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Anterior cranial base can be taken as a reference line (SN) to determine the steepness of mandibular plane. Subjects with high mandibular plane angle tend to have a long face and one with low MP-SN angle has a shorter face.
This study was done to investigate if dental arch widths correlated with vertical facial types and if there are any difference...
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Citations
... In the maxillary arch, the male-to-female ratio was highest in the inter-incisal region (landmark 5-9), indicating the most significant arch form variation in the anterior portion. This finding aligns with previous research [46][47][48][49][50] that suggests greater sexual dimorphism in anterior dental arch morphology. Conversely, the lowest ratio was found in the left first molar region (landmark 1-2), indicating lesser variation in the posterior. ...
... In the mandibular arch, the highest ratio was observed in the intermolar region (landmark 1-12), suggesting a wider posterior arch form in males. Again, this finding is in line with previous research [46][47][48][49][50] indicating sexual dimorphism in the posterior arch. The lowest ratio was found in the incisor region (landmark 7-8), indicating less variation in the arrangement of mandibular anterior region. ...
... In our study, female maxillary and mandibular arches length antero-posteriorly was longer than male arches in the Nepal population. Prasad M et al. (2013) evaluated the arch patterns in the South Indian population and found significantly larger intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths in males than in females. [46] Similar results were shown in Caucasians, [47] Ugandans, [48] Jordanians [49] and Italians. ...
Aims
The study aims to identify sexual dimorphic features in the arch patterns based on tooth arrangement patterns and the maxillary and mandibular arches using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA).
Settings and Design
A total of 96 Nepalese subjects, aged 18 to 25 were assessed using casts and photographs.
Materials and Methods
Thirteen landmarks representing the most facial portions of the proximal contact areas on the maxillary and mandibular casts were digitised. Seventy-eight possible, Euclidean distances between the 13 landmarks were calculated using the Analysis ToolPak of Microsoft Excel®. The male-to-female ratios of the corresponding distances were computed and ratios were compared to evaluate the arch form for variation in the genders, among the Nepalese population.
Statistical Analysis Used
Microsoft Excel Analysis ToolPak and SPSS 20.0 (IBM Chicago) were used to perform EDMA and an independent t -test to compare the significant differences between the two genders.
Results
The maxillary arch’s largest ratio (1.008179001) was discovered near the location of the right and left lateral incisors, indicating that the anterior region may have experienced the greatest change. The posterior-molar region is where the smallest ratio was discovered, suggesting less variation. At the intercanine region, female arches were wider than male ones; however, at the interpremolar and intermolar sections, they were similar in width. Females’ maxillary arches were discovered to be bigger antero-posteriorly than those of males. The highest ratio (1.014336113) in the mandibular arch was discovered at the intermolar area, suggesting that males had a larger mandibular posterior arch morphology. At the intercanine area, the breadth of the arch form was greater in males and nearly the same in females at the interpremolar and intermolar regions. Female mandibular arch forms were also discovered to be longer than those of males from the anterior to the posterior.
Conclusions
The male and female arches in the Nepalese population were inferred to be different in size and shape. With references to the landmarks demonstrating such a shift, the EDMA established objectively the presence of square arch forms in Nepali males and tapering arch forms in Nepalese females.
... 20 The dental arch height of Yemenis was shorter than that of the Koreans and Saudi Arabians. 2,20 All measurements of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches had larger mean values in the male group than those of the female group, except for the measurements of maxillary length (Incisor-canine distance [ 4,20,[23][24][25] that observed greater dimensions of the dental arch in males than females. Moreover, on the contrary, a previous study in Yemenis 22 showed a significant difference in maxillary dental arch length and increased palatal depth in the male group than in the females. ...
