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Three phenotypes of the yellow leaf mutant Siyl-1 in sesame. YY, light-yellow (lethal); Yy, yellow-green; and yy, normal green
Source publication
Background
Both photosynthetic pigments and chloroplasts in plant leaf cells play an important role in deciding on the photosynthetic capacity and efficiency in plants. Systematical investigating the regulatory mechanism of chloroplast development and chlorophyll (Chl) content variation is necessary for clarifying the photosynthesis mechanism for c...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... clarify the genetic background of the yellow-green leaf color trait in the mutant Siyl-1, we investigated the leaf color phenotype of the self-pollinated progeny of Siyl-1 ( Fig. 1; Table 2S). There were three phenotypes in the self-pollinated progeny, i.e., light yellow color (named YY), yellow green color (Yy), and the normal green color (yy), with the expected separation ratio of 1 (YY): 2 (Yy): 1 (yy) using χ 2 tests. Interestingly, the genotype YY would die 1 day after emergence. For the genotype Yy, the ...
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... analysis reflected that about half of the DEPs had different molecular masses or isoelectric points (Table 4S). For instance, PSBP1 possessed the four different molecular masses or isoelectric points. We further analyzed the protein-protein interactions and molecular functions of DEPs using STRING 9.0 (Figs. 1S, 2S). The results revealed that the DEPs formed a complicated interaction network, and most of the core interacting proteins were related to the Table 1 Chlorophyll content of the three genotypes of the Siyl-1 progeny during cotyledon expanding stage YY: Homozygous mutant (lethal) with light-yellow leaf color. Yy: Heterozygous mutant with ...
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... in a wheat yellow leaf color mutant ( Wu et al. 2018a, b;Zhang et al. 2017). The morphology and structure of the chloroplasts are changed in Arabidopsis yellow variegated mutants caused by the loss of FtsH2 gene encoding ATP-dependent metalloprotease (Miura et al. 2 Morphological comparison of chloroplast cells of three genotypes of Siyl- 1. a and b yy. c, d Yy. e, f YY. Cm chloroplast outer membrane, Th thylakoid, Og osmiophilic globule, Gr grana, Me mesenchyme, Ve vesicle, Ct chloroplast. YY: homozygous mutant (lethal) with light-yellow leaf color. Yy: Heterozygous mutant with yellowgreen leaf color. yy: wild type with the normal green leaf color ◂ Fig. 3 Identification of 98 protein ...
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Citations
... pekinensis) hy (M. Liu et al., 2018), and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Siyl-1 (Gao et al., 2020). ...
Leaf color mutations provide valuable genetic resources for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms of plant growth and serve as efficient tools for screening offspring in crossbreeding. In this study, a Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) mutant with yellow‐green leaves (yl1) was isolated from ⁶⁰Co‐γ‐radiation mutation bank. Compared to wild type (WT), yl1 showed similar biomass and yield, despite a lower chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. However, yl1 displayed significantly higher total phosphorus content after 14 days of medium and low phosphorus treatment. By using yl1 as the maternal parent, hybrid offspring could be visually distinguished at the cotyledon stage. Genetic analysis revealed that the yl1 phenotype was attributed to a single recessive mutation. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis identified 205 differential expressed metabolites (DEMs) and 123 differential expressed genes enriched in 30 pathways or metabolisms between yl1 and WT. Remarkably, the upregulation of SPX3, 5PTase2, PHO1, PAP3, PAP2, PAP7, and IPAP16, which are involved in enhancing phosphorus absorption, assimilation, transport, and remobilization, along with PLDζ1, GDPD1, MGD2, and NPC4L, which contribute to improving lipid metabolism, collectively resulted in high accumulation of 41 phosphorus‐containing DEMs (including 37 lipids) in yl1. This study emphasizes the potential of yl1 for effective screening of offspring and uncovers the interplay between photosynthesis and lipid metabolism, providing valuable insights to improve phosphorus use efficiency in Tartary buckwheat.
