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In judo, the two contestants get close to each other, perform their grasps, move on the mat and attack. The approaches and kumi-kata (grip technique) give way to specific behaviors between the two contestants. The briefness and the capacity of simultaneous actions, the multiple interactions and the result at stake result in a complex system that is...
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... was no significant difference between the combat phase for the three groups (F 2,166 =2.4; p=0.094). Thus, it was possible to compare (cf. Figure 4) the behaviors during the approach and grapping of the judokas during these combat phases. Figure 4 shows significant differences in all behaviors from beginners up to experts. The combat time with a two-hand grip is different at all levels (see Figure 6 for precise ...
Context 2
... was no significant difference between the combat phase for the three groups (F 2,166 =2.4; p=0.094). Thus, it was possible to compare (cf. Figure 4) the behaviors during the approach and grapping of the judokas during these combat phases. Figure 4 shows significant differences in all behaviors from beginners up to experts. The combat time with a two-hand grip is different at all levels (see Figure 6 for precise ...
Context 3
... three groups are different especially concerning the time spent with two grasped hands. Expert spent more time than the other two groups in standby and time to grasp with contact, and they realized less attacks. Beginner grasped directly the opponent (the items "Tries to grasp without contact" and "One grasped hand, the other in contact" are significant different with the two other groups) and the time to throw the opponent is longer. Frequency of the attacks: Experts attack less than the intermediate or beginner judokas, but in two thirds of the phases there occurs an attack (cf. Table 2). To explicit Figure 4, we calculated the average activity inherent to each category (cf. Figure 5), and present one phase for each level (Table 3 with Panel A, B, and ...
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... Research endorses their insights, highlighting gripping patterns as particularly crucial (Calmet et al., 2010). ...
The Multi-Action Plan (MAP) model presents an idiosyncratic framework for human performance. MAP research has categorised four Performance Types (PTs; T1-T4) using self-paced activities. Specifically, T1-4 present four distinct mental states experienced by athletes during performance, differing, among other aspects, in the level of effort and perceived control. However, transitions between PTs are yet to be empirically investigated. This study aimed to examine MAP in the hyperdynamic open-skill combat context of judo. We explored how judoka experienced PTs and the transition processes between these mental states. Six British, high-level judoka (n = 6; Mdn age = 19) were interviewed using a retrospective semi-structured interview schedule. Interpretative phenomenological analysis indicated that judo presents a hyperdynamic difficult-to-predict performance context due to the opponent and fighting rhythm. Second, participants strongly related to T2 and T3 and less to T1 and T4. They also reported experiences 'between' T2 and T3. Lastly, participants reported common transition pathways (e.g., T2-T3), typical transition cues, and specific trainable strategies to optimise performance. Findings are discussed in relation to existing literature. Lastly, we present limitations, applied, and research considerations.
... In ad-Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2024, 31(1), [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] dition, matches involving black belts have the most extended time limits in BJJ competitions. The duration can range from 5 to 10 minutes [9], allowing the highest-ranked practitioners to demonstrate their mastery of the art and engage in more intricate and strategic battles. ...
... Gripping time denoted the stage when athletes established contact in a BJJ match [5,25]. Maintaining a grip (handgrip) on the opponent's kimono was a significant motor action during this phase [26,27]. ...
... Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2024, 31(1), [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Black, brown, and purple belts had longer defensive actions than white and blue belts. This result is different from that found in combats with similar actions -hypothetically, most of the attacks have the possibility of defence with throwing actions, as well as attempts to block the movement that is not outstanding and that is carried out to avoid counterattacks, attack sequences, and other actions that could occur during combat. ...
Introduction. In Brazilian Jiu-jitsu (BJJ), match durations are determined by belt rank according to the rules. However, a detailed understanding of the dynamics in female matches across belt levels is lacking. Gaining this insight could refine training, better meeting the needs of female athletes at each progression stage. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comparative time-motion analysis of combat phases among elite female practitioners across different belt ranks.
Material and Methods. The sample was composed of White (n = 60), Blue (n = 150), Purple (n = 108), Brown (n = 56), and Black (n = 48) belts. All combats were analyzed using a BJJ time-motion protocol according to the sequential actions of the combats (i.e., approach, gripping, attack, defense, transition, guard, mount, side control, low-intensity movements, and total time), p ≤ 0.05.
