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Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Left: Leaf of a healthy tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum 'Samsun' nn). Center: Leaf of a TMV-infected plant showing the typical TMV-associated mosaic (light and dark green mottling on the leaf blade). Right: Organization and dimensions of a TMV ribonucleoprotein particle, with the RNA not depicted as it is completely enclosed in the CP helix (golden).
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The rod-shaped nanoparticles of the widespread plant pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) have been a matter of intense debates and cutting-edge research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of virus...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... first plant virus ever described was the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV; genus: Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae [17]). In 1886, Adolf Mayer reported on a disease that had occurred for many years in tobacco cultivated in Holland, which was mani- fested by stunting and leaf symptoms including brittleness and a mosaic-like color variegation of light and dark green (Figure 1). Therefore he named the syndrome "tobacco mosaic" [18]. ...
Context 2
... the 1950s, cutting-edge X-ray diffraction studies along with intense scientific interactions of James Watson, Rosalind Franklin and Donald Caspar revealed the first major clues of the helical organization of the TMV nucleoprotein particles (for a thorough historic overview see [28]). They localized the viral genomic RNA strand wrapped in a helix of more than 2000 identical coat protein (CP) subunits, enclosing a hollow longitudinal channel of 4 nm diameter (see below, and Figure 1). The assembly mechanism of these nano- tubes was a subject of intense research up to the late 1970s, with still some debate on details and putative different modes going on (see [29][30][31][32] for original research or for extensive reviews [33][34][35][36]). ...
Citations
... Our initial TVCVPA purification via the almost forgotten inverse PEG solubility-concentration gradients had been proposed and supported by Holger Jeske as scientific mentor, collaborator and friend. He also suggested its further streamlining, and has devoted extensive own labwork and many hours at the transmission electron microscope (EM) to the development of preparative and analytical techniques for novel types of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based assemblies [e.g., 4,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Well-known and highly active primarily in geminivirus research, Holger continuously raised awareness for the rarely opened treasure trove of early, but surprisingly sophisticated (bio-) chemical, physical and molecular methods in their historical contexts. ...
... Since then, tobamovirus-derived particles became increasingly recognized as robust but tailorable, sustainably produced and bio-degradable multivalent nanoscaffolds, with a multitude of biomedical and technical applications tested with highly promising prospects [109]. Technology-oriented research and developments include uses of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) as biotemplates for inorganic and organic compounds, and uses as carriers for biomolecules [11]. Thirty years of creative developments have given rise to an enormous variety of novel colloidal (particulate), layered and volume materials, either active by themselves as hybrid structures, or after an integration into technical devices [110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]. ...
... In tobamovirus-aided fabrication, virions have initially served as richly available templates for the deposition of hard compounds, which has yielded mineralized tubes around TMV cores already in 1999 [147,148], nanowires inside the central channel a few years later [21], and numerous types of functional composites with different inorganic and organic matter thereafter [149]. While originally native tobamoviruses were used, chemically and genetically modified virions have soon enabled a better-controlled interaction or linkage with heterologous compounds as well as their integration into technical devices [11,112,113,121,[150][151][152][153][154]. Many of these profit from a considerable surface enhancement and good steric accessibility of the nanorods equipped, e.g., with coatings of conductive or catalytically active metals, semi-conductors or alloys [18,22,[155][156][157], chromophores [158], polymers [159], and even fullerenes [160] or metal-organic frameworks [161]. ...
This article develops a multi-perspective view on motivations and methods for tobamovirus purification through the ages, and presents a novel efficient, easy-to-use approach that can be well-adapted to different species of native and functionalized virions. We survey the various driving forces prompting researchers to enrich tobamoviruses: from the search for the causative agents of mosaic diseases in plants to their increasing recognition as versatile nanocarriers in biomedical and engineering applications. Best practice and also rarely applied options for the serial processing steps required for successful isolation of tobamoviruses are then reviewed. Adaptations for distinct particle species, pitfalls and 'forgotten' or underrepresented technologies are considered as well. The article is topped off with our own development of a method for virion preparation, rooted in historical protocols. It combines selective re-solubilization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) virion raw precipitates with density step gradient centrifugation in biocompatible iodixanol formulations, yielding ready-to-use particle suspensions. This newly established protocol and some considerations for perhaps worthwile further developments could serve as putative stepping stones towards preparation procedures appropriate for routine practical uses of the multivalent soft-matter nanorods.
