Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The main aim of the study is a comprehensive assessment of psychometric properties of the Polish version of Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) in sport. Apart from standard psychometric evaluation, the paper presents an analysis of item reliability through the use of Item Response Theory, as well as the analysis of relationships between spo...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... The Relationship between Sport Type, Level of Participation, Gender and POSQ Subscales A statistically significant gender effect for ego orientation was observed (Table 5). Men were characterized by higher scores on the ego factor than women (men: M = 3.87, SD = 0.88; women: M = 3.48, SD = 0.97, Table 6). ...Context 2
... this effect was small (η p 2 = 0.03). The main effect of level of participation in sport was also noted (Table 5). High-performance athletes were characterized by higher results on ego subscale than recreational athletes (high-performance athletes: M = 3.97, SD = 0.86; recreational athletes: M = 3.40, SD = 0.94, Table 6). ...Similar publications
This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, as well as to determine the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation among high-performance and recreational athletes. A total of 519 athletes aged M = 22.83 (SD = 4.92) participated in the study, including 266 males and 253 females....
Citations
... This comparison will considerably support the validation of the tool, and has been justified by previous research results indicating significant differences in various components of motivation to undertake sport activities between professional and recreational athletes 17 , as well as in goal orientation. For example, Tomczak et al. 18 demonstrated higher levels of ego orientation (POSQ scale) in high-performance athletes than in recreational athletes. In the case of the 3 × 2 model, it may also be assumed that high-performance athletes will be characterized by higher levels of a newly emerging factor in this view, i.e., task-approach. ...
... Our study will also compare achievement goals according to gender. In studies including the Polish version of the POSQ scale and the GOEM scale, men were characterized by higher ego levels than women 18,19 . ...
Achievement goal models have been successfully applied in sport. In recent years, a framework that has emerged in this area is the 3 × 2 approach, being a natural evolution of years of research into the issue of achievement goals. Nevertheless, it is essential to further validate the abovementioned approach and explore its psychosocial context. Hence, the purpose of this study was to validate the latest 3 × 2 achievement goal model among high-performance and recreational athletes using the Polish version of the 3 × 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport (3 × 2 AGQ-S), and to determine the relationship between personality traits and achievement goals of athletes. The study included 413 athletes, with M = 20.62 and SD = 2.72. The 3 × 2 AGQ-S was used to assess achievement goals, the Big Five personality traits were assessed using the IPIP-BFM-20 questionnaire. The model of the Polish version of the 3 × 2 AGQ-S achieved a satisfactory fit to the data (CFI = 0.940, TLI = 0.923, RMSEA = 0.086, SRMR = 0.061). Cronbach’s alphas for the subscales were: 0.77–0.96. High-performance athletes obtained higher achievement goals in task and self subscales than recreational athletes. Personality traits explained no more than 3% of variance of achievement goals in sport. Research involving the Polish version of the 3 × 2 AGQ-S supports the validity of the 3 × 2 model in sport among high-performance and recreational athletes. Nevertheless, the small relationships between the personality traits and achievement goals prompt searching for other psychosocial determinants of goals in sport.
... The study instructions included information that taking part in the research and submitting the results would be treated as the respondent's informed consent to take part in the research. The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire-TEOSQ 29,39 and the Perception of Success Questionnaire-POSQ 40 in the Polish adaptation 41,42 were used to measure goal orientation. The TEOSQ consists of 13 statements; 7 items concern task orientation and six items concern ego orientation. ...
This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, as well as to determine the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation among high-performance and recreational athletes. A total of 519 athletes aged M = 22.83 (SD = 4.92) participated in the study, including 266 males and 253 females. 242 athletes trained professionally and 277 recreationally. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) was used to assess anxiety levels, while the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) enabled to assess athletes’ goal orientation. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model to the data for the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (CFI = 0.945, RMSEA = 0.072). The models obtained during analysis of high-performance and recreational athletes, women and men, also presented a satisfactory fit to the data (CFI 0.932–0.946). The configural, metric, scalar and strict measurement invariances were demonstrated for high-performance and recreational athletes as well as among women and men. High internal consistency coefficients (alpha 0.81–0.91) and a high test–retest reliability indexes were reported (ICC 0.74–0.87). Women presented higher level of competitive anxiety than men. A positive relationship between competitive anxiety and athletes’ ego orientation was also presented. This relationship concerned particularly women practicing sport recreationally.