Results. The main results indicated longer time in the black belt division vs. white and blue belts in low-intensity movements [170(63;311.6) s vs. 75.1(39.7; 201.9)s, and 93.1 (34.2; 168.7)s], defensive actions [31(10.2;76.6)s vs. 12.2(50.5; 22.4)s, and 22.4(11; 49.4)s], and approach actions [9.1(5.5;23.3)s vs. 5.2(2.5; 9.9)s, and 4.8(1; 12)s], respectively.
Conclusions. No effects were observed in combat-determining domain actions such as gripping, transition actions, side control, and mount, even with differences in the rules, suggesting a progressive reduction in intensity accompanying the increase in total combat time as the rank in BJJ increases.
... Gripping is a key factor in determining expertise in grappling combats, as indicated by various studies Calmet et al., 2010;Courel et al., 2014;Dopico-Calvo et al., 2022;Obminski et al., 2015;Sterkowicz-Przybycien et al., 2017). Research comparing beginners and experts in judo suggests that while beginners tend to spend more time gripping without significant technical and tactical skill, high-level athletes engage in gripping with breaks (Calmet et al., 2010). ...
... Gripping is a key factor in determining expertise in grappling combats, as indicated by various studies Calmet et al., 2010;Courel et al., 2014;Dopico-Calvo et al., 2022;Obminski et al., 2015;Sterkowicz-Przybycien et al., 2017). Research comparing beginners and experts in judo suggests that while beginners tend to spend more time gripping without significant technical and tactical skill, high-level athletes engage in gripping with breaks (Calmet et al., 2010). These moments are used for recovery, accommodating the higher frequency of actions seen in advanced competition (Courel et al., 2014;Kajmovic et al., 2022;Barreto et al., 2021). ...
... Our findings are in line with recent studies on the Approach and Gripping Phases in senior-level combats, which show that the Approach phase lasts an average of 5 to 8 seconds, and the Gripping phase 6 to 13 seconds (Calmet et al., 2010;Miarka et al., 2012). These durations underline the importance of experience in judo, as seasoned athletes spend extended periods in displacement without gripping (Calmet et al., 2010;Miarka et al., 2012). ...
In the quest to understand the dynamics of female Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) combats, this research delves into the world of winning and losing. By comparing time-motion analysis based on different outcomes, our objective was to unveil the movement patterns of victory. Our sample included 209 winning (W) versus 209 losing (L) female international BJJ combats, presenting a comprehensive picture of the combat landscape. Through time-motion analysis, we explored various BJJ combat phases, such as approach, gripping, transition, side control, mounting, attack, defense, low-intensity movement, and total time. The statistical results highlight significant differences between winners and losers in key aspects of the combats. Notably, side control (W= 47.7 [27.8; 96.5]s vs. L= 27.3 [20.3; 41.9]s), mount (W= 40.0 [16.6; 85.9]s vs. L= 15.9 [6.1; 25.6]s), attack (W= 50.1 [28.6; 86.7]s vs. L= 16.6 [7.7; 35.7]s), defense (W= 14.6 [6.6; 38.2]s vs. L= 38.8 [17.7; 77.0]s), and low-intensity movement (W= 55.9 [23.4; 132.2]s vs. L= 111.5 [58.7; 225.6]s) revealed differences between the winners and losers. The implications extend to sports psychology and judo training, providing knowledge for enhancing performance, optimizing training programs, and making strategic decisions during combat. Keywords: sports psychology, technical-tactical analysis, task performance and analysis, judo, martial arts.
... The next phase (i.e. the grip dispute) represents more than 50% of the combat valid time (Marcon et al., 2010) and imposes elevated attentional and physiological demands, as the grip is a key element to subsequent phases in the match (Calmet et al., 2010;Kashiwagura & Franchini, 2022). The initial grip control may require high levels of force, but its maintenance is limited essentially by forearm strength-endurance (Franchini et al., 2013). ...
... Specifically in combat sports (such as Boxing, Karate, Kickboxing, and Muay Thai), the MRT has been considered one of the preponderant aspects for advantages during combat, since the manual response is frequently used to both defend and attack (Calmet et al., 2010;Marcon et al., 2010). Luis Del Campo et al. (2020) examined the effects of SRC on the response time and accuracy of 20 novice athletes in combat sports (Karate). ...