... It also allows their assembly into dense networks on solid substrates and in solution, as well as retention in hydrogels, to serve as 2D-and 3D-immobilization platforms for various molecule species or cultivated cells [15][16][17][18]. Key players in this context are tobamoviruses such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potex-, and potyviruses including potato virus X (PVX) and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
... This recombinant CP assembled into unnatural icosahedral VLPs smaller (T = 1) than the RNAcontaining parental virus, which were able to capture IgGs via the PA insertions. 24 The only other systemically plant-infectious, efficiently IgG-adsorbing PA domain fusion construct seems potato virus X (PVX) presenting the PA domain B on its CPs [136] . These engineered, flexuous Potexvirus particles were shown to capture 300 to 500 IgG antibodies each. ...
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol (PEG) raw precipitates, from which virions were selectively re-solubilized in reverse PEG concentration gradients. This procedure improved the integrity of both TVCVPA and the wildtype subgroup 3 tobamovirus. TVCVPA could be loaded with more than 500 IgGs per virion, which mediated the immunocapture of fluorescent dyes, GFP and active enzymes. Bi-enzyme ensembles of cooperating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were tethered together on the TVCVPA carriers by a single antibody type, with one enzyme conjugated chemically to its Fc region, and the other one bound as target, yielding synthetic multienzyme-complexes. In microtiter plates, the TVCVPA-displayed sugar-sensing system possessed a considerably increased reusability upon repeated testing, compared to the IgG-bound enzyme pair in the absence of the virus. A high coverage of the viral adapters was achieved also on Ta2O5 sensor chip surfaces coated with a polyelectrolyte interlayer, as a prerequisite for durable, TVCVPA-assisted electrochemical biosensing through modularly IgG-assembled sensor enzymes.
... Structurally, a TMV VLP is composed of 17 coat protein monomers that form a 20 nm disk. The disks can stack into rods up to~300 nm in length allowing up~2100 copies of an epitope to be displayed per TMV rod 50,51 . ...
The Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum contains an N-terminal region, a conserved Region I (RI), a junctional region, 25–42 copies of major (NPNA) and minor repeats followed by a C-terminal domain. The recently approved malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 contains NPNAx19 and the C-terminal region of CSP. The efficacy of RTS,S against natural infection is low and short-lived, and mapping epitopes of inhibitory monoclonal antibodies may allow for rational improvement of CSP vaccines. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) was used here to display the junctional epitope (mAb CIS43), Region I (mAb 5D5), NPNAx5, and NPNAx20 epitope of CSP (mAbs 317 and 580). Protection studies in mice revealed that Region I did not elicit protective antibodies, and polyclonal antibodies against the junctional epitope showed equivalent protection to NPNAx5. Combining the junctional and NPNAx5 epitopes reduced immunogenicity and efficacy, and increasing the repeat valency to NPNAx20 did not improve upon NPNAx5. TMV was confirmed as a versatile vaccine platform for displaying small epitopes defined by neutralizing mAbs. We show that polyclonal antibodies against engineered VLPs can recapitulate the binding specificity of the mAbs and immune-focusing by reducing the structural complexity of an epitope may be superior to immune-broadening as a vaccine design approach. Most importantly the junctional and restricted valency NPNA epitopes can be the basis for developing highly effective second-generation malaria vaccine candidates.
... Uninfected Leaf and TMV-Infected Leaf(Koch et al., 2016) ...
