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Tons of bush meat sold in the Cayenne market between 1986 and 1997. (Data from Tyburn 1994 and Veterinary Services). The dashed line indicates that data had been collected less systematically after this date.
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... bush meat trade has been monitored for several years by the local agency of the Veterinary Services, a government service, at the Cayenne Market, central place for the local food trade. Estimations of tons of meat sold at this place between 1986 and 1997 are presented Figure 1 (adapted from Tyburn, 1994). Generally speaking, tapir and peccaries represent the major part of the traded biomass. ...
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Citations
... Hunting activities also occur along the watercourses, subsistence hunters being frequent in remote isolated areas. In small rural villages or gold mining camps, hunting for meat represents a non-negligible disturbance to large vertebrate fauna (Richard-Hansen & Hansen, 2004). The impact of hunting on wildlife populations is nevertheless concentrated in small areas around human settlements and access paths (Richard-Hansen et al., 2019). ...
... on local fishing and hunting as sources of protein (Richard-Hansen & Hansen, 2004). However, subsistence hunting and deforestation remain scarce (only slash and burn subsistence agriculture) and this is consistent with the upstream site species richness being higher compared than the most downstream sites, despite the abundances of hunted species being shown to be locally reduced by Richard- Hansen et al. (2019). ...
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as one of the most efficient method to assess aquatic species presence. While the method could in theory be used to investigate non‐aquatic fauna, its development for inventorying semi‐aquatic and terrestrial fauna is still at its early stages. Here we aimed at investigating the potential of aquatic eDNA metabarcoding for inventorying mammals in Neotropical environments, be they aquatic, semi‐aquatic or terrestrial. We collected aquatic eDNA in 96 sites distributed along three Guianese watersheds and compared our inventories to expected species distributions and field observations derived from line transect located throughout French Guiana. Species occurrences and emblematic mammalian fauna richness patterns were consistent with the expected distribution of fauna and our results revealed that aquatic eDNA metabarcoding brings additional data to line transect samples for diurnal non‐aquatic (terrestrial and arboreal) species. Aquatic eDNA also provided data on species not detectable in line transect surveys such as semi‐aquatic, aquatic and nocturnal terrestrial and arboreal species. While wise application of the eDNA method to inventory mammals still needs some developments to optimize sampling efficiency, it can now be used as a complement to traditional surveys.
... As a piece of a "western" country dropped in tropical environment, the area hosts at the same time several indigenous populations still relying on bush meat for their subsistence, modern cities with full market access and a gradient of rural areas keeping strong cultural and alimentary relationships with the forest. For the last 10 years, the government has expressed a growing interest for developing adapted management rules, based on local and scientific knowledge (Richard-Hansen and Hansen, 2004). ...
Hunting sustainability in Amazonian ecosystems is a key challenge for modern stakeholders. Predictive models have evolved from first mostly biological data-based to more recent modeling including human behavior. We analyze here the hunting data collected in French Guiana through a panel of indices aiming at drawing the puzzle of parameters influencing hunting activity and impact in various socio ecological conditions across the country. Data were collected from five different study sites differing in cultural origins and remoteness from market economy, and over a 10 years period. Most indices show an impact on wildlife populations, and using a full set of indicators allowed us to better understand some underlying mechanisms that lead to a community's hunting profile. The results showed that there are noticeable differences between the study sites in the practices and the ways hunters face the changes in environment and resources availability.
... Moreover, the visibility of a species may be associated with its size. Mammals with larger body sizes are easier to see, a factor that may ultimately influence the collection of the resource (Richard-Hansen and Hansen 2004). Some studies have already indicated the existence of this relationship based on the preference of hunters for capturing larger animals (Cullen et al. 2001). ...
The hunting of wild animals remains a common activity in various parts of the world, especially in rural communities with poor socioeconomic conditions. To investigate patterns of mammal hunting, this study adopted a rural community located in semiarid Brazil as a model to test whether variables such as perceived abundance, activity period (day or night) and animal biomass could influence the consumption potential of mammal taxa. For this study, a checklist/interview technique using 32 photographs of mammals recorded in the region and two photographs of species that did not occur in the region, which acted as “control” species, was used, in addition to other visual stimuli and free lists. All species presented in the photographs, with the exception of the “control” species, were recognized as occurring in the region. Fourteen species were cited as being those most hunted locally. The species cited as most hunted had an average perceived abundance higher than the group of the least-hunted species. However, there was no significant relationship between hunting of a species and its locally perceived abundance. No significant difference in hunting pressure between diurnal and nocturnal species was found, nor was a relationship between animal biomass and hunting pressure observed. Our findings suggest that perceived abundance is an important factor for choosing a resource fauna, but other factors such as intended use, meat flavor and vulnerability to hunting, among others, may influence the potential use of a species.