... The leaf color is closely related to the ratio of pigment types and chloroplast status, yellow leaf mutants usually showed the low level of pigment content and photosynthetic efficiency (Gao et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2020a). Therefore, we paid more attention to photosynthetic system, such as the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, chloroplast development, carotenoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesisantenna proteins. ...
Rosa beggeriana ‘Aurea’ is a yellow-green leaf (yl) mutant and originated from Rosa beggeriana Schrenk by ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation, which is an important ornamental woody species. However, the molecular mechanism of the yl mutant remains unknown. Herein, comparative transcriptome profiling was performed between the yl type and normal green color type (WT) by RNA sequencing. A total of 3,372 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, consisting of 1,585 upregulated genes and 1,787 downregulated genes. Genes that took part in metabolic of biological process (1,090), membrane of cellular component (728), catalytic (1,114), and binding of molecular function (840) were significantly different in transcription level. DEGs involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, carotenoids biosynthesis, cutin, suberine, wax biosynthesis, photosynthesis, chloroplast development, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) components, CO2 fixation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis related genes were downregulated. Meanwhile, linoleic acid metabolism, siroheme biosynthesis, and carbon source of pigments biosynthesis through methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways were upregulated. Moreover, a total of 147 putative transcription factors were signification different expression, involving NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB and AP2/ERF, C2H2, GRAS, and bZIP family gene. Our results showed that the disturbed pigments biosynthesis result in yl color by altering the ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids in yl mutants. The yl mutants may evoke other metabolic pathways to compensate for the photodamage caused by the insufficient structure and function of chloroplasts, such as enhanced MEP pathways and linoleic acid metabolism against oxidative stress. This research can provide a reference for the application of leaf color mutants in the future.
... In addition, the morphology of chloroplasts can affect color presentation. For example, in the 'Siyl-1' sesame yellow leaf mutant, significant changes are found in the number and morphological structure of chloroplasts, and a significant decrease in chlorophyll content is also observed (Gao et al. 2020). The thylakoid is an important structural component of chloroplasts, and it has been found that the thylakoids are deformed and cannot accumulate properly in barley yellow leaf color mutants (Qin et al. 2019). ...
Main conclusion
The difference in leaf color among the three cultivars of A. bettzickiana is due to different chloroplast morphology and chlorophyll-to-anthocyanin ratios.
Abstract
Alternanthera bettzickiana is one of the most important ornamental plants in modern flower beds because of its colorful leaves. The present study examined the mechanism of leaf color formation in A. bettzickiana. Three cultivars of A. bettzickiana (red, green, and mixed red and green) were selected for comprehensive analyses of leaf color formation by examining cellular and subcellular structures and pigment biosynthesis and metabolism. The difference in leaf colors between the three cultivars of A. bettzickiana was due to different chlorophyll-to-anthocyanin ratios. A. bettzickiana ‘Green’ showed very low expression of CHS, F3H, and DFR, the key genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and a low anthocyanin content but had mature chloroplasts and a green color. A. bettzickiana ‘Red’ exhibited a low chlorophyll content and deformed chloroplasts but a high cyanidin content and, thus, a red color. A. bettzickiana ‘Variegated’ presented high anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents and exhibited red and green variegation, indicating a balance between coloration and photosynthetic efficiency. These data provide a good explanation for the coloration of different cultivars of A. bettzickiana and an important reference for better explaining the color formation mechanisms of plant leaves.
... However, excessive heme accumulation inhibits the activity of glutamyl-tRNA reductase and the synthesis of ALA, thereby affecting Chl biosynthesis (Terry et al., 1999). Many leaf colour mutants caused by abnormal heme metabolism have been identified, including A. thaliana (Xie et al., 2012), O. sativa (Xu et al., 2012;Li et al., 2014), Pisum sativum (Linley et al., 2006), Zea mays (Shi et al., 2013), and Brassica pekinensis (Zhang et al., 2020). Studies on the yellow leaf colour mutant pylm showed that the single-base mutation of recessive nuclear genes (PY1 and PY2), results in the dysfunction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) . ...