Indonesia has long been known as an agricultural country, one of Indonesia's best agricultural products is tobacco. Tobacco with good quality can be seen from the leaves, in fact the diseases that attack tobacco are of various types which can be seen from the changes in the tobacco leaves starting from the seeding and planting period. In the tobacco growing period, it is divided into two major parts, namely seeding period and the planting period, so that diseases that attack tobacco are also divided into two, namely diseases that attack during seeding and planting. This research is limited to diseases that attack tobacco at the time of planting, because at the time of seedling the tobacco has not yet produced leaves. When tobacco enters the planting period, at this time tobacco leaves begin to form. Good care is needed at this time such as fertilization, nutrition, vitamins, and pest control in order to obtain healthy tobacco so that tobacco is not susceptible to disease. Tobacco that lacks nutritional intake will be susceptible to diseases including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The disease attack on tobacco has its own characteristics that appear on tobacco leaves. Early detection of the disease is very important so that disease control can be precise and the spread of the disease can be prevented so as not to cause endemic. In this research, an early detection system of tobacco leaf disease based on image processing will be designed. Normalization image, grayscale technique, folllowed by edge detection will be applied in these image so that from here the entropy, energy, and inertia values of the image can be obtained using statistical measures, and the last one using the decision tree classification technique can be classified as uninfected leaf or infected leaf. In this study, feature extraction from images of tobacco leaves that are not infected with the virus using grayscale techniques followed by edge detection produces an average statistical measure with entropy (h) values between 2,341 to 2,676, energy (e) values between 6,112 to 6,665, and inertia values. (i) between 3,322 to 3,576, while for leaves infected with the virus the average value of entropy (h) is between 4,543 to 5,576, the average value of energy (e) is between 12,212 to 13,455, and the average value of inertia (i) between 5,343 to 6,597.
... [50][51][52][53] As a result, TMV and mutants are widely functionalized by small molecules, polymers, peptides, MRI contrast agents, antigens, and therapeutics for various applications. [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] We note that there are a series of excellent reviews for TMV-based nanomaterials during the last decade. [60][61][62][63][64] However, the current development of stable diazonium reagents for TMV labeling is not summarized. ...
... [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] We note that there are a series of excellent reviews for TMV-based nanomaterials during the last decade. [60][61][62][63][64] However, the current development of stable diazonium reagents for TMV labeling is not summarized. In addition, the 1D lengths and the diameters of the TMV nanoparticle can be tuned and controlled via self-assembly and chemical labeling to generate virus-like particles (VLPs), [65][66][67] which can break the limitation of fixed sizes of natural virus templates. ...
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a rod-shaped hollow plant viral nanoparticle (300 nm × 18 nm) and exhibits abundant amino acid residues on the surface of capsid proteins for facile chemical labeling. The use of TMV as a nano-template to produce materials with multiple functions has received particular attention in the past decade. In addition, TMV can be largely produced in gram-scale quantities and is also considered much safe for mammals. Hence, using TMV as building blocks to assemble biomaterials (e.g., hydrogels) has emerged as an attractive field for biomedical applications. This minireview details up-to-date research on the development of bench-stable diazonium reagents and their applications for TMV labeling and crosslinking. The strategy for the preparation of virus-based hydrogels is highlighted. We hope that this review will inspire the development of a large number of plant virus-based biomaterials for various applications in the near future.
... 4,5 The preparation of the TMV was cost-effective and the process for its genetic modifications was known and used as a biomaterial in the field of tissue engineering application. [6][7][8][9] Previous studies in a two-dimensional (2D) model have shown that the TMV coated substrates promoted bone formation, osteoinduction, by accelerating the expression of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). This resulted in early osteoblastic differentiation 10 as well as acceleration of the expression of osteocalcin, an osteogenic marker involved in the mineralization process of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). ...
One of the most important factors in a dental implant's success is an adequate quantity of supporting bone. However, there are still some limitations for the bone substitution material. Previous studies found that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) had the potential for bone formation induction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of TMV with primary human alveolar bone cells. Primary human alveolar bone cells were cultured on TMV coated substrates. Cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium matrix mineralization forming ability, immunofluorescence staining for osteocalcin synthesis and cell morphology were assessed. The results showed that primary human alveolar bone cells cultured on the TMV coated substrates had a higher metabolic rate than the non-TMV coated control group at days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Moreover, the calcium deposition was positive and the alkaline phosphatase activity assay was found significantly greater than the control group at day 14 (p < 0.05). The osteocalcin protein synthesis was found in both the TMV coated substrates and the control group. The immunofluorescence study revealed that in the TMV coated substrates group, the cell morphology changed into a polygonal shape and aggregated more quickly than the control group. The present findings conclude that TMV is biocompatible with primary human alveolar bone cells and also shows osteoinduction potential.
