Fig 5 - uploaded by Yasin Bakış
Content may be subject to copyright.
Today's climatic regions of Turkey based on total precipitation and temperature. The separation between Central Anatolian (D) and East (E), Southeast Anatolian (F) areas shows more or less parallelism to the Anatolian Diagonal border. The map produced by Ünal and Karaca (2003) is modified
Source publication
Due to its geological positions, Turkey contains different phytogeographical regions and had possible refuge regions for many plants and animals during the glacial periods. According to Davis a major flora boundary occurs in Turkey, along a diagonal belt running from NE Anatolia (S of Gümüşhane) to SW Anatolia, where it splits out the Cilician Taur...
Citations
... This xeromorphic dendrotaxon spreads from the Balkan Peninsula through Asia Minor and Crimea to the Caucasus and the northwestern part of Iran. Interestingly, the two subspecies show horizontal vicariance in Turkey, along the Anatolian axis (Uslu et al. 2011) and are well separated ecologically (Yilmaz -Yilmaz 2016). Carella (2018) reported new occurrences in southern Italy from the Bari region. ...
This study examined micromorphological traits on the abaxial surface of leaves using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to compare pedunculate oak and greyish oak taxa close-up. We selected a pedunculate oak population in Hungary and greyish oak population in Romania. The study randomly selected trees over 100 years old from these populations to investigate the differences between the two taxa based on leaf micromorphological characteristics. We focused mainly on indumentum because observing trichomes can be used in practice. Variation was found in trichome types, trichome-ray lengths, and stomata extent and shape. Stellate and fasciculate trichomes were absent on pedunculate oak leaves and densely developed on greyish oak leaves. The average length of the simple-uniseriate trichomes of pedunculate oak was 49.45 μm and 61.96 μm in greyish oak. On average, stomata surfaces on pedunculate oak leaves were 513.09 μm2 and 440.28 μm2 on greyish oak leaves. The study found no variation in epicuticular wax layer type. Despite the small sample size, in comparing the two populations, we found that the two taxa were distinguishable based on trichome types, and we believe that forestry practice could utilise this trait.
... However, Ekim and Güner (1986) argued that ecological and climatic factors are more important. Although there are some studies related to the effect of the Anatolian Diagonal on the geographical distributions of plant or animal species (e.g., Uslu et al., 2011;Mutun and Dinç, 2019;Özüdoğru et al., 2020), to the best of our knowledge, there is no direct study attempting to understand how the Anatolian Diagonal functions, except for that conducted by Gür (2016). Gür (2016), using an ecological niche modeling approach, examined whether the Anatolian Diagonal is a significant environmental barrier or, in other words, a region where an abrupt environmental change occurs. ...
... Furthermore, two other putative hybrids between Q. infectoria, Q. pubescens and Q. petraea were also reported in this study. Q. infectoria is quite common in Turkey (Uslu et al., 2011) and might have hybrids between them (Kasaplıgil, 1992). The last hybrid between Q. macrenthera subsp. ...
... This hybrid occurs in mixed forest formation with Quercus pubescens (Hedge & Yaltırık, 1982). Thus, production of hybrid between these species is highly possible according to their geographical distributions (Uslu et al., 2011). ...
In the study, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) method was used to identify and differentiate between twelve different white
oaks to show their genetic diversity. On the other hand, interspecific hybridization is quite common among oak species. This
situation makes the hybridization between closely related parents possible. Besides genetic diversity of some white oaks, the five
putative hybrids which are morphologically indistinguishable were also studied. ISSR markers produced a total of 89.71 %
polymorphism with Quercus taxa and a total of 175 bands were revealed by 11 ISSR primers. Statistical analysis software’s, Minitab,
NTSYS-pc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) and POPGENE (Population Genetic Analysis) software’s were
used to reveal variations between these white oaks. Effective allelic frequency, Shannon index, genetic distance was calculated by
the POPGENE software. The most distance taxon was Q. pontica, then Q. vulcanica found to be genetically distant among the taxa.
The results of the two analyses, cluster (CA) and principal component (PCA) are in correlation with each other and giving four
groups among the studied oak taxa. Putative hybrids are usually located between their presumed parents in the dendrogram and
graphs. Consequently, this preliminary study showed that ISSR markers can be used with confidence for genetic diversity of white
oaks. It can also be helpful for putative hybrids to some extent.
Keywords: Hybridization, ISSR, PCA, Polymorphism, White Oaks.
Received:
... This means that the Anatolian Diagonal is a barrier parting different floral biodiversity (e.g. Atkinson et al. 2003;Uslu et al. 2011;Gür 2016). In 1989, Ekim and Güner showed precise figures with 33% plant species affected by the diagonal (12.5% for the eastern species; 20.5% for the western species). ...