Aim: To investigate the dental arch dimension (width, length, and height) and facial measurements including inner-canthal width (ICW), bizygomatic width (BZW), inter-alar width (IAW), and mouth width (MW), and to assess the correlation between these facial measurements and dental arch width (canine width [CW], inter-first premolar width [I1PW], and inter-first molar width [I1MW]), to establish a preliminary reference for artificial teeth selection in Yemeni adult. Materials and Methods: The study included 80 individuals (40 males and 40 females) with symmetrical faces and normal class I occlusion ranging in age from 20 to 35. Maxillary and mandibular stone casts were made for each individual. The dimensions of dental casts and facial measurements, including ICW, BZW, IAW, and MW, were assessed using a digital caliper. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS software program. The descriptive statistics for each measurement were made. Differences between males and females were tested using an independent-sample t-test with p values below 0.05 considered significant. Pearson correlation coefficient between facial measurements and dental arch width also was done. Results: Most dental arch dimensions and facial measurements exhibited larger mean values in the male than in the female group, with the greatest significant difference in the maxillary dental arch width and the lowest in mandibular dental arch length. A highly significant correlation is observed between ICW and maxillary canine width (CW) (r = 0.318, p = 0.004). In contrast, no significant correlation between dental arch width and BZW, IAW, and MW is shown. Conclusions: Within this study's limitation, The ICW can determine the ideal dimension of the artificial teeth in the anterior maxillary arch. While the other facial parameters, including BZW, IAW, and MW, cannot be used for artificial teeth selection in Yemeni populations. Clinical significance: The findings of this study established a reference database of facial measurements and their correlation to dental arch and teeth width in Yemeni populations. So, it can be implemented in artificial teeth and dental prostheses design and construction.
... The various archwires used in orthodontic treatment frequently change the proportions of the arches, which affects the stability of the maxillary and mandibular arches and the outcomes [13,14]. Oval arch forms were observed in all classes of malocclusion in the current investigation, but tapering arch forms were only observed in class II individuals, and square arch forms were only observed in class II and III subjects. ...
Objective:
This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the sagittal root position, arch shapes, and alveolar bone thickness in classes I, II, and III of skeletal patterns.
Material and methods:
Alveolar bone thickness, sagittal root placements, and arch morphologies in classes I, II, and III malocclusions were measured using 30 study models and 30 lateral cephalograms, both with a mean age of 16.5 years. Based on their sagittal relations, 30 participants were classified into three groups each (classes I, II, and III). The ANOVA test was used to calculate the results.
Results:
Between the three classes, there were statistically significant differences in the AP jaw relationship and root placements. Sagittal root location and dental arch shape showed no statistically significant correlation.
Conclusion:
There was no correlation between the dental arch form and sagittal root position, and classes II and III were found to have higher mandibular incisor inclination. On all levels, oval arch forms were prevalent.
... The U-shaped frame is 45 mm in the anterior aspect, 55 mm in the middle region, and 65 mm in the posterior region, which corresponds with the average intercanine, inter-premolar, and intermolar width in the patient's mouth. 5 A notch is placed in the anterior border of the U-plate along the midline. On either side of the U-plate, three lines were drawn on the upper surface and marked as small, medium, and largely based on the inter canine width. ...
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. CLINICAL TECHNIQUE time-consuming procedure, especially for undergraduate students. The relationship of the occlusal plane to the joints is determined by the average Balkwill's angle and identified with the reference plane. The incisal indicator and posterior bar of the mean value articulator form a reference plane that guides in the mounting of the maxillary cast (Fig. 1). Maxillary cast is oriented so that the occlusal plane is at level with this reference plane. This is achieved by placing the wax blocks or bite fork support to hold the cast assembly in the correct orientation. Students entering dental school also find it difficult to master the correct method of articulating the cast in a preclinical laboratory procedure. During this procedure shifting of cast, assembly occurs due to sagging or compression of waxes and shifting of thread/rubber band used for adjusting the occlusal plane during mounting.
... There are three basic types of facial morphology, which are as follows: long, normal, and short. The long face type is associated with excessive vertical facial growth and most often with anterior open bite (increased lower anterior facial height, increased gonial angle, increased maxillary/mandibular plane angle) [2,3]. ...
... Many authors have investigated in their studies the various correlations between facial morphology and the size of dental arches (in terms of length and width), the shape of dental arches, thickness and activity of masticatory muscles, bite forces, position of the tongue, etc. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. It is generally accepted that a stronger, thicker and hyper-functional masticatory muscle can influence bone morphology, thus increasing the transversal dimension of the dento-alveolar arches and leading to a short face morphological type [3][4][5][6]. On the other hand, a thinner and hypo-functional masticatory muscle, particularly with regard to the masseter muscle, is associated with a reduced transversal dimension of dento-alveolar arches and a long face morphological type [7,8,10]. ...
