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Timing and Volcanic Flux of the April, 1815 Tambora Eruption and the 1809 Eruption in Antarctica and Greenland Ice Core a
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Climate records indicate that the decade of AD 1810-1819 including ``the year without a summer'' (1816) is probably the coldest during the past 500 years or longer, and the cause of the climatic extreme has been attributed primarily to the 1815 cataclysmic Tambora eruption in Indonesia. But the cold temperatures in the early part of the decade and...
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Volcanic eruptions have the potential to force global climate, provided they are explosive enough to emit at least 1–5 megaton of sulfur gases into the stratosphere. The sulfuric acid produced during oxidation of these gases will both absorb and reflect incoming solar radiation, thus warming the stratosphere and cooling the Earth’s surface. Maximum...
A number of isolated mountains mapped in the south polar region of Mars are documented using Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) data. These mountains have average separation distances of ∼175 km, they are typically 30–40 km in diameter and 1000–1500 m high, and their bases fall near an eleva...
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... Descriptions of the other Antarctica ice cores (WAIS Divide 2006 (WDC), South Pole 2004 Core 5 (SP04 C5), Plateau Remote 1984 Core B (PR84)) and two Greenland ice cores (Summit 2007 (SM07 C4), NEEM (NEEM S1)) have been provided elsewhere [7,[10][11][12][13]. Relevant details about these cores are provided in Table 1. ...
... The direct radiative impact of an explosive eruption usually lasts no more than two or three years following the eruption due to the relatively short atmospheric residence time of volcanic aerosols [1,3]. Eruptions occurring within a short span of several years may have a compounding impact on climate for up to a decade [12]. ...
Major explosive volcanic eruptions impact the climate by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere and through feedback mechanisms in the climate system. The extent of the impact depends on the magnitude (aerosol mass loading) and the number or frequency of such eruptions. Multiple Antarctica ice core records of past volcanic eruptions reveal that the number (5) of major eruptions (volcanic sulfate deposition flux greater than 10 kg km−2) was the highest in the 13th century over the last two millennia. Signals of four of the five eruptions are dated to the second half of the century, indicating consecutive major eruptions capable of causing sustained climate impact via known feedback processes. The fact that signals of four corresponding eruptions have been found in a Greenland ice core indicates that four of the five 13th century eruptions were probably by volcanoes in the low latitudes (between 20° N and 20° S) with substantial aerosol mass loading. These eruptions in the low latitudes likely exerted the strongest volcanic impact on climate in the last two millennia.
... Previous polar ice-core studies [37][38][39][40][41][42] have successfully utilised Δ³³S (see Methods for details) isotopic values to determine whether sulfate aerosol formation occurred in the stratosphere, or more precisely above the ozone Article layer, which above Iceland is located between 11 and 15 km 43 , thus providing an indication of relative plume height. Our analysis of Δ 33 S across the Hrafnkatla episode has revealed that this volcanic sulfate mainly has values varying between -0.2 and +0.2‰ for~12 years (see Fig. 5c). ...
Existing global volcanic radiative aerosol forcing estimates portray the period 700 to 1000 as volcanically quiescent, void of major volcanic eruptions. However, this disagrees with proximal Icelandic geological records and regional Greenland ice-core records of sulfate. Here, we use cryptotephra analyses, high-resolution sulfur isotope analyses, and glaciochemical volcanic tracers on an array of Greenland ice cores to characterise volcanic activity and climatically important sulfuric aerosols across the period 700 to 1000. We identify a prolonged episode of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions (751–940) dominated by Icelandic volcanism, that we term the Icelandic Active Period. This period commences with the Hrafnkatla episode (751–763), which coincided with strong winter cooling anomalies across Europe. This study reveals an important contribution of prolonged volcanic sulfate emissions to the pre-industrial atmospheric aerosol burden, currently not considered in existing forcing estimates, and highlights the need for further research to disentangle their associated climate feedbacks.
... 15 During the summer of 1816, Europe is thought to have experienced temperatures of 1-2℃ lower than normal as a result of the eruption, and summer temperatures remained anomalously cooler in 1817 and 1818 respectively. 16,17 The climatic cooling mechanisms for volcanic eruptions are often compared to that of the nuclear winter mechanism, by which the black soot particles from nuclear warfare would block the sun's energy, resulting in a global cooling effect. For volcanic eruptions, it is rather the sulphur gas released during the eruption that mixes with water in the atmosphere, creating droplets of sulphuric acid which reflect sunlight back into space and absorb heat from the Earth. ...
