Fig 2 - uploaded by Paul J. Turek
Content may be subject to copyright.
Timeline of Germline Specification and Germ Cell Marker Expression. A temporal representation of the stages of human and mouse germline differentiation in vivo . At each cellular stage, important molecular and somatic signals controlling that stage are indicated above the diagram. Specific germ cell molecular markers are indicated on left with arrows depicting the duration of development during which they expression has been observed. Genes that are italicized are present in both mouse and human germ cells. At the bottom, an approximate timing of each stage during mouse or human germline development is indicated. Adapted from Schuh-Huerta & Reijo Pera, 2011. The seminiferous tubule serves as the sperm production center, where approximately 123 x 10 6 spermatozoa are produced from germ cells daily, or about 1000 sperm/second (Amann
Context in source publication
Context 1
... alternative approach to deriving female germ cells was employed by Nicholas et al. by using a germ cell-specific reporter, ΔPE:Oct4: GFP. This reporting system was previously employed by Hubner et al. to separate GFP-expressing ESCs, PGCs and primary spermatogonia in the mouse (Nicholas et al., 2009). After verifying the expression of GFP on these subsets of cells, the authors spontaneously differentiated mESCs carrying this reporter to EBs, then FACS-sorted GFP positive cells, and observed a higher expression of germ cell and oocyte markers in the selected cells. ...
Similar publications
Objective:
To validate multilineage score system correlating results of flow cytometry, cytogenetics, cytomorphology and histology from samples of patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndrome or cytopenia of unknown origin.
Methods:
A retrospective study analyzing laboratory data of 49 patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndrome or cyto...
Recent advances in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have been invaluable in the study of the diversity of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. While scRNA-seq platforms allow processing of a high number of cells, uneven read quality and technical artifacts hinder the ability to identify and classify biologically relevant...
Despite the critical role of classical dendritic cells (cDCs) in the initiation of
adaptive immune responses, the genetic and phenotypic definition of cDCs remains
moot. Two new studies designate Zbtb46 as a novel transcription factor that is
specifically expressed in all cDCs in both humans and mice. Although Zbtb46 appears
dispensable for cDC dev...
Cancer cell genomes change continuously due to mutations, and mutational processes change over time in patients, leaving dynamic signatures in the accumulated genomic variation in tumors. Many computational methods detect the relative activities of known mutation signatures. However, these methods may produce erroneous signatures when applied to in...
Activation and recruitment of resident macrophages in tissues in response to physiological stress are crucial regulatory processes in promoting the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence that microRNAs play important roles in modulating monocyte formation,...
Citations
... Three stages can be listed during PGC development: specification, migration, and colonization [151]. They are timed, as follows: embryonic day E6.0-E8.0, ...
... E8.0-E10.0, and E10.0-E13.0 in mice, while in humans: 2.0-3.0 weeks, 5.5-8.0 weeks, and 8.5-9.0 weeks of embryonal development [146,151]. PGCs undergo massive DNA demethylation, mainly in a replication-coupled manner. This change is associated with rapid cell cycle progress, the lack of a specific gene expression (i.e., developmental pluripotency-associated protein 3 gene -STELLA, ubiquitin like with PHD and ring finger domains 1 gene-UHRF1), and repression of DNMT3a, and DNMT3b activity [102]. ...
Spermatogenesis is the process of generation of male reproductive cells from spermatogonial stem cells in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis. During spermatogenesis, key spermatogenic events such as stem cell self-renewal and commitment to meiosis, meiotic recombination, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, followed by cellular and chromatin remodeling of elongating spermatids occur, leading to sperm cell production. All the mentioned events are at least partially controlled by the epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones. Additionally, during embryonal development in primordial germ cells, global epigenetic reprogramming of DNA occurs. In this review, we summarized the most important epigenetic modifications in the particular stages of germ cell development, in DNA and histone proteins, starting from primordial germ cells, during embryonal development, and ending with histone-to-protamine transition during spermiogenesis.
... Many signals from the AB delineated the cell membrane (Figure 3b, panel II, red). Both in PDLSC and DPSC, we did not found cells with OCT4 + /SSEA-4+ immunophenotype, which is a feature of adult Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem cells (VSEL) [47] or embryonic stem cells [45,48]. ...