... Task-oriented motivation is necessary to succeed on a task, regardeless of whether or not a reward is present [9][10][11]. In this case, success depends on the effort exerted and is linked to the improvement of one's task-relevant skills [9,12,13], with mistakes being a part of the improvement process [13]. According to numerous studies, a task-oriented motivational climate favors the performance of football teams [3,14]. ...
... Task-oriented motivation is necessary to succeed on a task, regardeless of whether or not a reward is present [9][10][11]. In this case, success depends on the effort exerted and is linked to the improvement of one's task-relevant skills [9,12,13], with mistakes being a part of the improvement process [13]. According to numerous studies, a task-oriented motivational climate favors the performance of football teams [3,14]. ...
... For their part, lower-level teams would be more task-oriented, which would favor improvement-oriented team climates with more cooperative than competitive approaches [6,15]. In this sense, there is also evidence on the relationship between ego-task orientations and athletes' perception of success [9,12,13,15]. A high perception of success increases the level of effort and persistence in the task [16], which leads to greater motivation and enjoyment of success [17]. ...
The aim of this study was to examine differences in achievement motivation (measured with the Objective Achievement Motivation Test, OLMT, Schuhfried®) and competitiveness between male and female semi-professional football players. The OLMT objectively assessed three constructs regarding achievement motivation: motivation through personal goals, aspiration level, and motivation through competition. In addition, competitiveness was measured with the self-reported Competitiveness-10 Questionnaire. Finally, participants’ performance was assessed by three expert observers in each of ten matches. Thirty-eight football players (men = 27; women = 11) participated in the present study, and no significant differences were found in the Levene test when comparing men and women with respect to the scores obtained in the different measures used in our research. Significant differences were found in the motivation through competition (p = 0.021) as well as in self-reported competitiveness (p = 0.020) as a function of gender, with males showing higher values in both cases. No gender differences were found in aspiration level (p = 0.283) or motivation through personal goals (p = 0.897). Moreover, age and player performance did not modulate gender differences on any measures. No significant correlation was found between motivational measures and performance. In conclusion, it should be noted that the only variable on which gender differences emerged was the level of competitiveness, such that males scored higher than females on both objective and self-reported measures.
... Regarding important psychological outcomes, task and ego orientations have been found to predict different dimensions of sports motivation (Duda, 2013;Mudrak et al., 2018;Texeira et al., 2020;Tomczak et al., 2020aTomczak et al., , 2020b. The conceptualization of sports motivation stemming from self-determination theory (Mallet et al., 2007;Mudrak et al., 2018;Vallerand & Losier, 1999) suggests that self-determined motivation based on interest and enjoyment (intrinsic motivation) and identity (integrated regulation) or focused on self-development (identified regulation) is positively associated with a number of positive consequences in athletes, including effort; engagement; and lower incidence of stress, burnout, risk behavior, or drop-out. ...
... Duda (2013) provides an argument for the integration of achievement goal orientation theory and self-determination theory in the sports context, suggesting that a positive empowering motivational climate "strengthens the focus on the task, promotes autonomy and provides social support" (Duda, 2013, p. 314), while a disempowering motivational climate promotes values and practices that are "controlling and ego-focused" (Duda 2013, p. 314). Other studies suggest a hierarchical relationship between achievement goal orientations and sport motivation (Duda et al., 1995;Ntoumanis, 2001;Mudrak et al., 2018;Standage et al., 2003;Texeira et al., 2020;Tomczak et al., 2020aTomczak et al., , 2020b. In this way, task and ego goal orientations represent different interpretative frameworks that influence the ways in which athletes perceive their autonomy, competence and relatedness to others and affect the degree to which the athletes perceive themselves as self-determined (Duda et al., 1995;Ntoumanis, 2001;Standage et al., 2003). ...