... Terre amazonienne gérée par une métropole européenne, la Guyane, écartelée entre ces deux influences, a subi de profonds retards dans les investissements financiers, administratifs comme intellectuels pour aborder correctement ce problème [1,2]. Peu de recherche scientifique, de réglementation adaptée, d'intérêts, de moyens ou de forces pour étudier, valoriser et gérer cet immense territoire. ...
... Hansen 2004). L'ONCFS dispose d'une cellule active en Guyane. ...
IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES ON FRUGIVORE COMMUNITIES AND SEED DISPERSAL IN FRENCH GUIANESE RAINFORESTS (in English and French)
Increasingly large tracts of tropical rain forests apparently spared from deforestation
actually suffer from subtler, less conspicuous forms of anthropogenic disturbance: hunting,
selective logging, firewood collection, road building and gold mining all impact populations
and alter key ecosystem processes such as mutualistic interactions. Seed dispersal by
frugivores can be affected both by hunting, which impacts the dispersers, and logging, which
modifies the fruit resource, with major consequences for tree recruitment and forest
regeneration. However, so far the impacts of altered frugivore communities on seed dispersal
have mainly been studied at the plant species level. This Ph.D. aimed at getting a communitywide
perspective on the matter. The impacts of hunting and logging on trees and their animal
seed dispersers and predators were characterized at two levels: a direct impact on frugivore
and granivore communities, and an indirect impact on seed removal of communities of
endozoochorous trees. French Guiana was chosen as a field of study, with two contrasted sites
to be compared. The human-impacted site, Montagne de Kaw, is easily accessible from
nearby urban areas and sees hunting and, in some areas, logging, while the control site, the
remote Nouragues Research Station, is located whithin a national reserve and is virtually
untouched. In both sites, line transects were used to census communities and assess seed
removal: three transects at Nouragues and four at Montagne de Kaw, including two in hunted
forest and two in hunted and logged forest. Transect length ranged from 1600 m to 2100 m.
Field work was conducted in 2010 and 2011 during the rainy season (late January to early
May). Communities of diurnal frugivorous and granivorous mammals and birds were
censused by distance sampling along the transects, which were walked ten times each. At the
species level, this study showed pronounced reductions in abundance of several hunted and
sensitive species at Montagne de Kaw, including some key seed dispersers such as large-bodied
primates (Ateles paniscus and Alouatta macconnelli). However, the respective effects
of hunting and logging were hard to discern at the community level, probably because of
confounding ecological effects. Rates of fruit consumption and seed removal were evaluated
from fruit and seed counts conducted in quadrats of 1 m² placed under fruiting trees, with a focus on four families of animal-dispersed trees (Sapotaceae, Myristicaceae, Burseraceae and
Fabaceae). Seed removal rates were markedly lower at Montagne de Kaw, both at the family
and community level, which suggests that the altered frugivore community is unable to
provide the same levels of seed removal as the intact one. Weaker declines in seed removal
for Burseraceae and Myristicaceae suggest that some compensation may occur for these birdand
mammal-dispersed families. Finally, I focused on Virola spp. (Myristicaceae) and
analyzed data from a study conducted in 2009 and 2010 with a similar protocol at Nouragues,
Montagne de Kaw and Mont Grand Matoury, a hunted and fragmented site with a highly
depleted frugivore community. Consistent results were found, with considerably lower seed
removal rates at the most impacted site, Mont Grand Matoury, and rates of fruit handling by
mammals decreasing significantly with the degree of site anthropization. This study thus
highlights the importance of taking into account plant-animal interactions at the community
level for the conservation and sustainable management of tropical rain forests.
Key words: tropical rain forest; seed dispersal; frugivory; hunting; logging; animal communities; French Guiana.
... During most of the Twentieth Century there were only a few French law enforcement agents and the only means of enforcing environmental regulations was to send an agent from the National Hunting and Wildlife Office in Cayenne. This agency established an office in French Guiana in 1993(Richard-Hansen & Hansen 2004) and even today has only 11 agents for all of French Guiana. In essence, Kaw villagers were free to construct a subsistence lifestyle in an isolated, biologically rich region. ...
Learning to change and changing learning in environmental management: A case study of the Kaw Nature Reserve in French Guiana Chairperson: Carol Brewer Participation is a key component in socially just, successful nature conservation. Yet, participation can range from informing citizens to offering them decision-making power. Only participation that allows for an open, respectful negotiation of conservation planning and implementation opens the door to engaging, place-appropriate conservation, rather than conservation implemented by external agents with external agendas. However ecologically or socially correct these external agendas may be, collaboration by all stakeholders validates the appropriateness of conservation projects. One conservation tool is education, which typically assumes that the public lacks environmental knowledge and that information can create environmentally aware and active citizens. Often in environmental education programs, the leading organization defines the problem and goals prior to contact with the public. While education can enhance environmental literacy and open doors to environmental action, it is important to recognize the diverse
... A exploração de populações de mamíferos silvestres na América neotropical é prática corrente como forma de subsistência e fonte de renda (Mittermeier 1991, Puertas & Bodmer 2004, Richard-Hansen & Hansen 2004, mesmo próximo a centros urbanos (Chiarello 2000b). Muitas populações indígenas e rurais na América Central e do Sul dependem preponderantemente da extração de mamíferos silvestres para garantir a ingestão diária de proteína (Robinson & Bennett 2000a). ...