Dental stem cells are heterogeneous in their properties. Despite their common origin from neural crest stem cells, they have different functional capacities and biological functions due to niche influence. In this study, we assessed the differences between dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) in their pluripotency and neuroepithelial markers transcription, morphological and functional features, osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation and proteomic profile during osteogenic differentiation. The data were collected in paired observations: two cell cultures, DPSC and PDLSC, were obtained from each donor. Both populations had the mesenchymal stem cells surface marker set exposed on their membranes but differed in Nestin (a marker of neuroectodermal origin) expression, morphology, and proliferation rate. OCT4 mRNA was revealed in DPSC and PDLSC, while OCT4 protein was present in the nuclei of DPSC only. However, transcription of OCT4 mRNA was 1000–10,000-fold lower in dental stem cells than in blastocysts. DPSC proliferated at a slower rate and have a shape closer to polygonal but they responded better to osteogenic stimuli as compared to PDLSC. RUNX2 mRNA was detected by qPCR in both types of dental stem cells but RUNX2 protein was detected by LC-MS/MS shotgun proteomics only in PDLSC suggesting the posttranscriptional regulation. DSPP and DMP1, a marker gene of odontoblastic type of osteogenic differentiation, were transcribed in DPSC but not in PDLSC samples. Our results prove that DPSC and PDLSC are different in their biology and therapeutic potential: DPSC are a good candidate for osteogenic or odontogenic bone-replacement cell-seeded medicines, while fast proliferating PDLSC are a prospective candidate for other cell products.
... Therefore, to control differentiation process in ESCs, growth factors are introduced, or undifferentiated cells are separated from culture as only the desirable differentiated cell types are administered to patients [8]. Stem cells from amniotic fluid, cord blood, neonatal tissues and adult tissues are termed adult stem cells and could be unipotent, multipotent and oligo potent [9]. ...
Stem cells are unspecialized biological cells associated with self-renewal and proliferation abilities. Stem cell therapy involves the use of stem cells to deliver safe, effective, viable and consistent therapeutic interventions for debilitating health conditions. Many global researchers are striving to overcome the challenges associated with this therapy and Nigerians are not exempted from this struggle. As the country's health sector have suffered rigorous torments because of poor medical care and mismanagement of health facilities. However, it is expected that Nigeria should at least harbour one of the largest stem cell centres in Africa, to help cater for its citizens as well as non-citizens. Notwithstanding the ethical, financial, social, political, and religious challenges facing stem cell therapy in Nigeria, there is still hope for the nation's health sector to strive past these hurdles in the coming years but only if priority is placed on the well-being of citizens rather than in the search for profit. Future stem cell research in Nigeria should include the treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases and will be of great importance if the government could harness stem cell therapy as a tool to boost its economy. Hence, this review paper focuses mainly on the present status of stem cell therapy in Nigeria and the way forward. Review Article Ogwunga et al.; JOCAMR, 14(3): 7-17, 2021; Article no.JOCAMR.68516 8
... As a dominant repressor of RAR signaling Figure 6. A schematic diagram to illustrate the germline development in the male and female life cycle and the expression of the mouse Prame members at different development stages of germline (modified from [112,113]) (see detailed description in the text). ...
The precise mechanisms of the reproductive physiological processes, such as labor initiation, are poorly understood. Oxytocin (OT) is one of the well-known uterotonics and is clinically adopted as a medication to facilitate childbirth. Vasopressin (VP), a posterior pituitary hormone similar to OT, has also been proposed to be involved in the reproductive physiology.
In this study, we found that a total deficiency of V1a receptor subtype (V1aR) in mice resulted in a reduced number of pups, delayed labor initiation, and increased post-delivery hemorrhage compared with those in wild-type mice. Among the VP receptor subtypes, only V1aR was found to be expressed in the murine uterus and its distribution pattern was different from that of the oxytocin receptor (OTR); V1aR expression was mainly distributed in the circular myometrium, whereas OTR was strongly expressed in both the circular and longitudinal myometrium. The maximum contractile force of the circular myometrium, induced by VP or OT, was attenuated in the pregnant uterus of Avpr1a-deficient mice. Contrarily, while OT expression was decreased in the Avpr1a-deficient uterus, OTR expression was significantly increased. These results suggest that V1aR deficiency not only reduces the uterine contractile force but also perturbs the expression of genes responsible for the reproductive physiology. Therefore, V1aR is necessary to exert the maximum contraction of the circular myometrium to deliver pups. This study revealed an important role of V1aR in physiological contraction and term parturition in mice.
... Germ cells are a kind of special cell in sexually reproducing organisms which play a pivotal role in transmitting genetic information from ancestors to future generations. Recently, inducing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into germ cells, such as primordial germ cells (PGCs) and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), by adding cytokines and chemical induction reagents to culture medium or through transgenic technologies, has an become important way to explore the formation and differentiation mechanisms of germ cells [1][2][3]. These studies provided new strategies for the development of regenerative medicine and the treatment of reproductive diseases like infertility. ...