... The relationship between malocclusions and facial morphology has been extensively studied by orthodontists since the early 20th century [3]. In a study that analysed the correlation between malocclusion prevalence and facial typology, the authors found that the prevailing facial type in a sample of children from Romania was mesoprosopic (66.24%), followed by leptoprosopic (26.92%) and by euryprosopic (6.84%) [11]. ...
Background and Objectives: The long face type is associated with excessive vertical facial growth and most often with anterior open bite. In many cases of anterior open bite of high severity associated with bimaxillary dento-alveolar protrusion, lips are unable to form an adequate seal at rest. This leads to many issues, including facial dysmorphism. The aim of this study was to describe the case of a 15 year old girl who addressed the orthodontist in November 2015, having complaints related to the skeletal and dental open bite. Case Description: A 15.7 year old patient required a consultation with the orthodontic service for impaired dento-facial aesthetics at rest, smile and speech due to an exaggerated superior protrusion of the upper frontal teeth, labial incompetence with excessive gingival exposure at rest and smile associated with upper and lower anterior teeth crowding. The orthodontic diagnostic consisted of skeletal open bite with a hyperleptoprosop morphological facial type, high degree of hyperdivergence, bimaxillary dento-alveolar protrusion, 7 mm skeletal open-bite, 3 mm vertical inocclusion of the anterior teeth, skeletal class II relationships, bilateral half cusp class II molar and canine relationships, labial incompetence, highly increased interlabial gap, facial asymmetry, excessive gingival exposure of 7 mm at smiling and bimaxillary anterior crowding. Because the patient initially refused orthognathic surgery, prior to starting the orthodontic treatment, the patient was recommended to receive a bilateral extraction of the first upper premolars. Key objectives of pre-surgical orthodontic treatment were to achieve a retroclined position of the upper incisors under their normal inclination for the planned upward maxillary rotation, to maintain slightly lower incisor proclination. The orthognathic surgery consisted of Le Fort I impaction osteotomy with 8 mm anterior impactation, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, and mandibular repositioning using occlusal splint. Conclusions: At the end of the orthodontic-surgical treatment, the patient presented significant improvement in dento-facial aesthetics, and optimal skeletal, muscular and dental balance.
... At the same time, results of the current study contradict with Kook et al. (2004), who found that the square arch form was more common among the Korean population while the tapered arch form was predominant among the North American white population, and these differences confirm the concept that arch measurements and form are affected by the race and variable environmental factors (Prasad et al. 2013). ...
Background
Growth and development of the dental arch is considered a continuous and complex biological process. During transition from primary to mixed then to permanent dentition, dental arch form, length and width vary, due to tooth movement and vertical growth of alveolar process. These naturally occurring changes, which happen in untreated individuals, have been used as a comparative standard to assist in diagnosis and treatment planning of children with malocclusion. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze dental arch dimensions in Egyptian children and adolescents with normal occlusion in primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions as well as detection of the most common forms of the dental arches among a group of Egyptian children and adolescents.
Results
Results showed that lower and upper arch lengths showed increase during transition from mixed to permanent dentition. A small increase in lower anterior arch length was recorded during transition from primary (4.63) to mixed dentition (4.70), while reduction of upper anterior arch length was observed during transition from primary (8.35) to mixed dentitions. An increase in anterior arch length was observed in both arches during transition from mixed to permanent dentitions (from 4.70 to 5.42 in the mandible and from7.92 to 9.90 in the maxilla). Arch perimeter, intercanine width, intermolar width increased in the upper and lower arches during transition between dentition till reaching the permanent dentition. It was also found that the ovoid arch form (58%) and square arch form (29%) were the most prevalent among Egyptian children and adolescents followed by the tapered arch form (13%).
Conclusions
Dental arch measurements of Egyptian children and adolescents can be used as a guide for treatment planning of Egyptian children and can be used in further studies to provide standard values for the arch dimensions of the Egyptian children. Regarding the arch form, the ovoid arch form was the most common among the Egyptian population followed by the square while the tapered arch form was the least common one.
... For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com gonial angle. [6][7][8] Moreover, the long-face patterns have a smaller transverse arch dimension than the short-face pattern, [3,7,9,10] thus indicating that there is a significant correlation between MP-SN angle and arch width in Caucasoid sample in Philadelphia, and the short-faced group shows a wider arch width compared to the long-face group. ...
