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Three-photon microscopy in visualizing cells deep in mouse visual cortex relative to blood vessels and white matter. (A) Side view perspective of a three-dimensional reconstruction of the three-photon image volume depicting the field of cells with respect to blood vessels and the white matter. Oregon Green labelled cells in layers 5-6 are shown in yellow, blood vessels labelled with Texas Red Dextran are shown in magenta and cortical white matter imaged with THG is shown in cyan. x-y-z volume dimensions: 375 µm × 375 µm × 1100 µm. (B) Single z plane three-photon image at 750 µm below brain surface showing labelled cells and blood vessels. (C) Single z plane three-photon image in the white matter at 900 µm below brain surface. Reproduced with permission from Reference 67.
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As an important method to accurately and timely diagnose stroke and study physiological characteristics and pathological mechanism in it, imaging technology has gone through more than a century of iteration. The interaction of cells densely packed in the brain is three-dimensional (3D), but the flat images brought by traditional visualization metho...
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... (GRIN) fiber probe implants can be used to go much deeper, distinguishing synapses in the hypothalamus that are 5mm deep [66]. MPM enabled high-resolution imaging in deeper brain areas (Figure 2) [67]. Chris Xu et al. successfully used a three-photon microscope to image the vascular structure in the hippocampus of mice and neurons labeled with red fluorescent protein, with a resolution of about 4.4μm at a depth of about 900 μm [68]. ...
Citations
... Neural tissue endoscopy has emerged as a promising tool for studying local microcircuitry [1] in deep brain regions, enabling cell type-specific mapping of neural activity [2], observation of sub-cellular structures [3], and investigation of related physiological and pathological states [4], in a minimally invasive fashion. Fiber bundles [5][6][7] and graded index (GRIN) lenses [8] are greatly supporting neuroscientists, facilitating imaging of sub-cortical structures. ...
The use of wavefront shaping has found extensive application to develop ultra-thin endoscopic techniques based on multimode optical fibers (MMF), leveraging on the ability to control modal interference at the fiber’s distal end. Although several techniques have been developed to achieve MMF-based laser-scanning imaging, the use of short laser pulses is still a challenging application. This is due to the intrinsic delay and temporal broadening introduced by the fiber itself, which requires additional compensation optics on the reference beam during the calibration procedure. Here we combine the use of a supercontinuum laser and an internal reference-based wavefront shaping system to produce focused spot scanning in multiple planes at the output of a step-index multimode fiber, without the requirement of a delay line or pulse pre-compensation. We benchmarked the performances of internal vs external reference during calibration, finding that the use of an internal reference grants better focusing efficiency. The system was characterized at different wavelengths, showcasing the wavelength resiliency of the different parameters. Lastly, the scanning of focal planes beyond the fiber facet was achieved by exploiting the chromato-axial memory effect.
... Through neuroimaging, scientists may map neural networks, see how the brain functions, and investigate the processes underlying a range of neurological conditions [20]. On deeper understanding the anatomy and function of the brain, it has become much more accurate and detailed with the recent developments in neuroimaging methods helping researchers get an exact picture of the brain's structure, including the sub-millimeter structures of the cortex using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging, facilitating the mapping and identification of unidentified brain areas [21,22]. ...
... Understanding brain function and mapping neural networks depend heavily on neuroimaging techniques like magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) [18][19][20]. Researchers may now identify previously unidentified brain regions and learn more about the structure and function of the brain because to the increased accuracy and detail of these approaches [21,22]. ...
The booming landscape of multidisciplinary studies, namely, neuroscience, ethics and cyber security brings into focus the emerging need of developing ethical standards for neural data to the implemented safely in the domain of cyberspace. The synergy between neuroscience and cybersecurity emphasizes the transformative potential of technologies like BCI, EEG, FMRI, MEG etc. highlighting the ethical imperative to bring to light the issues of privacy, autonomy, individual’s right, and security of their neural data. The paper delves into the question of delicacy of neuro data as an emerging concern for cyber professionals as well as individuals to safeguard from the emerging threats of phishing, brain jacking, vishing and implementing proper guidelines and framework to have informed consent before going ahead with their confidential data which can otherwise be misused at the hands of cybercriminals.