This innovative and comprehensive collection of essays explores the biggest threats facing humanity in the 21st century; threats that cannot be contained or controlled and that have the potential to bring about human extinction and civilization collapse. Bringing together experts from many disciplines, it provides an accessible survey of what we know about these threats, how we can understand them better, and most importantly what can be done to manage them effectively.
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... The European Alps are home to extensive amounts of living trees and historical timber usable for dendroclimatic reconstructions [15][16][17]. Samples from high elevations are predominantly temperature-sensitive, and a combination of samples from living trees and historical construction wood enabled the development of well-replicated composite chronologies [7,15,16]. ...
Citation: Kunz, M.; Esper, J.; Kuhl, E.; Schneider, L.; Büntgen, U.; Hartl, C. Combining Tree-Ring Width and Density to Separate the Effects of Climate Variation and Insect Defoliation. Abstract: Though frequently used in dendroclimatology, European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is regularly defoliated by mass outbreaks of the larch budmoth (Zeiraphera griseana Hb., LBM). The near-cyclic growth depressions are unrelated to but possibly coincide with cold summers, which challenges signal detection on interannual timescales. LBM defoliation events cause sharp maximum latewood density declines and irregular earlywood/latewood ratios in the outbreak year, followed by one or two anomalously narrow rings. Here, we present a process-based method integrating these diverse response patterns to identify and distinguish LBM-related signals from climate-induced deviations. Application to larch sites along elevational transects in the Swiss Alps reveals the algorithm to perform better than existing extreme event detection methods, though our approach enables additional differentiation between insect-and climate-induced signatures. The new process-based multi-parameter algorithm is a suitable tool to identify different causes of growth disturbances and will therefore help to improve both tree-ring-based climate and insect defoliation reconstructions.
... Our reconstruction shows a relatively longer cooling episode during 1810-1822 that coincides with two major Indonesian volcanic eruptions; 1809 unknown and 1815 Tambora (Cole-Dai et al. 1997;Stothers 1984). These explosive eruptions, specifically Tambora, are among the largest eruptions over the Common Era (Gao et al. 2008;Oppenheimer 2003), responsible for cooling much of Northern Hemisphere for a couple of years (Cole-Dai et al. 2009). The JJAS TMN reconstruction suggests that the cooling impacts of these eruptions were also felt in the northeast corner of Nepal. ...
We reconstructed summer (June–September) minimum temperature for eastern Nepal over the past 288 years (1733–2020 CE), using a total tree-ring width chronology of Himalayan Larch (Larix griffithiana (Lindl. and Gord.)) from Kanchanjunga Conservation Area (KCA). This study is the first minimum temperature reconstruction for the eastern Himalaya region of Nepal. We examined the response of the Larix ring-width chronology to different climate variables including precipitation, and minimum, maximum and mean temperatures. Of all climatic variables, minimum temperature has the strongest correla- tion with tree-ring chronology. This response revealed that the growth of the L. griffithiana is limited by temperature-induced physiological behaviors during summer season. The reconstruction shows fluctuating warm and cool periods during the entire period and captures warming during recent decades. This increasing warming trend appears to be unprecedented in the context of the past 288 years. We observed short (2.5 years) and multidecadal (35, 43, 71 and 100 years) cyclicity, which sug- gests possible atmospheric teleconnection with the broader circulation system of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This possible teleconnection is further revealed in spatial field correlation and also supported by temporal comparison of the reconstruction with instrumental- and proxy-based AMO records.
... The problem of the existence and statistical significance of possible solar-volcanic activity relationship is very important if we take into account that volcanic activity is one of important terrestrial factors that affect the small gaseous compounds like O 3 and NO x , aerosols, clouds, and, as the final result, the Earth's climate. The problem of the effects of strong volcanic eruptions on climate is the subject of many studies [Briffa et al., 1998;Brönnimann and Krämer, 2016;Cole-Dai et al., 2009;Kasatkina et al., 2018;Robock, 2000]. Thus, the possible solar-volcanism relationship could turn out to be a significant indirect and not accounted for up to the present day channel for solar effect on climate. ...