The core of Turkey’s land is the Anatolian Peninsula, which is surrounded by several seas (Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea). Offering a high variety of morphological landscapes, Anatolia is an orogenic plateau bordered to the north by one of the world’s most seismically active strike-slip faults, the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), to the south by the Cyprus and Hellenic subduction margins, to the west by the Aegean extensional zone, and to the east by the East Anatolia Fault Zone (EAFZ) and Bitlis–Zagros collision zone. In this context, first-order morphotectonic features are primary contributors to complex and unique landscapes both in and around the peninsula. This role appears first in the citadel-like relief of Anatolia, whose hill and mountain slopes steepen quickly from the coastal zones in direction of the plateau. From the west–eastward, the relief rises also steadily but less abruptly. Anatolian highlands thus form a barrier capturing the humidity generated by the seas. In return, its springs and rivers deliver abundant water to the lowlands around. Interacting with the relief organization, river paths and networks are thus impacted, not only by tectonic movements but also by several other geomorphological processes which are at work in shaping of the Anatolian landscapes. While relief generates hydrography and landscape contrasts, climate and lithology control hydrology and vegetation as well as weathering processes. In the meantime, volcanic activity and karst development produce some of the most outstanding landscapes in the country. This chapter aims to present the richness of these landforms, as well as to explain how and when they were formed. To that end, six regions are identified, each of them corresponding to a specific mix of landscapes and land-forming factors. These six regions are: Northern Anatolia (Black Sea), Western Anatolia (Aegean), Mediterranean Anatolia, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia and South-eastern Anatolia. We define each region on the basis of first, physiographic description (relief, climate, phytogeography, hydrography), allowing the identification of (i) subregions corresponding to a certain group of landforms and (ii) the spatial distribution of these landforms within the region. This first task is followed by the presentation of the structural background, insisting on tectonics and dominant lithologies as well as the stratigraphic data pointing to the differential erosional context inscribed in ancient morphologies. Based on this geologic information, the third part exposes landforms resulting from morphological processes acting through time. This task groups the regional landforms according to the main geomorphological agents and processes that produced them. It underlines the importance, in the formation of the present landscapes, of the interplay between different factors, whether tectonic or climatic, karstic or volcanic, hydrographic or hydrologic… and the importance of time in the preservation and transformation of landscapes. The human action is evoked when its influence has been important in today’s landscapes, either because of duration, or because of specific cultural or historic contribution. This evocation is especially critical for areas where human’s action has transformed landscapes throughout the Holocene period, or where it has been studied thoroughly.
... Turkey is home to more species of oak (Quercus sp.) than any other country in Europe and the Middle East, at least 17 species of which three are considered nationally endemic (Kavgaci et al., 2010;Uğurlu et al., 2012). The different oak species are distributed all over the country, with the highest diversity in Marmara region (Uslu et al., 2011), covering nearly six million hectares of the land area or 26% of the Turkish forests (OGM, 2015). Previously commonly utilized for pollarding, coppicing and grazing, oak forests in Turkey have an old tradition as important sources of livelihood for rural communities (Kaniewski et al., 2007). ...
Natural and semi-natural oak (Quercus spp.) forests in Turkey are rich ecosystems of high conservation value that are increasingly threatened by logging and transformation into coniferous plantations. They harbor a diverse fauna and flora, but the current knowledge of their associated biodiversity is limited for many groups of organisms. In this paper, we present our preliminary results from inventories of the birds inhabiting various oak forests located in Isparta province in southwestern Turkish Anatolia. The bird species diversity was assessed both quantitatively and a qualitatively using random observation walks and fixed-radii point counts in 17 oak forests ranging in mean age from 30 years up to 300 years. A total of 52 bird species belonging to 43 genera and 24 families were identified. The three most abundant species were Eastern Bonelli’s Warbler (Phylloscopus orientalis), Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) and Common Blackbird (Turdus merula). Birds of national or international conservation concern are highlighted. Furthermore, we present an updated taxonomical species checklist.
... Besides its location and phytogeographical regions, Anatolian Diagonal which divides Anatolia as eastern and western parts is another factor affecting species diversity, number and distribution [4,[12][13][14][15]. Anatolian Diagonal separates many plant and animal species into eastern and western Anatolia. ...
... The oaks (Quercus spp.) in Turkey have the widest distribution area among all deciduous trees and cover 6 million hectares of the land area or 23% of the forests (Çolak and Rotherham, 2006). Different oak species are distributed all over the country, with the highest diversity in Marmara region (Uslu et al., 2011). Globally, oaks include a wide range of about 500 species of trees and shrubs in the northern hemisphere, exclusive of the Arctic and about half of these are in the New World. ...
... Some of the Turkish species have a very restricted distribution in the world and some are endemic to the country e.g. Quercus aucheri and Q. vulcanica (Photograph 1) (Uslu et al., 2011). ...
Describing the high values of old oaks in Turkey found during 12 years of studying saproxylic beetles and birds.
... The oaks (Quercus spp.) in Turkey have the widest distribution area among all deciduous trees and cover 6 million hectares of the land area or 23% of the forests . Different oak species are distributed all over the country, with the highest diversity in Marmara region (Uslu et al., 2011). Globally, oaks include a wide range of about 500 species of trees and shrubs in the northern hemisphere, exclusive of the Arctic and about half of these are in the New World. ...