... Duda et al. (1995) provided evidence that task orientation (as opposed to ego orientation) predicted sports-related intrinsic motivation in youth athletes. Tomczak et al. (2020aTomczak et al. ( , 2020b found that task orientation was significantly related to more self-determined dimensions of sport motivation and lower amotivation, whereas ego orientation was related to less self-determined dimensions of sport motivation. ...
... They enjoy the state of intense involvement in an exercise, trying to perform as well as possible. In contrast, individuals who are characterized by an ego orientation during exercise feel justified when they perform the exercise better than other participants, and can manifest superiority in this regard [8,9,[13][14][15]. Participation in physical activity seems to be naturally related to task orientation [16,17]. ...
... However, in the context of the assumed indicators, the model obtained for the Polish version of the GOEM scale is acceptable. Moreover, the fit indices for the Polish version of the GOEM questionnaire were better than the fit indices for the Polish versions of the TEOSQ and POSQ questionnaires used to determine goal orientation in sport [14,15]. Furthermore, by analyzing the changes in CFI and RMSEA, the configural, metric and strict equivalence of the gender measurement of the GOEM questionnaire can be assumed. ...
... The ego subscale provided a large amount of information for the average level of the measured trait, while the task subscale provided more information for lower and average values of the measured trait. These results are largely consistent with previously obtained IRT results for Polish versions of the TEOSQ and POSQ questionnaires [14,15]. In particular, it is worth considering how the reliability of the task subscale items could be improved in high trait values. ...
Motivational factors are among the most important determinants of undertaking and participating in physical activity. An adequate measurement of motivation and the assessment of its initial characteristics form the basis for possible further practical interventions of a compensatory or promotional nature. Considering the above, the main aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM), and to determine the association between the task and the ego orientations and selected components of physical activity, i.e., frequency of undertaking, declared time per session and time spent on physical activity. In addition to the typical indices of psychometric assessment, an analysis of the reliability of test items by applying the item response theory (IRT) model was also presented. The study included 318 individuals (173 females, 145 males), aged 21 years on average, undertaking recreational physical activity. The GOEM scale by Petherick and Markland (2008) was used. The model of the Polish version of the GOEM scale fitted the empirical data well (CFI = 0.955). Satisfactory reliability indices were also obtained (task subscale: alpha = 0.83, omega = 0.83; ego subscale: alpha = 0.86, omega = 0.86). Reliability, as assessed by the test-retest method, was ICC = 0.80 for the task subscale and ICC = 0.87 for the ego subscale. The IRT analysis showed that the ego subscale was more precise in the middle level of the trait, while the task subscale provided more information in the low and middle level of the trait and relatively little information in the high level of the trait. The positive associations of the task subscale with the frequency of physical activity and the time spent in a single exercise session were also noted.
... The research question and objectives of this dissertation has guided the literature search strategy which literature eventually informed the researcher on the best methodological approach and methods available to reach the research goals (Saunders et al. 2007 Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) as the ideal candidates. Both scales demonstrate validity and reliability in measuring task and ego motivational inclinations in sport (Roberts et al. 1998;Tomczak et al. 2020;Clancy et al. 2017). However, the POSQ was chosen over the TEOSQ simply because it is the shortest version amongst the two. ...
... TEIQue scale and the POSQ scale have documented evidence of validity(Miao et al. 2017a;O'Connor et al. 2019;Laborde et al. 2017;Laborde et al. 2016b;Roberts et al. 1998;Tomczak et al. 2020;Clancy et al. 2017).The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the TEIQue was determined with the use of the online scoring engine operated by the Department of Psychology University College London, whereas the Cronbach's alpha for the POSQ was defined by the SPSS scale reliability analysis. Both scales exceed the 0.70 cutoff required for consistency(Taber 2017). ...