Manual Reaction Time measures have been widely used to study interactions between perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions. The Stimulus–Response Compatibility is a phenomenon characterized through faster Manual Reaction Times when stimuli and response locations coincide (correspondent condition) than when they are on different sides (noncorrespondent condition). The present study adapted a protocol to study if the Stimulus–Response Compatibility effect can be detected during a virtual combat simulation. Twenty-seven participants were instructed to defend themselves by clicking a key in order to block the presented punch. Videos of two fighters were used, granting two types of basic strokes: the back fist , a punch performed with the dorsal part of the fighter’s hand, starting at the opposite side to which it is directed; and the hook punch, performed with a clenched fist starting and finishing ipsilaterally. The Manual Reaction Times were different between the correspondent and noncorrespondent conditions, F (1, 26) = 9.925; p < .004; η ² = .276, with an Stimulus–Response Compatibility effect of 72 ms. Errors were also different, F (1, 26) = 23.199; p < .001; η ² = .472, between the correspondent (13%) and the noncorrespondent conditions (23%). The study concluded that spatial codes presented at the beginning of the punch movement perception substantially influenced the response execution.
... One of the most discussed and researched neuromuscular traits associated with judo performance is around gripping ability (4,12,13,18,26,29,49). Many judo techniques involve gripping the judogi (i.e., kumi-kat, the required uniform for competitive judo) and require a high level of strength in the upper limbs (60). ...
... Once a grip is established, athletes perform strengthendurance actions (22), mostly in their forearms (28), as they try to dominate their opponent, disrupt their balance, and execute a throwing technique. This aspect of a judo competition represents between 49 and 58% of standing combat time and 28% of total combat time, including rest periods (12,56). This may help explain why elite athletes have been found to have approximately 25% greater dynamic strength endurance compared with subelite athletes (28). ...
... Interestingly, although strength endurance of the hand and forearm surely plays a role in judo performance, elite judo athletes have been found to spend less time than beginners grabbing their opponent's judogi with both hands (24 versus 86%, respectively) (12). Moreover, elite judo athletes grab their opponent's judogi more often, with greater grip configurations, but for shorter durations than their less skilled counterparts (61), with discrepancies between skill levels more evident in female judo athletes (44,62). ...
The Olympic combat sport of judo is characterized by high-intensity intermittent efforts to throw an opponent to the ground, pinning, or submitting them. High-level judo coaches have established neuromuscular performance as one of the key performance indicators in judo. This is likely because the judo athlete performs several neuromuscular challenges, including establishing grip dominance while engaging an opponent when standing, performing highly technical throws, and exerting dynamic and isometric contractions to control an opponent on the ground. As such, a stronger judo practitioner has an advantage over opponents with comparable technical ability. With that in mind, this review aims to examine the role different types of strength play in judo performance and provide training recommendations based on neuromuscular attributes for training elite judo athletes.
... Contact with the judogi (specific judo clothing) is essential to maintain control of the fight, attack, protect against striking, and promote the imbalance in the opponent. Besides that, the score will only be awarded when there is contact with the judogi [4,5]. Hence, handgrip strength has been identified as a relevant factor in judo performance, more precisely manifested in the conditions of resistance of isometric strength and maximum isometric strength [6]. ...
... The MIHSrel is essential for performance in judo, as the sport is divided into weight categories. In addition, the grip is recognized as an element of paramount technical and tactical importance, being responsible for controlling the opponent and essential in attack and defense movements providing control and conditions to get a takedown [4][5][6], which explains the better handgrip strength of judokas compared to the general population [16]. ...
Maximum isometric handgrip strength (MIHS) is a relevant parameter for judo performance and is related to health. Understanding the association between MIHS and MIHS relative (MIHSrel) and the absolute lean mass of the arm (LMarm) and the percentage of body fat (%BF) can provide important information for performance and health. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between MIHS and MIHSrel with the LMarm and the %BF of young judokas (sub-19, 15 males and 14 females). MIHS was measured using a multipurpose digital dynamometer with a load cell for computer. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The correlation between MIHS, MIHSrel with LMarm and %BF was verified through Pearson’s correlation, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Correlation between MIHSrel and %BF was very high only in female judokas for both arms (right, r = −0.76; left, r = −0.75). Correlations between LMarm and MIHS of the right and left arms ranged from very high to almost perfect for both sexes (r = 0.74 to 0.94). These results highlight the importance of strengthening the arms in young judokas, and controlling body fat for performance and health, especially in female judokas.
... Although evidence from studies is scarce on this matter (this might be the first study with simulated MMA fights), such anecdotal reports exist in the MMA community and warrant further research. As to differences between weight classes, the present study did not detect significant differences in technical performance between these groups, which agrees with what was found with elite judo athletes in studies by Calmet et al. (2010) and Franchini et al. (2005). ...
