ...
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... IFK incorporates many terms which are used interchangeably depending on the context and sources. These include: traditional (ecological/environmental) knowledge (TK/TEK), local ecological knowledge (LEK), Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK), fisher knowledge (FK), Indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK), Indigenous skills, folk knowledge and ethnological science (Kunatuba, 1983;Berkes, 1993;Aswani and Hamilton, 2004;Veitayaki, 2005;Hamilton and Potuku, 2007;Rasalato et al., 2010;Hamilton et al., 2012;Thaman et al., 2013Thaman et al., , 2014. Pacific Islanders of Fiji and other small Pacific islands prefer the term Indigenous in place of native, ethnic and landowners and, for this reason, we used IFK to indicate the knowledge that is unique to, and owned by, Indigenous fishers, both globally and in the Pacific. ...
... Traditional fishing methods and techniques are either threatened, endangered or have disappeared in many areas of the Pacific because of the lack of interest in fishing among youths SI Loeb, 1926;Catala, 1957;Kunatuba, 1983;Ono and Addison, 2013;Thaman et al., 2017 Spawning aggregations FJ, KI, PNG, SI Johannes and Yeeting, 2000;Hamilton and Kama, 2004;Hamilton and Potuku, 2007;Fox et al., 2012;Hamilton et al., 2012 Fish aggregating behavior PNG, SI Johannes and Hviding, 2000;Hamilton and Kama, 2004;Hamilton and Potuku, 2007;Hamilton et al., 2012 Physical environment ...
... Traditional fishing methods and techniques are either threatened, endangered or have disappeared in many areas of the Pacific because of the lack of interest in fishing among youths SI Loeb, 1926;Catala, 1957;Kunatuba, 1983;Ono and Addison, 2013;Thaman et al., 2017 Spawning aggregations FJ, KI, PNG, SI Johannes and Yeeting, 2000;Hamilton and Kama, 2004;Hamilton and Potuku, 2007;Fox et al., 2012;Hamilton et al., 2012 Fish aggregating behavior PNG, SI Johannes and Hviding, 2000;Hamilton and Kama, 2004;Hamilton and Potuku, 2007;Hamilton et al., 2012 Physical environment ...
The time-tested Indigenous fishing knowledge (IFK) of Fiji and the Pacific Islands is seriously threatened due to the commercialization of fishing, breakdown of traditional communal leadership and oral knowledge transmission systems, modern education, and the movement of the younger generations to urban areas for work and/or study. Consequently, IFK, which has been orally transmitted for generations, has either been lost, not learned by the current generation, or remains undocumented. This study focuses on the critical need to conserve and include IFK as a basis for assessing the conservation status of ecologically and culturally keystone fisheries species as a basis for planning site-specific management of marine and freshwater fisheries in Fiji and the Pacific Islands. The study reviews studies of the last two and a half centuries on IFK from Fiji and elsewhere in the small oceanic islands of the Pacific, as a basis for the conservation, documentation and intergenerational transfer of this knowledge as the foundation for sustainable fisheries management. The study also reviews: the nature and conservation status of IFK, itself; and the conservation status of species considered to be of particular ecological and cultural importance; reasons for the loss of species/taxa and associated knowledge and practices; and actions that can be taken to address this loss.
... For example, Silvano and Begossi (2008) reviewed a number of ethnoichthyological studies and found that the food webs and species interactions described by local indigenous peoples closely matched the understandings formalized by university researchers, but described several additional migratory movements of fishes that were previously unknown to Western science. In the Pacific Islands, local knowledge of coral reef fish and observations of fish physiology and aggregation behaviour helped to inform fisheries management by identifying critical links between the lunar cycle and fish reproductive cycles (Foale 1998(Foale , 2006Hamilton and Potuku 2007). Finally, TEK can provide a broader spatial and temporal perspective on ecological interactions (Salomon et al. 2007), noted as a weakness in many assessments or scientific experiments that generalize ecological dynamics and may miss critical patterns relating to species' life histories (Raffaelli and Moller 2000). ...
In this report, we synthesize the overarching principles and general guidelines that underpin the establishment of marine protected area (MPA) networks designed to meet ecological, governance, social and cultural objectives, based on the peer-reviewed literature. These guidelines are supported by scienti c research, institutional experi- ence and global case studies, and take a social-ecological systems approach to marine conservation.
Information reviewed in this report suggests that the design of MPAs and MPA networks require the simultane- ous consideration of ecological features and processes, governance arrangements, economic costs and bene ts, as well as social and cultural values. Planners, managers and decision-makers can use the guidelines synthesized in this report to support the process of MPA network design in their local contexts. We discuss how several of the design guidelines apply to the Paci c region of British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, given the federal and provincial governments have committed to establishing a bioregional network of MPAs (Canada and British Columbia, 2014).