... The problem for possible solar-generated trigger mechanisms of volcanic events is of high importance in interdisciplinary scientific standpoint at least for two reasons: 1 -It is interesting for a better understanding of conditions when strong volcanic eruptions could occur with higher probability; 2 -The important role of volcanic activity over the Earth's climate change is out of doubt [Briffa et al., 1998;Brönnimann and Krämer, 2016;Cole-Dai et al., 2009;Kasatkina et al., 2018;Robock, 2000]. Consequently, it is quite possible that an essential part of the "Sun-climate" relation is caused not by solar electromagnetic radiation changes but https://doi.org/10.2205/2022ES000803 ...
... "Danjon Effect", Solar-Triggered Volcanic Activity. . . Komitov and Kaftan, 2022 matic phenomena "Year without summer" in 1816, related strongly to the Tambora eruption [Brönnimann and Krämer, 2016;Cole-Dai et al., 2009], may be considered as a good example for this one. ...
The “Danjon effect” is a phenomenon that presents a tendency to concentrate the so-called “dark” total lunar eclipses (DTLE) near solar sunspot cycle minimum phases. It was a starting point for the present study, whose main subject is a statistical analysis of relationship between solar and volcanic activity for the maximum long time. To this end, the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's volcanic activity catalog was used. On its basis, a time series of the total annual volcanic eruptions for the period 1551–2020 AD has been built and explored for cycles of possible solar origin. Cycles with duration of 10–11, 19–25, ∼60, and ∼240 years (all with possible solar origin) has been established. It has also been found that there are two certain peaks of volcanic activity during the sunspot activity cycle: the first one is close to or after the sunspot minimum (sunspot cycle phase 0.9 ≤ Φ ≤1.0 and 0.1 ≤ Φ ≤ 0.2), and the second is wider – close to the sunspot cycle maximum (0.3 ≤ Φ ≤ 0.5). A third maximum is detected about 3–4 years after the sunspot cycle maximum (0.7 ≤ Φ ≤ 0.8) for the “moderate strong” volcanic eruptions with volcanic eruptive index VEI = 5. It corresponds to the geomagnetic activity secondary maximum, which usually occurs 3–4 years after the sunspot maximum. Φ is calculated separately on the basis of each sunspot cycle length. Finally, without any exclusions, all most powerful volcanic eruptions for which VEI ≥ 6 are centered near the ∼11-year Schwabe-Wolf cycle extremes. Trigger mechanisms of solar and geomagnetic activity over volcanic events, as well as their relation to climate change (in interaction with galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and/or solar energetic particles (SEP)), are discussed. The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 as an example of a “pure” strong solar–volcanism relationship has been analyzed in detail.
... Fractionation between the S isotopes is mainly mass-dependent, and is governed by both thermodynamics and kinetics, where thermodynamic fractionation results from differences in bond strength for the light and heavy isotopes and kinetic fractionation reflects differences in reaction rate for the light and heavy isotopes [9,49,50]. However, mass-independent fractionation (MIF) has also been observed for S isotope ratios in meteorite [51][52][53], geological [54][55][56][57], atmospheric, and ice core samples [58][59][60][61][62][63], as well as for S-reducing and S-disproportioning bacteria [64]. The occurrence of MIF is usually attributed to nuclear spallation [65], photochemistry [51,53], as well as to combustion-related processes during burning of fossil fuel and/or biomass [62], and as such, it can provide additional information that is complementary to that embedded in the δ 34 S value. ...
