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Throughput and latency in 1G to 5G
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New generations of mobile telephony succeed every decade, each bringing an evolution or even a revolution. Nowadays, the Internet of Things and the tactile Internet are starting to grow, and 5G technology is there to enable these services. 5G technology has introduced three types of services, namely eMBB (for services requiring very high bit rates)...
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... Aspects of the joint use of URLLC and eMBB technologies are being studied by many teams of scientists. This is confirmed by current review articles [7][8][9][10][11] and the impressive list of specialized studies that are mentioned in them. The authors of articles [12,13] propose to allocate resources for URLLC traffic, prioritizing the reliability of connections. ...
... Let's formulate the concept of approximate calculation of the metric (3)- (7), for the implementation of which it will not be necessary to generate an entire estimated QoS model states phase space. An initial postulate for the concept explained below is that tabulated values are used in expressions (8), and (9). With a large difference between the values of the parameters of different types of traffic, this circumstance will allow us to achieve the desired simplification of the calculation of stationary probabilities of the states of the evaluated model with high accuracy. ...
A typical element of the smart city’s information and communication space is a 5G cluster, which is focused on serving both new and handover requests because it is an open system. In an ordinary 5G smart city cluster, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) and enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) traffic types prevail. The formation of an effective QoS policy for such an object (taking into account the potentially active slicing technology) is an urgent problem. As a baseline, this research considers a Quality of Service (QoS) policy with constraints for context-defined URLLC and eMBB classes of incoming requests. Evaluating the QoS policy instance defined within the framework of the basic concept requires the formalization of both a complete qualitative metric and a computationally efficient mathematical apparatus for its calculation. The article presents accurate and approximate methods of calculating such quality parameters as the probability of loss of typed requests and the utilization ratio of the communication resource, which depend on the implementation of the estimated QoS policy. At the same time, the original parametric space includes both fixed characteristics (amount of available communication resources, load according to request classes) and controlled characteristics due to the specifics of the implementation of the basic QoS concept. The paper empirically proves the adequacy of the presented mathematical apparatus for evaluating the QoS policy defined within the scope of the research. Also, in the proposed qualitative metric, a comparison of the author’s concept with a parametrically close analogue (the well-known QoS policy scheme, which takes into account the phenomenon of reservation of communication resources), determined taking into account the reservation of communication resources, was made. The results of the comparison testify in favour of the superiority of the author’s approach in the proposed metrics.
... Moreover, the forthcoming fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems are poised to bolster this emerging Internet at the wireless frontier. Consequently, the Tactile Internet can serve as a foundational element to alleviate delays, especially in synergy with 5G networks, and particularly for applications demanding ultra-reliable low-latency performance like smart healthcare, virtual and augmented reality, and smart education and e-learning [20]. To address these intricacies, it is essential to effectively identify both the challenges and the opportunities presented by the integration of the Tactile Internet and the emerging 5G systems in modern education. ...
With the shift towards the human centric, sustainable, and resilient Industry 5.0, the need for training operators in complex industrial systems has become increasingly crucial. This paper explores the significance of collaborative extended reality (XR)-based engineering education in the preparation of the next generation of operators, denoted as Operator 5.0. By leveraging immersive technologies, operators can gain hands-on training experience in virtual or augmented environments. By incorporating these elements, operators can undergo comprehensive and personalized training, resulting in improved performance, reduced downtime, enhanced safety, and increased operational efficiency. Additionally, the framework is tested within a laboratory environment in three different case studies, focusing on maintenance and repair operations in the context of modern manufacturing in order to test its functionalities. Therefore, in this research, the current developments have been debugged and examined in order to test all of the functionalities of the digital platform so that the revised and improved version of the digital platform can be tested with a wider industrial and educational audience.
... This requires the implementation of suitable technologies and communication protocols in the different layers of an endto-end architecture, such as the access network, core network, and customer premises equipment. Solutions introduced in these layers must meet the requirements of low latency, very short transmission delay, very high availability, ultra-reliability, security, and quality of service [21]. The past several years have seen a remarkable evolution in communication networks, with profound ramifications for our lives, politics, global affairs, and economy. ...