... Moreover, athletes with lower weight likely possess a relatively higher aerobic capacity (VO2max), enabling them to use a more prominent fraction of their heart rate reserve during the fight. Indeed, Calmet et al. (2010) and Franchini et al. (2005) have shown that lightweight judo elite athletes performed better in VO2max tests when compared with heavyweight athletes. ...
This study aimed to analyze the influence of the competitive level and weight class on technical performance and physiological and psychophysiological responses during simulated MMA fights. Twenty MMA male athletes were divided into four groups: heavyweight elite (HWE;n=6), lightweight elite (LWE;n=3), heavyweight professional (HWP;n=4), and lightweight professional (LWP;n=7). All athletes performed four simulated fights of three 5-min rounds with a 1-min rest interval. Each fight was recorded using a video camera to analyze offensive and defensive actions. Moreover, the following measures were made: heart rate (before and after each round), blood lactate concentration (before and after the fight), readiness state (before each round), and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (after each round). The main findings were: i)LWE athletes applied more offensive touches than LWP athletes; ii) HWP athletes presented higher heart rate values than LWP athletes after the first round; however, LWP athletes presented greater heart rate changes than HWP athletes from the first to the second round; iii) no differences existed between groups in blood lactate concentration and readiness state; and iv) HWP and LWP athletes presented higher RPE values than LWE athletes in the first and third rounds; however, LWE athletes presented greater RPE changes than HWE, HWP, and LWP athletes from the first to the second and third rounds. This study shows that LWE athletes apply more offensive touches than LWP athletes during simulated MMA fights. Moreover, lightweight athletes tend to increase their physiological demands as the combat evolves, which is also reflected in their RPE.
... This study compares the scoring rate and Shido in judo competitions of the Rio 2016 Olympics with the London 2012 Olympics (before and after the rules changed) and considers the weight categories and the stages of the competitions (5). Regarding the rules of judo, the men's and women's competition time have been set to four minutes, competition in the golden game time has no rule of third fouls losing the game, the gatame time, attack below the waist, and the penalty for the players' whose clothes are not organized by themselves; all stages of the battles are carried out, which involve open and complex skills in judo competitions since the 2016 Rio Olympics (6); the technical and tactical behaviors to have effective attacks and defensive actions (7). ...
... Expert-level judokas (judo competitors) spend more time in grip contests (trying to grip the opponent without being gripped) and less time engaged in grips. Additionally, experts spend less time between the grip and technique execution [Calmet et al. 2010]. In developing grip strength evaluation tables, a five-grade scale for maximal isometric handgrip strength was designed that can be used as a reference to guide judo athletes' training and can be relevant for goal setting concerning maximal strength performance, either peaking for a specific competition or rehabilitation process [Franchini et al. 2018]. ...
Background. Judo competitors from various countries around the world have won medals at international competitions. We hypothesize that judo gripping techniques have evolved differently in each country as the practice of judo expands globally.
Problem and Aim: Few studies on gripping techniques preceding scored throws according to weight categories have been conducted. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether there is a difference between the extra lightweight and half heavyweight
categories in gripping techniques preceding scored throws.
Methods. 58 male and 50 female contests from the Judo Grand Slam Paris 2018 were analyzed using the DVDs recorded by the All
Japan Judo Federation Science and Research Department. Throws resulting in scores were identified and the preceding gripping
techniques were analyzed. Weight categories are the independent variables, while gripping techniques are dependent variables.
Chi-squared tests were performed to determine variations in the frequency of scored throws between the extra lightweight and
half heavyweight categories.
Results. In gripping targets preceding scored throws, the scoring rate of collar sleeve combination grips (CS-grip): collar grip,
sleeve grip, collar and sleeve grip, collar and collar grip, sleeve and sleeve grip were significantly higher in the female extra lightweight category than the female half heavyweight category. In other words, the scoring rate of other grip (O-grip): the other grip,
the other and collar grip, the other and sleeve grip, and the other and the other grip in the half heavyweight category was significantly higher than extra lightweight category.
Conclusions. A significant difference of gripping target preceding scored throw between the weight categories in female contest was
found. This suggests that the types of effective throwing techniques, or applications in executing throwing techniques, are different
between the extra lightweight and half heavyweight categories. In male contests, no significant differences were found between the
two weight categories among any of the variables analyzed.