In this report we reviewed and synthesized:
› Ecological principles and guidelines for MPA network design, with discussion and recommendations on how each of these principles could be applied in B.C.;
› Species-speci c movement and larval duration estimates for a selection of marine species of ecological, economic, cultural and conservation importance in B.C., with recommendations on how this can inform guidelines on the size and spacing of MPA networks in B.C.;
› Overarching principles from global literature on good governance of MPAs and MPA networks;
› Design goals and strategies for achieving di erent social objectives in MPA and MPA network planning; and
› Opportunities and challenges for integrating local knowledge systems (focus on Traditional Ecological Knowledge) into marine planning and MPA design.
Lastly, we assessed relevant B.C. policy documents using the ecological and good governance guideline frame- works.
According to our synthesis of the literature, successful establishment and e ective management of MPA networks depend on legitimate and e ective governance arrangements that can accommodate ecological criteria while considering the perspectives and input of local resource users and stakeholders. Furthermore, policy makers should specify MPA objectives as this will guide design priorities, assessment and monitoring, and ensure that trade-o s are transparent.
Overall, the principles and guidelines synthesized in this report support an approach to MPA design that incor- porates biodiversity and ecosystem resilience objectives while recognizing human uses and values. Our compen- dium of information is most relevant to MPA planning processes in B.C., but can be applied and adapted to MPA and MPA network design in any other region.
... Although traditional knowledge of behaviour and ecology of marine organisms is often very rich, local knowledge of the key life history attributes that pertain to population replacement processes is largely lacking (Foale 1998(Foale , 2006Hamilton and Potuku 2007;Hviding 2005). Melanesian fishers recognize that stocks can be reduced by fishing pressure such as is increasingly common in commodity fisheries; however, many still believe that stocks will always recover. ...
We present demographic, social, historical and ecological data to challenge the generalization that traditional tenure and fishing taboos constitute cultural adaptations that evolved to prevent over-harvesting of subsistence fisheries in the Pacific. In particular, we re-examine the seminal and widely cited arguments of Johannes (Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1978; 9, 349–364), which constructed tenure and taboos primarily as traditional fishery management tools for the entire Pacific region. While it is difficult to disprove Johannes’ logic for some sites, particularly in formerly densely populated parts of Polynesia and Micronesia, our review of data and literature for Melanesia indicate very different origins and functions for these institutions. Our study shows that human population densities in most of the Western Pacific prior to European colonial intrusions were too low to have generated sufficient fishing pressure to drive the evolution of a conservation ethic. Our review for Melanesia shows that customary marine tenure and fishing taboos are primarily designed to manage relationships between social groups, rather than to sustain food security from fisheries. We argue that proper recognition of the cultural role of tenure and taboos is critical to progressing marine resource management in Melanesia.
... Dr Richard Hamilton and his colleagues have already chalked up an impressive record of locating and characterising fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) of groupers and other reef fish species for the Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations (SCRFA), and more recently for TNC ( Hamilton et al. 2004; Hamilton and Matawai 2006; Hamilton and Potuku 2007). FSA conservation is a central platform of TNC's programs at Pere and Kavieng, and is also a component of conservation plans at several of the Kimbe Bay and Choiseul sites. ...
This book is one of firsts. It is the first documentation of commercially important reef fishes
that aggregate to spawn in the western Indian Ocean. It is the first to develop a framework for
processing information in data- and management-poor situations where fisheries important to
local communities must, somehow, nonetheless be managed. It is the first to explore in detail the
outcomes of different management scenarios across very different species fished in very different
ways within the same region. In taking this approach, the book also tackles head-on some of the
critical questions that we must ask as we come to learn more about spawning aggregations and their
fisheries. Questions about the ethics of using traditional knowledge for management; questions
about the influence of conservation agendas, linked to scarce funding, that may not serve the best
interests of communities or species.
Knowledge of the existence, location and timing of reef fish spawning aggregations is largely obtained from Local Ecological Knowledge in the fishing communities that exploit, or once exploited them. This information is typically collected by interviewing, followed, ideally, by validation by visiting and surveying reported aggregation sites. Conducting interviews is a relatively simple process that can be extremely productive but only if the interviewees are engaged and selected carefully (by gear, location, age, etc.), the interviewer is knowledgeable, prepared and gains the respect of the interviewee, and the various limitations of interviews as a source of information are clearly understood. Moreover, to ensure that information cannot potentially be misused and can be effectively applied to management and conservation, it is important that it is not only validated, and shared and communicated appropriately, but that it is integrated into the relevant scientific framework, and that confidentiality is respected as necessary. We review a range of studies from around the tropics based on the interview approach, evaluate its effectiveness against validated aggregations, and provide guidelines for what we believe to be good interview practices.