Citation: Awais, M.; Ullah Khan, F.; Zafar, M.; Mudassar, M.; Zaigham Zaheer, M.; Mehmood Cheema, K.; Kamran, M.; Jung, W.-S. Towards Enabling Haptic Communications over 6G: Issues and Challenges. Electronics 2023, 12, 2955. https:// Abstract: This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and potential solutions related to enabling haptic communication over the Tactile Internet in the context of 6G networks. The increasing demand for multimedia services and device proliferation has resulted in limited radio resources, posing challenges in their efficient allocation for Device-to-Device (D2D)-assisted haptic communications. Achieving ultra-low latency, security, and energy efficiency are crucial requirements for enabling haptic communication over TI. The paper explores various method-ologies, technologies, and frameworks that can facilitate haptic communication, including backscatter communications (BsC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and software-defined networks. Additionally, it discusses the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), network slicing, and wireless communication beyond 100 GHz and THz levels in improving haptic communication performance. The research emphasizes the importance of addressing security risks, optimizing resource allocation, and minimizing network congestion to unlock the potential of future networks and services. Aerial, ground, and underwater communication technologies are highlighted as key components of 6G networks, each with their advantages and challenges. The need for specialized equipment in remote areas to meet the bandwidth and latency requirements of haptic communication is underscored. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of haptic communication in the context of 6G networks and provide insights into potential solutions for overcoming the associated challenges.
... Ultimately, however, it is already foreseeable that both technologies will converge, complement each other, and one day may no longer be separable. For example, many M2M providers have already started to integrate cloud functions into their offerings [4]- [5]. ...
... The network slice can be considered as a real catalyst for services. It can be created, modi ied and deleted using network management functions [20]. In particular, network slicing as a form of resource sharing in the RAN is a mechanism that allows the sharing of a single network infrastructure between several operators, where each operator provides its functionality and services. ...
One of the major problems the telecommunication industry faces in providing connectivity to the unconnected, particularly in rural and remote areas, is the lack of infrastructure in these areas. Indeed, deploying a network in an isolated area can be more expensive for an operator than in an urban area, while the return on investment is not possible. This is the primary cause of the coverage divide. To remedy this, in this work, we propose a techno-economic analysis of infrastructure sharing. First, we develop a mathematical model of the overall cost of extending a mobile network in rural areas. Different scenarios involving infrastructure sharing at varying levels of deployment are then presented. Then, using the models proposed in each scenario, we make a case study to deduce the most economically advantageous scenario for operators to extend their networks to remote areas. This case involves the sharing of passive infrastructure and also the sharing of active resources in a cloud-RAN. Based on the proposed model, our simulation results show that while passive sharing is beneficial, active sharing using cloud-RAN as technology increases this benefit. This work also indicates and highlights the technical constraints to be respected in the sharing for this scenario.
... Mobile operators also need access to a spectrum between 1 GHz and 6 GHz, critical to 5G terrestrial mobile service [13][14][15][16][17]. is spectrum range deployment's physical characteristics, including structure penetration, range, and propagation around obstructions, are more suitable for applications. 5G wireless communication will establish a wide-ranging range of applications, which are usually classified into Ultrareliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC), enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. e spectrum range of 3.4-3.6 ...