Objective:
To determine the relationship between the dimensions of the maxillary arch and vertical facial morphology within the Proto-Malay race.
Design:
A cross-sectional study.
Setting:
Orthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
Participants:
Proto-Malay individuals aged ≥18 years without orthodontic treatment history (n = 104).
Methods:
Lateral cephalometric radiographs and maxillary study model were obtained from 104 subjects who had never received orthodontic treatment (45 males and 59 females), aged 18 years, belonging to the Proto-Malay race, with skeletal class I malocclusion, normal overjet and overbite, and complete dentition (except the third molar). The vertical facial morphology was obtained by measuring the Jarabak's ratio on lateral cephalometric radiographs by using CorelDRAW. The study model was used to measure the dimensions of the maxillary arch, which are intercanine width, intermolar width, arch length, and palatal height, by using the Korkhaus modification device.
Results:
The results showed a significant positive correlation between intercanine and intermolar width and a negative correlation between arch length and palate height with vertical facial morphology in the male and female groups within the Proto-Malay race.
Conclusion:
There is a relationship between the maxillary arch dimension with vertical facial morphology in the male and female groups in the Proto-Malay race.
... Likewise, the comparison between original arch length obtained from CBCT measurements and predicted arch length using formula given by Paulino V. et al. showed that there were statistically significant differences between original and predicted arch length of all cases with higher values in predicted arch length than original arch length. Prasad et al. 2013 [34] and Omar et al. 2018 [28] concluded that variation of arch widths and measurements according to race, ethnicity and gender necessitate utilizing specific orthodontic arch wire according to pre-treatment arch shape and width for every patient. ...
Background: Dental arch length, width, and perimeter were important keys for diagnosis and treatment of orthodontic cases. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide precise measurements of arch width and tooth dimension. Aim of our study was to find the reliability of Paulino et al's and Vaishnav et al's regression equations and to investigate the arch length prediction from inter-canine arch width in samples of Egyptian population based on CBCT software measurements in both upper and lower arches and in both genders .
... These observations are in accordance with the study done on the Caucasian population, [4] Pakistani population, [24] North Indian, [22] and South Indian population [23] all of which show a significant correlation between vertical facial morphology and dental arch width. ...
... • Comparing the arch width of Assamese populations with the observations of Forster et al. [5] in the Caucasian population, the interarch widths of the Assamese population were wider than the Caucasian population • The arch dimension in the South Indian population is less than the Assamese population in both maxillary and mandibular arches [23] • The arch width in the Assamese population is greater than the Pakistani population [24] • The intercanine width (30.62 mm) and intermolar width (53.51 mm) at most buccal aspect in the mandibular arch, in the Assamese population, are significantly larger in dimension in comparison to the Caucasian sample of intercanine width (29.01 mm) and intermolar width (49.17 mm) and Japanese samples (29.90 mm, 50.71 mm, respectively) [32] • The arch dimension in Assamese in mandibular intercanine and intermolar width is larger than Egyptian (28.5 mm, 45.7 mm, respectively) [33] and Israeli population (29.37 mm, 49.71 mm, respectively) [35] • Arch width of Assamese population is slightly greater than Korean population arch dimension in mandibular intercanine area (30.7mm) and less in intermolar area (51.6mm) [34] • The variation of arch widths between Assamese and other population and males and females highlights the variation of arch widths according to race, ethnicity, and gender and also using customized archwires according to pretreatment arch form and width for every patient during orthodontic treatment. ...
... Nowadays, many Diagrams were developed using a variety of mathematical formula to obtain archwires that are similar in size and form to normal dental arches and to aid orthodontist during treatment (4) . Using archwire that is incompatible with the patient's arch form will result in changes of maxillary and mandibular arch widths during orthodontic treatment (5) .Studies confirmed, periodontal breakdown, recurrence of crowding as a result of improper archwire selection if the inter-canine and inter-molar distances were notably increased (6) . ...
... Our results were different from studies conducted previously, it may be attributed to variation in the ethnic backgrounds and sampling size. Prasad et al. found that male arch widths were significantly larger than those of females (P < 0.05) in untreated adult South Indian population, they compared their results with studies done in other population and concluded that the dental arch width varies according to many factors including gender and race (6) . Raberin et al. related size to sex; which was smaller in female as compared to male, while the mandibular arch form was not related to the sex (22) . ...