This dissertation aims to gain a better understanding on whether emotional intelligence (EI) can be effectively assessed via indirect indicators during employee recruitment processes. The IAAF scoring system, which is an objective assessment tool measuring athletic performance, was chosen as the predictor variable for this study, with the research question being: Amongst athletics athletes, can the IAAF scoring system prove to be an indirect indicator of emotional intelligence during employee recruitment? The literature suggests that the psychological skills of high-performance athletes overlap with EI components and hence it was deduced that the IAAF scoring system has key objective features to be a potential indicator of EI. To answer the research question, a case study design with the use of a cross-sectional online-survey methodology was adopted whereby the entire Maltese Athletics adult community was invited to participate. The purpose of the chosen strategy was to correlate the predictor variable IAAF score with the dependent variable EI (H1), while at the same time assessing the potential moderating role of gender (H2) and motivational climate (H3), within an amateur athletics context. The data collection period spread over three weeks between November 2020 and December 2020 attained a 21% response rate with 94 valid surveys. The low response rate, coupled with a non-response bias has affected the validity of the results, depriving us from explicitly establishing the link between the IAAF variable and EI, with H1 and H3 being partially rejected and H2 remaining unanswered due to the insufficient sample size. Spearman's bivariate correlation test confirmed that IAAF score is not a predictor of EI (ρ = 0.090, p = > 0.05), but the underlying task-oriented motivational climate is the actual significant predictor of EI (ρ = 0.202, p = < 0.05). Task orientation was in turn found to be positively associated with IAAF (ρ = 0.226, p = < 0.05), thus through the mediating role of task-oriented motivation, it was hypothesised that if the sampled population was more normally distributed in terms of educational level, task-oriented mentality and EI, a true relationship could have been established between IAAF performance and EI. It was concluded that, for recruitment purposes the IAAF scoring system is not an effective predictor of EI if an indication of a high level of task-oriented motivation is already available (example through applicant's academic achievements). High IAAF scoring results are not associated with EI amongst athletes with high educational backgrounds. On the other hand, if the applicant's curriculum vitae does not provide any clear indication of the applicant's motivational orientation, IAAF performance can be used as an indirect indicator for both task-oriented motivation and EI. Hence, it was argued that indirect indicators of EI can restore equity in the recruitment selection processes, as it gives opportunity to individuals with lower academic background to demonstrate that they can still be ideal candidates for jobs with higher emotional labour demands. Implications on the role of the IAAF scoring system and other similar self-assessment benchmark systems in fostering task-oriented mentalities and EI competencies are also discussed.
... While doing that, further aims will attempt to attribute those implications to possible use in other countries where the original instrument in English can be applied. For this reason, to confine the results within the boundaries of this two-phase research, the interrelations between academic goal orientation and other constructs such as selfregulation, self-efficacy, motivation, self-confidence, and such Also, it is important to note a few recent studies where different goal orientation instruments were adapted from the English language to different languages (Kadıoğlu-Akbulut and Uzuntiryaki-Kondakçı, 2019; Ahmad et al, 2020;Tomczak et al., 2020), or developed and validated (Mascret et al., 2020), which mean that measuring goal orientation is of growing interest among researchers. ...
This study aims to review and provide new perspectives for academic goal orientation. The study introduces first chronological history of goal orientation and depicts how goal orientation evolved into a new construct in learning from the discussion on motivational factors. At first, this study isolates goal orientation from motivation and provides novel insights into goal orientation as a separated factor affecting learning. Then, this study provides analyses of the adaptation work of the academic goal orientation questionnaire into the Turkish language. The translated scale was applied to a sample of 729 undergraduate students, 376 (51.6%) of which were female and 353 (48.4%) of which were male students at a state university in Turkey. For the structure validity of the translated scale, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor structure of thirteen items accounting for 66.5% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that the tested model of the translated scale yielded satisfactory goodness of fit. The total score of the translated academic goal orientation instrument is reliable (Cronbach’s α = .84). The literature and the results from the application of the instrument suggest that the translated instrument offers valuable input into the curricula and syllabi in higher education in addition to providing insights to lecturers about the perceptions of the students towards the courses.