As a common mutation trait in plants, leaf colour mutation is related to the degree of chlorophyll and anthocyanin changes and the destruction of chloroplast structure. This study summarizes the latest research progress in leaf colour mutation mechanism, including the metabolic basis of plant leaf colour mutation, leaf colour mutation caused by gene mutation in the chlorophyll metabolism pathway, leaf colour mutation caused by blocked chloroplast development, leaf colour mutation controlled by key transcription factors and non-coding RNAs, leaf colour mutation caused by environmental factors, and leaf colour mutation due to the involvement of the mevalonate pathway. These results will lay a theoretical foundation for leaf colour development, leaf colour improvement, and molecular breeding for leaf colour among tree species.
... In addition, leaf color mutations controlled by a single recessive gene were also found in such species as Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus, and C. melo [27,31,32]. Moreover, it was found that the Sesamum indicum yellow-green mutation was controlled by an incompletely dominant nuclear gene, Siyl-1 [33]. Conversely, few studies and reports exist related to leaf color mutations caused by mutations of the cytoplasmic genes and nuclear cytoplasmic gene interactions in such species as A. thaliana, N. tabacum, and Lycopersicon esculentum [34][35][36]. ...
... The regulatory pathway of the sesame yellow leaf character mutation was first analyzed in the 'Siyl-1 sesame mutant with yellow-green leaf color. The results showed that the number of chloroplasts and the morphological structure of the mutants changed significantly, and the chlorophyll content also decreased significantly [33]. The generation of leaf color variation is also closely related to the obstruction of the plastid-nuclear signal transduction pathway. ...
Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.
Background
The chlorophyll content is susceptible to deficit moisture stress and may affect the plant yield. Leaf chlorophyll content is directly related to tolerance and higher productivity under deficit moisture stress (WS). The SPAD meter is an excellent tool for rapid analysis of crop chlorophyll content. Therefore, establishing a relationship between leaf chlorophyll content and seed yield is crucial in sesame, particularly under deficit moisture stress.
Methods
Seeds of 37 sesame genotypes with checks were used in this study. These genotypes were mostly landraces, adapted to different agro-ecological zones in India. The selected genotypes were evaluated under well water (WW) and deficit moisture stress (WS) conditions. The SPAD readings were recorded ten (10) times each at every seven days intervals from the juvenile/first bud (30–35 days after sowing) to ripening/ physiological maturity (95–100 days after sowing) stage. This study aimed to identify the association between leaf SPAD readings (recorded at 7-days interval) and seed yield of sesame genotypes.
Results
The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant variation in SPAD readings due to treatment (WW and WS), genotypes, and their interaction effects. The SPAD readings at all stages were positively correlated with seed yield in both WW and WS. High values of correlation coefficients were observed at 52 (r: 0.672) and 59 (r: 0.655) DAS under WS; whereas at 59 (r: 0.960), 66 (r: 0.972) and 73 (r: 0.974) DAS under WW at one percent significance level ( p < 0.01), which coincided with the mid-bloom stage of the sesame crop. The best-fit multiple regression model revealed that the dependence of sesame seed yield is significantly influenced by SPAD reading at 52 DAS under WS and 59 to 73 DAS under WW. Both these models provide a good fit with the chi-squared test, which compares the predicted and observed yield.
This volume covers the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) leaf descriptors. Other published volumes cover seedling, root and stem, plant, flower, capsule, capsule zone, cycle, seed, agronomic and administrative, biotic (pests), and weeds. There are volumes still in draft on seed components, abiotic stresses, and biotic (diseases). There is also a sesame bibliography. The descriptors contain the definition, values, methodology, effects of the environment, yield and seed quality factors, use of the descriptor, comments, descriptor evolution, and references. This series of documents are not intended to be read from front to back, but rather to be used like an encyclopedia. Look at a topic in the index for the page number and then read the section of interest.
KEYWORDS: sesame, leaf, descriptor, Sesamum indicum, yield component.