... Through neuroimaging, scientists may map neural networks, see how the brain functions, and investigate the processes underlying a range of neurological conditions [18]. On deeper understanding the anatomy and function of the brain, it has become much more accurate and detailed with the recent developments in neuroimaging methods helping researchers get an exact picture of the brain's structure, including the sub-millimeter structures of the cortex using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging, facilitating the mapping and identification of unidentified brain areas [19,20]. ...
... Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have enabled researchers to investigate the brain's structure and function with greater precision and detail. Here are some recent advances in neuroimaging techniques and their impact on neuroscience research: Highresolution structural MRI: MRI technology has enabled researchers to obtain high-resolution images of the brain's structure, including the cortex's sub-millimeter structures [20]. This has allowed for more accurate brain mapping and identifying previously unknown brain regions. ...
Neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of brain function and has become an essential tool for researchers studying neurological disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are two widely used neuroimaging techniques to review changes in brain activity. fMRI is a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed brain images. An EEG is a noninvasive technique that records the brain's electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. This review overviews recent developments in noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods, including fMRI and EEG. Recent advances in fMRI technology, its application to studying brain function, and the impact of neuroimaging techniques on neuroscience research are discussed. Advances in EEG technology and its applications to analyzing brain function and neural oscillations are also highlighted. In addition, advanced courses in neuroimaging, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), are described, along with their role in studying brain connectivity, white matter tracts, and potential treatments for schizophrenia and chronic pain. Application. The review concludes by examining neuroimaging studies of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). We also described the role of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in ASD, ADHD, AD, and PD. Neuroimaging techniques have significantly advanced our understanding of brain function and provided essential insights into neurological disorders. However, further research into noninvasive treatments such as EEG, MRI, and TES is necessary to continue to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
... Stroke is an ischemic or hemorrhagic disease mainly occurring in the microvascular system of the brain, resulting in cerebrovascular damage and irreversible damage to neurological function. And stroke is one of the major causes of death and severe disability worldwide [179,180]. Intravenous thrombolysis to restore blood flow to the ischemic site is the main treatment for ischemic stroke. However, thrombolysis can also lead to a sharp increase in oxygen concentration at the injured site after After irradiation by a circular NIR laser inside the catheter, the drugcarrying tip was dislodged and embedded in the vascular system and gradually released the drug for more than six months. ...
Tissue injury is a common clinical problem, which may cause great burden on patients' life. It is important to develop functional scaffolds to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Due to their unique composition and structure, microneedles have attracted extensive attention in various tissues regeneration, including skin wound, corneal injury, myocardial infarction, endometrial injury, and spinal cord injury et al. Microneedles with micro-needle structure can effectively penetrate the barriers of necrotic tissue or biofilm, therefore improving the bioavailability of drugs. The use of microneedles to deliver bioactive molecules, mesenchymal stem cells, and growth factors in situ allows for targeted tissue and better spatial distribution. At the same time, microneedles can also provide mechanical support or directional traction for tissue, thus accelerating tissue repair. This review summarized the research progress of microneedles for in situ tissue regeneration over the past decade. At the same time, the shortcomings of existing researches, future research direction and clinical application prospect were also discussed.
Mitochondria are inextricably linked to the development of diseases and cell metabolism disorders. Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is crucial in enhancing our understanding of mitochondrial ultrafine structures and functions. In addition to high-precision instruments, super-resolution microscopy relies heavily on fluorescent materials with unique photophysical properties. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs) have excellent properties that make them ideal for mitochondrial SRI. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field of SMFPs, with a focus on the chemical and spectroscopic properties required for mitochondrial SRI. Finally, we discuss future challenges in this field, including the design principles of SMFPs and nanoscopic techniques.