... Some of the Turkish species have a very restricted distribution in the world and some are endemic to the country e.g. Quercus aucheri and Q. vulcanica (Photograph 1) (Uslu et al., 2011). ...
... (Özcan & Baycu, 2005;Uğurlu & Oldeland, 2012). Türkiye'deki meşe türleri tüm yaprak döken ağaçlar arasında en geniş dağılıma sahip olup, 6 milyon hektar alanı ya da ormanlık alanların %23'ünü kaplamaktadır (Çolak & Rotherham, 2006 (Uslu et al., 2011). Meşe türleri ülkenin dört bir yanına yayılmış olsa da en yüksek çeşitlilik Marmara Bölgesi'ndedir (Uslu et al., 2011). ...
... Türkiye'deki meşe türleri tüm yaprak döken ağaçlar arasında en geniş dağılıma sahip olup, 6 milyon hektar alanı ya da ormanlık alanların %23'ünü kaplamaktadır (Çolak & Rotherham, 2006 (Uslu et al., 2011). Meşe türleri ülkenin dört bir yanına yayılmış olsa da en yüksek çeşitlilik Marmara Bölgesi'ndedir (Uslu et al., 2011). Meşe ağaçları çok büyür ve uzun yıllar yaşayabilir. ...
The oaks (Quercus spp) are very species rich and in Turkey at least 18 species of oaks are found. The oaks in Turkey cover more than 20% of the forest land and are spread on many nature types all over the country. The oaks can be very old and harbor a rich and specialized fauna and flora. In our studies of six sites with old hollow oaks in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara region of Turkey we have identified 248 wood living beetles from 13 families. None or very few of these are considered as pest species and can harm healthy young oaks. Of the species found 32 are new to science, 12 are on the European Red list and three species are also legally protected within the European Union. In our studies of forest birds we found that bird abundance and species richness was positively associated with age for both stands with oak and pine. Woodpeckers, secondary cavity-nesters (nest in natural cavities or tree cavities created by woodpeckers) and low-canopy nesters (nest on branches of high shrubs or lower trees) preferred old stands. Woodpeckers and ground-nesters were significantly more abundant in oak stands when compare with pine stands. When nesting the woodpeckers prefer higher trees and trees with a lot of dead wood. When foraging the Middle Spotted Woodpecker preferred trees of larger size, with a greater circumference, height and greater bark furrows. To protect the unique endemic beetle fauna living on old trees and for preserve woodpeckers and other cavity nesting birds, it would be of great value if the most important areas with old oaks could be identified and protected in Turkey. Patches with old oaks in the landscape are important for the biodiversity on landscape level and probably also positive for the surrounding forests for timber production.
... (Özcan & Baycu, 2005;Uğurlu & Oldeland, 2012). Türkiye'deki meşe türleri tüm yaprak döken ağaçlar arasında en geniş dağılıma sahip olup, 6 milyon hektar alanı ya da ormanlık alanların %23'ünü kaplamaktadır (Çolak & Rotherham, 2006 (Uslu et al., 2011). Meşe türleri ülkenin dört bir yanına yayılmış olsa da en yüksek çeşitlilik Marmara Bölgesi'ndedir (Uslu et al., 2011). ...
... Türkiye'deki meşe türleri tüm yaprak döken ağaçlar arasında en geniş dağılıma sahip olup, 6 milyon hektar alanı ya da ormanlık alanların %23'ünü kaplamaktadır (Çolak & Rotherham, 2006 (Uslu et al., 2011). Meşe türleri ülkenin dört bir yanına yayılmış olsa da en yüksek çeşitlilik Marmara Bölgesi'ndedir (Uslu et al., 2011). Meşe ağaçları çok büyür ve uzun yıllar yaşayabilir. ...
The oaks (Quercus spp) are very species rich and in Turkey at least 18 species of oaks are found. The oaks in Turkey cover more than 20% of the forest land and are spread on many nature types all over the country. The oaks can be very old and harbor a rich and specialized fauna and flora. In our studies of six sites with old hollow oaks in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara region of Turkey we have identified 248 wood living beetles from 13 families. None or very few of these are considered as pest species and can harm healthy young oaks. Of the species found 32 are new to science, 12 are on the European Red list and three species are also legally protected within the European Union. In our studies of forest birds we found that bird abundance and species richness was positively associated with age for both stands with oak and pine. Woodpeckers, secondary cavity-nesters (nest in natural cavities or tree cavities created by woodpeckers) and low-canopy nesters (nest on branches of high shrubs or lower trees) preferred old stands. Woodpeckers and ground-nesters were significantly more abundant in oak stands when compare with pine stands. When nesting the woodpeckers prefer higher trees and trees with a lot of dead wood. When foraging the Middle Spotted Woodpecker preferred trees of larger size, with a greater circumference, height and greater bark furrows. To protect the unique endemic beetle fauna living on old trees and for preserve woodpeckers and other cavity nesting birds, it would be of great value if the most important areas with old oaks could be identified and protected in Turkey. Patches with old oaks in the landscape are important for the biodiversity on landscape level and probably also positive for the surrounding forests for timber production.