Sulfur isotope ratios are often used as biogeochemical tracers to gain understanding of abiotic and biological processes involved in the sulfur cycle in both modern and ancient environments. There is however a lack of matrix-matched well-characterized isotopic reference materials that are essential for controlling the accuracy and precision. This study therefore focused on expanding and complementing the currently available sulfur isotope ratio data by providing the bulk sulfur isotopic composition, as determined using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), for a comprehensive set of commercially and/or readily available biological and geological reference materials. A total 7 isotopic reference materials and 41 elemental reference materials were studied. These reference materials include standards of terrestrial and marine animal origin, terrestrial plant origin, human origin, and geological origin. Different sample preparation protocols, including digestion and subsequent chromatographic isolation of S, were evaluated and the optimum approach selected for each matrix type. For achieving enhanced robustness, the sample preparation and sulfur isotope ratio measurements were done at two different laboratories for selected reference materials, while at one of the laboratories the measurements were additionally performed using two different MC-ICP-MS instruments. Determined δ34SVCDT and δ33SVCDT values compared well between the different laboratories, as well as between the different generation MC-ICP-MS instruments, and for standards that were previously characterized, our data are similar to literature values. The δ34SVCDT ranges determined for the different categories of the reference materials - terrestrial animal origin: +2 to +9‰, marine animal origin: +15 to +20‰, human origin: +6 to +10‰, terrestrial plant origin: -20 to +7‰, and geological origin: -12 to +21‰ - fit the expected values based on previous studies of similar types of matrices well. No significant mass-independent fractionation is observed when considering the expanded uncertainties for Δ33SV-CDT.
... The 1802-1812 14 C anomaly is coincident with the largest Northern Hemisphere volcanic eruption of the Tree Nob 14 C period of record, the "Unknown" eruption of 1808, which led to significant cooling of the Northern Hemisphere accompanied by other climatic anomalies (Moberg et al. 2005;Gao et al. 2008;Cole-Dai et al. 2009). Climate simulations of the North Pacific response to large tropical volcanic eruptions over the last 600 years show greatly enhanced upwelling-favorable winds at Tree Nob in the years following eruptions (Wang et al. 2012;Zanchettin et al. 2012). ...
Quantifying the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect, offsets (ΔR), and ΔR variability over time is critical to improving dating estimates of marine samples while also providing a proxy of water mass dynamics. In the northeastern Pacific, where no high-resolution time series of ΔR has yet been established, we sampled radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) from exactly dated growth increments in a multicentennial chronology of the long-lived bivalve, Pacific geoduck ( Paneopea generosa ) at the Tree Nob site, coastal British Columbia, Canada. Samples were taken at approximately decadal time intervals from 1725 CE to 1920 CE and indicate average ΔR values of 256 ± 22 years (1σ) consistent with existing discrete estimates. Temporal variability in ΔR is small relative to analogous Atlantic records except for an unusually old-water event, 1802–1812. The correlation between ΔR and sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructed from geoduck increment width is weakly significant (r ² = .29, p = .03), indicating warm water is generally old, when the 1802–1812 interval is excluded. This interval contains the oldest (–2.1σ) anomaly, and that is coincident with the coldest (–2.7σ) anomalies of the temperature reconstruction. An additional 32 ¹⁴ C values spanning 1952–1980 were detrended using a northeastern Pacific bomb pulse curve. Significant positive correlations were identified between the detrended ¹⁴ C data and annual El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and summer SST such that cooler conditions are associated with older water. Thus, ¹⁴ C is generally relatively stable with weak, potentially inconsistent associations to climate variables, but capable of infrequent excursions as illustrated by the unusually cold, old-water 1802–1812 interval.
... Being the coldest period over the past 500 years, the early 19th century is a crucial period for studying the climate impacts from natural external forcing such as volcanoes and solar irradiance (Cole-Dai et al., 2009;Brönnimann et al., 2019). With limited impacts from anthropogenic greenhouse gas, the on-average low temperature in the early 19th century is believed to be caused mainly by the coincidental existence of strong tropical eruptions (the unidentified 1809 and the 1815 Tambora eruptions; Self et al., 2004;Cole-Dai et al., 2009) and the lower solar irradiance (Dalton minimum from 1790-1830; Usoskin et al., 2002;Silverman and Hayakawa, 2021). ...
... Being the coldest period over the past 500 years, the early 19th century is a crucial period for studying the climate impacts from natural external forcing such as volcanoes and solar irradiance (Cole-Dai et al., 2009;Brönnimann et al., 2019). With limited impacts from anthropogenic greenhouse gas, the on-average low temperature in the early 19th century is believed to be caused mainly by the coincidental existence of strong tropical eruptions (the unidentified 1809 and the 1815 Tambora eruptions; Self et al., 2004;Cole-Dai et al., 2009) and the lower solar irradiance (Dalton minimum from 1790-1830; Usoskin et al., 2002;Silverman and Hayakawa, 2021). Studies have investigated the climate impacts from the 1809 unidentified (Timmreck et al., 2021) and the 1815 Tambora eruptions (Raible et al., 2016;Zanchettin et al., 2019), and the Dalton minimum (Anet et al., 2014). ...