Germ cells have an irreplaceable role in transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next, and also play an important role in sex differentiation in poultry, while little is known about epigenetic factors that regulate germ cell differentiation. In this study, RNA-seq was used to detect the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during the differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The results showed that a total of 296, 280 and 357 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were screened in ESCs vs. PGCs, ESCs vs. SSCs and PGCs vs. SSCs, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DELs in the three cell groups were mainly enriched in autophagy, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Notch and ErbB and signaling pathways. The co-expression network of 37 candidate DELs and their target genes enriched in the biological function of germ cell development showed that XLOC_612026, XLOC_612029, XLOC_240662, XLOC_362463, XLOC_023952, XLOC_674549, XLOC_160716, ALDBGALG0000001810, ALDBGALG0000002986, XLOC_657380674549, XLOC_022100 and XLOC_657380 were the key lncRNAs in the process of male germ cell formation and, moreover, the function of these DELs may be related to the interaction of their target genes. Our findings preliminarily excavated the key lncRNAs and signaling pathways in the process of male chicken germ cell formation, which could be helpful to construct the gene regulatory network of germ cell development, and also provide new ideas for further optimizing the induction efficiency of germ cells in vitro.
... Cells with totipotency can be transformed into all cell types, while those with pluripotency can be transformed into most cell types. Cells with multipotency can also be transformed into many cell types, while those with oligopotency can be transformed into a few cell types and those with unipotency into one cell type [1,2]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are derived from several organs including the lungs, heart, adipose tissue, bone marrow, and liver [3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
A model was set up to predict the differentiation patterns based on the data extracted from FTIR spectroscopy. For this reason, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were differentiated to primordial germ cells (PGCs). Changes in cellular macromolecules in the time of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of differentiation, as different steps of the differentiation procedure were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy. Also, the expression of pluripotency (Oct-4, Nanog and c-Myc) and specific genes (Mvh, Stella and Fragilis) were investigated by real-time PCR. However, the expression of genes in five steps of differentiation was predicted by FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR spectra showed changes in the template of band intensities at different differentiation steps. There are increasing changes in the stepwise differentiation procedure for the ratio area of CH2, which is symmetric to CH2 asymmetric stretching. An ensemble of expert methods, including regression tree (RT), boosting algorithm (BA), and generalized regression neural network (GRNN), was the best method to predict the gene expression by FTIR spectroscopy. In conclusion, the model was able to distinguish the pattern of different steps from cell differentiation by using some useful features extracted from FTIR spectra.
... Quantification of mRNA transcripts was performed by real-time PCR using a Rotorgene 6000 Real Time CyclerTM (Corbett Re-search, Sydney, Australia) and SYBR Green (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) as a double-stranded DNA-specific fluorescent dye. PCR was performed by adding 2 ml of each sample to the PCR mix (Quantimix Easy Sig Kit, Biotools) containing the specific primers to amplify Gapdh as a housekeeping gene; Nanog, Pou5f1 (Oct3/4), and Slc2a1 as pluripotency markers (Ramirez et al., 2007); Bmp4, Alk2, Ifitm3, Dppa3, and Ddx4 as germ-line differentiation markers (Cyril Ramathal, 2011); and Meg3, Rhox5, IAP, and U2af1-rs1 as imprinted gene markers. Primer sequences and the approximate sizes of the amplified transcripts are given in Supplementary Table S1. ...
The derivation of embryonic stem-cell (ESC) lines from blastocysts is a very inefficient process. Murine ESCs are thought to arise from epiblast cells that are already predisposed to a primordial-germ-cell fate. During the process of ESC derivation from B6D2 F1 hybrid mice, if we first culture the embryo from the 2-cell stage in medium supplemented with LIF, we improve the quality of the blastocyst. When the blastocyst is then cultured in a germ-line stem-cell culture medium (GSCm), we are able to more efficiently (28.3%) obtain quality ESC lines that have a normal karyotype, proper degree of chimerism, and exhibit germ-line transmission when microinjected in blastocysts. Although germ-cell-specific genes were expressed in all culture medium conditions, GSCm did not shift the transcriptome towards germ-cell specification. A correlation was further observed between ESC derivation efficiency and the expression of some imprinted genes and retrotransposable elements. In conclusion, the combination of LIF supplementation followed by culture in GSCm establishes a higher efficiency method for ESC derivation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embryo development in mammals begins at fertilization with migration and fusion of the gametic pronuclei and extensive genome-wide epigenetic remodeling. The hallmark of preimplantation development is the transition from gametic to embryonic differentiation programs. Information that functionally specifies germ cells must be degraded while those required by the nascent embryo are expressed for the first time. Unique gene expression and epigenetic patterning also provides the foundation for differentiation of somatic and germ cell lineages. This chapter reviews fundamentals of epigenetic reprogramming, genetic (chromosomal) instability, timing, and mechanisms of embryonic gene activation, compaction, and cavitation. We discuss lineage specification beginning with trophectoderm, then focus on allocation of the germ line, and move toward development of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells. Finally, we conclude by discussing how current knowledge of embryogenesis and pluripotent stem cell biology may be applied to assisted reproduction and regenerative medicine now and in the future.