A miniaturized internal antenna with monopole structure is constituted, including three radiating strips of a compact prototype and a back-coupling pad to improve the impedance matching, which achieves a wide bandwidth of 2.972 GHz between the operating frequencies of 2315–5285 MHz, and is introduced and researched. There is an urgent need for a complete frequency-continuous and large bandwidth design in the current wireless communication design to achieve a multimode, multifrequency, physical phenomenon design with large bandwidth and continuous operating frequency. The recommended antenna provides a broadband operation in an electric vehicles (EVs) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices application embedded in the wireless communication standard for 5G, LTE, V2X, WLAN, WiMAX, Sirius/XM Radio, V2X, and DSRC to support the multiband application. This design is embedded side edge of overall placement in the device and is integrated applicable to the trend of heterogeneous wireless multiple access networks in electric vehicle and Internet of Things system devices, which covered the 5G with supporting the band of n7/n38/n40/n53/n77/n78/n79/n90, the 4G with supporting the band of 7/38/40/41/42/43/48/67, the V2X and DSRC for the operating frequencies between 2500 and 5000 MHz, the Sirius/XM Radio for the operating frequencies of 2320–2345 MHz, the ISM band of WiFi and BT covering the band of 2450–2483.5 and 5150–5350 MHz, and the WiMAX also supporting the band of 2300–2690 and 3400–3690 MHz. Moreover, the compact antenna manufactured an FR4 material with the antenna area of 5 × 10 × 0.8 mm³ and the ground area of 33.5 × 10 × 0.8 mm³. The proposed design better benefits a narrow space on the PCB with a low profile and is easy to make with a circuit board design.
... However, the main challenges still lie in the fields such as resource reservation, integrity, and authenticity, network availability, QoS, billing, confidentiality, timing and synchronization, security, and so on. [59][60][61] In case when Wireless mesh network is administered by third parties, then relevant security challenges including authenticity, network availability, integrity, confidentiality while aiming to efficient Billing models and accounting mechanisms needs to be done. An accounting mechanism and bandwidth management solution are proposed enabling intrusion detection, secure routing, and trust and key management, allowing BSs or radio network controllers to release bandwidth dynamically in the mesh network based on the observed network. ...
... The standard mechanisms are also presented for the reservation of resources in the network. 60 Based on the literature study, in Table 3, all the existing wireless backhaul technologies are summarized based on features such as throughput, latency, implementation cost, and distance. Table 3, it is clear that that for 2G GSM backhaul, leased T1/E1 copper lines used to be deployed and are more due to its perfect timing reference and guaranteed QoS. ...
Mobile Backhauling provides an interface between radio controller and base stations, mostly realized with a physical medium such as optical fibers or microwave radio links. With the huge mobile traffic due to an increase in mobile subscribers as well as deployment of 4G and 5G cellular network technologies, better solutions for capacity and coverage should be provided in order to enhance spectral efficiency. For 4G cellular networks, mobile backhaul networks deal with capacity, availability, deployment cost, and long-distance reaches. In addition , mobile backhaul networks based on the 5G network incurs additional challenges that include 1 ms or less ultralow latency time requirements and ultra-dense nature of the network capabilities. Therefore, for 5G technologies , latency delay, QoS, packet efficiency, noise suppression, and mitigation techniques, efficient modulation schemes, and packet network timing synchronization are some aspects that are to be dealt with while designing efficient backhaul approaches (wired/wireless). Current backhaul systems typically use cost-effective solutions (eg,-Wi-Fi and WiMAX)-based packet-switched technologies , especially Ethernet/Internet technologies and high-speed optical fiber links.
Decent work and economic growth are fundamental elements for the sustainable development of a society, with Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG8) being one of the key objectives of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda. The 5G network has great potential to contribute significantly to the achievement of SDG8, offering faster and more reliable connectivity, which opens up new possibilities for innovation, operational efficiency, and job creation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of 5G technologies concerning decent work and economic growth (SDG8). As part of the method, 265 articles extracted from main databases such as Scopus, IEEExplore, and ScienceDirect were analyzed using the PRISMA methodology, resulting in 74 relevant articles after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. As a result, a greater contribution to the use of the 5G network was identified in sectors such as manufacturing, health, and transportation, generating greater economic growth and job creation. It was also found that the technological applications with the greatest contributions are “Internet of Things” and “Artificial intelligence”. Finally, it was concluded that the results of this review are useful for future research on technologies that support 5G networks, contributing to economic growth and equitable and sustainable decent work in a wide range of sectors and rural areas.