The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of the two forcing (volcano and solar) agents is still unclear. In this study, we examine the responses from a set of early 19th century simulations with combined and separated volcanic and solar forcing agents, as suggested in the protocol for the past1000 experiment of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project – Phase 4 (PMIP4). From 20-member ensemble simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-LR), we find that the volcano- and solar-induced surface cooling is additive in the global mean/large scale, regardless of combining or separating the forcing agents. The two solar reconstructions (SATIRE (Spectral and Total Irradiance REconstruction-Millennia model) and PMOD (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos)) contribute to a cooling before and after 1815 of ∼0.05 and ∼0.15 K monthly average near-surface air cooling, respectively, indicating a limited solar contribution to the early 19th century cold period. The volcanic events provide the main cooling contributions, inducing a surface cooling that peaks at ∼0.82 K for the 1809 event and ∼1.35 K for Tambora. After the Tambora eruption, the temperature in most regions increases toward climatology largely within 5 years, along with the reduction of volcanic forcing. In the northern extratropical oceans, the temperature increases slowly at a constant rate until 1830, which is related to the reduction of seasonality and the concurrent changes in Arctic sea-ice extent. The albedo feedback of Arctic sea ice is found to be the main contributor to the Arctic amplification of the cooling signal. Several non-additive responses to solar and volcanic forcing happen on regional scales. In the atmosphere, the stratospheric polar vortex tends to strengthen when combining both volcano and solar forcing, even though the two forcing agents separately induce opposite-sign changes in stratospheric temperatures and zonal winds. In the ocean, when combining the two forcings, additional surface cold water propagates to the northern extratropics from the additional solar cooling in the tropics, which results in regional cooling along the propagation. Overall, this study not only quantifies the surface responses from combinations of the volcano and solar forcing, but also highlights the components that cannot be simply added from the responses of the individual forcing agents, indicating that a relatively small forcing agent (such as solar in early 19th century) can impact the response from the large forcing (such as the 1815 Tambora eruption) when considering regional climates.
... The cooling effects from anthropogenic aerosol forcing are likely to have masked some warming since the post-1950s when sulfate aerosols emissions increased. The combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings also contribute to surface temperature changes, largely within a shorter period (Shiogama et al., 2006;Cole-Dai., 2016;Hegerl et al., 2018). The internal variability of climate systems causes multi-decadal and/or interannual variations in temperature (Brönnimann, 2009;Tung and Zhou, 2013;Staten et al., 2018). ...
Human influence on regional warming since 1901 has received little attention because of limited data during the early period. This study investigates the relative contribution of different external forcings to observed annual, summer and winter warming in China over the period 1901-2018. First, four observational datasets were compared to validate data representativeness, particularly during the early 20 th century. Observed temperature changes were then compared with outputs from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) based on an optimal fingerprinting method. Generally, both generations of climate models were able to reliably reproduce long-term warming in China over the period 1901-2018; however, they slightly underestimate the amplitude of annual and winter temperature increases. The observed annual warming of 1.54 °C from 1901 to 2018 was more rapid than the global mean and was mostly attributable to the anthropogenic forcing signal. The three-signal detection analyses, including greenhouse gas (GHG), anthropogenic aerosol (AA), and natural external (NAT) forcings, indicated the detectable and distinct influence of GHG and AA signals on annual, summer and winter temperatures during 1901-2018. For annual mean temperature, the GHG and AA contributed to 2.06 °C [1.58 °C to 2.54 °C] and −0.45 °C [−0.17 °C to −0.73 °C] of observed change, respectively. The GHG signal was detectable from individual CMIP6 models and thus was indicative of the robustness of this influence. While during 1951–2018, GHG and AA were simultaneously detected in the summer temperatures based on the CMIP6 models; here, the AA cooling effects offset approximately 25% of GHG-induced warming.