... The possibilities of application for plant viruses and virus-like particles as VNPs are unlimited and depend upon the anticipated advantages of these biomolecules. The understanding of nucleoprotein complexes consisting of vast quantities of identical coat protein subunits has facilitated the use of plant virus nanoparticles for several decades [104]. Plant virus-based nanotechnology makes use of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), Potato virus X (PVX), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) [17]. ...
Naturally occurring viral nanomaterials have gained popularity owing to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) can be used as nanocarriers for a number of biomedical applications. Plant VNPs are inexpensive to produce, safe to administer and efficacious as treatments. The following review describes how plant virus architecture facilitates the use of VNPs for imaging and a variety of therapeutic applications, with particular emphasis on cancer. Examples of plant viruses which have been engineered to carry drugs and diagnostic agents for specific types of cancer are provided. The drug delivery system in response to the internal conditions is known as stimuli response, recently becoming more applicable using plant viruses based VNPs. The review concludes with a perspective of the future of plant VNPs and plant virus-like particles (VLPs) in cancer research and therapy.
... The movement of such hybrid materials is essential for the development of microswimmers and micro-robots in the medical field. [48] Therefore, a fabrication of organized nanostructures leads to many approaches using different biotemplates, including proteins, [49] viruses [50,51] or filamentous bacteriophage. [52,53] The transition to sub-micrometer dimensions creates challenges associated with fabrication and control of autonomous systems. ...
Magnetic chains are of fundamental and technological interest. However, 1D assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles are only metastable such that their controlled organization requires the use of templates. Bacteriophages are human‐inoffensive viruses with a filamentous morphology that have been shown to exhibit great potential in materials research. Here, we thus utilized the M13 phage as a model for the formation of actuated magnetite nanoparticle superstructures. First, we built a sperm‐like ensemble by covalently attaching magnetic nanoparticles to the head of the phage. Second, chain‐like assemblies are obtained based on the electrostatic interactions between positively‐charged magnetite nanoparticles attached to the negatively‐charged phage surface. The nanoparticles–phages assembly is steered by external magnetic fields. We anticipate such materials can find applications in nanotechnology or nanomedicine.
... Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Part a adapted with permission from ref. 167 and T. Splettstößer. Part b adapted with permission from ref. 67 . ...
Viral capsids are often regarded as inert structural units, but in actuality they display fascinating dynamics during different stages of their life cycle. With the advent of single-particle approaches and high-resolution techniques, it is now possible to scrutinize viral dynamics during and after their assembly and during the subsequent development pathway into infectious viruses. In this Review, the focus is on the dynamical properties of viruses, the different physical virology techniques that are being used to study them, and the physical concepts that have been developed to describe viral dynamics.
... In contrast to chemically synthesized particles, which are typically polydisperse, several types of biological virus nanoparticles have the unique advantage that they can be produced in a large number of identical copies as determined by their genetics. Especially, plant virus-like particles are increasingly being used for nanobiotechnology purposes due to their robustness, high surface-to-volume ratio, highly controllable and precisely defined structures, inherent biodegradability and biocompatibility, lack of toxicity and pathogenicity in humans and other mammals, and the possibility of low-cost production from infected plants in a large quantity [1][2][3][4][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
Plant virus-like particles, and in particular, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles, are increasingly being used in nano- and biotechnology as well as for biochemical sensing purposes as nanoscaffolds for the high-density immobilization of receptor molecules. The sensitive parameters of TMV-assisted biosensors depend, among others, on the density of adsorbed TMV particles on the sensor surface, which is affected by both the adsorption conditions and surface properties of the sensor. In this work, Ta2O5-gate field-effect capacitive sensors have been applied for the label-free electrical detection of TMV adsorption. The impact of the TMV concentration on both the sensor signal and the density of TMV particles adsorbed onto the Ta2O5-gate surface has been studied systematically by means of field-effect and scanning electron microscopy methods. In addition, the surface density of TMV particles loaded under different incubation times has been investigated. Finally, the field-effect sensor also demonstrates the label-free detection of penicillinase immobilization as model bioreceptor on TMV particles.