... Compared to other neotropical countries, the forest conservation status of French Guiana is still favourable, with a single continuous forest block representing more than one third of the remaining neotropical rainforest (Hammond 2005). However, current increases of demographic pressure and a recent gold rush (Hammond et al. 2007), induce widespread disturbances and often unsustainable hunting pressure (Hansen and Hansen 2004; de Thoisy et al. 2005 de Thoisy et al. , 2009) that seriously threaten terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Our aims were therefore: (i) To map the human pressures on natural resources by building a human footprint index (Sanderson et al. 2002a; Kareiva et al. 2007) integrating various expected impacts on biodiversity; (ii) To establish the distribution of a target species assemblage that incorporates diverse seed predators and dispersers; (iii) To compare the environmental disturbance summarized in the footprint index to the spatial distribution of target species in order to measure how faithfully the range of disturbance affecting the target vertebrate community is summarized by the footprint index. ...
Although there is an extensive literature demonstrating the impact of human activities on both species extinction risk and local ecological processes, the methodological tools that allow for the visualization and quantification of the intensity of the observed and forthcoming impacts are lacking. Here we propose a Footprint index for French Guiana, (northern Atlantic coast of South America) which sums up the expected and proven disturbances on biodiversity. The index was developed by superimposing geographical and human data, including human population densities, land use, settlements and camps, mining and forest activities, tracks, roads and rivers. The relevance of the index as a general measure of anthropic impact on large terrestrial fauna was estimated by investigating the structure of the large terrestrial vertebrate assemblages, including primates, large frugivorous birds, rodents and ungulates, in relation to the extent of disturbances. The abundance of large terrestrial fauna was assessed using the line-transect sampling method in 34 forest sites facing different disturbance levels, including hunting, logging and fragmentation, and consequently different footprint scores. A Self Organizing Map was used to combine species abundances and disturbance scores. It allowed us to rank species in accordance to their sensitivity towards disturbances, identifying the response of fauna to different concomitant threats. The index provided correct identification of sites with similar threats which proves it is a relevant estimator of human disturbance. In addition, the richness of animal communities and abundances of several seed dispersers and predators were negatively correlated to the index (e.g. large monkeys and frugivorous birds, r
2 = 0.49, P < 0.0001 and r
2 = 0.48, P < 0.0001, respectively), indicating its reliability in identifying areas where animal communities are disturbed. The index could, therefore, constitute a useful tool to identify areas where ecological processes supported by those species are expected to be disrupted, and where they are already disrupted. Furthermore, the footprint index can deal with lack of field data or with only partially valid information, and so may directly help land managers forecast and, hopefully, mitigate forthcoming impacts resulting from the development of human activities.
... Seed dispersal of Carapa is exclusively by two scatterhoarding rodents, the red acouchy (Myoprocta acouchy) and the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) (Forget 1996; Jansen et al. 2004; Jansen & den Ouden 2005), which weigh ∼1.2 and 4–6 kg, respectively (Emmons & Feer 1997). Both are important game species (Peres 1999; Richard-Hansen & Hansen 2004; De Thoisy et al. 2005). Acouchies are also sensitive to forest disturbance (Dubost 1988). ...
The sustainability of seed extraction from natural populations has been questioned recently. Increased recruitment failure under intense seed harvesting suggests that seed extraction intensifies source limitation. Nevertheless, areas where more seeds are collected tend to also have more intense hunting of seed-dispersing animals. We studied whether such hunting, by limiting disperser activity, could cause quantitative dispersal limitation, especially for large crops and for crops in years of high seed abundance. In each of four Carapa procera (Meliaceae) populations in French Guiana and Surinam, two with hunting and two without, we compared seed fate for individual trees varying in crop size in years of high and low population-level seed abundance. Carapa seeds are a nontimber forest product and depend on dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents for survival and seedling establishment. Hunting negatively affected the proportion of seeds dispersed and caused greater numbers of seeds to germinate or be infested by moths below parent trees, where they would likely die. Hunting of seed-dispersing animals disproportionally affected large seed crops, but we found no additional effect of population-level seed abundance on dispersal rates. Consistently lower rates of seed dispersal, especially for large seed crops, may translate to lower levels of seedling recruitment under hunting. Our results therefore suggest that the subsistence hunting that usually accompanies seed collection is at the cost of seed dispersal and may contribute to recruitment failure of these nontimber forest products. Seed extraction from natural populations may affect seedling recruitment less if accompanied by measures adequately incorporating and protecting seed dispersers.
Primate Research and Conservation in the Anthropocene - edited by Alison M. Behie January 2019
