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In this review, we examine the concept that aqueous biphasic reactive extraction (ABRE) can successfully integrate the solvent properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and its phase-transfer characteristics into a single efficient system which can additionally be manipulated to facilitate the separation of reactants and/or catalysts from products. W...
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... order to enhance reaction rate and yield, PEG-salt ABS were formed to increase the organic reactant solubility and PEG concentration in the PEG-rich top phase, which has been described as an ABRE process applied to catalytic oxida- tion, 56,57 substitution, and isomerization reactions. [179][180][181] The currently rather limited number of investigations of ABRE processes listed in Table 9, suggest that the role of ABS may be very important for increasing the reaction yield, however, the underlying mechanism is still largely unexplored. For the reactions shown in Scheme 1, ABS formation results in a PEG- rich top phase, which facilitates an increase in the solubility of some organic reactants. ...
Citations
... It is an attractive medium for chemistry because PEG is non-toxic, possesses a low vapor pressure, which reduces exposure through inhalation, and is biodegradable [1]. First reviews on the initial successes of PEG in chemical synthesis appeared in 2005 [2,3]. More recent reviews [4][5][6][7] demonstrate that PEG is not only an environmentally friendly chemical solvent but also capable of dissolving a wide range of substances [8] including, to some extent, several mineral salts [9]. ...
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the environmentally benign solvent options for green chemistry. It readily absorbs water when exposed to the atmosphere. The Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of PEG200, a commercial mixture of low molecular weight polyethyelene glycol oligomers, as well as di-, tetra-, and hexaethylene glycol are presented to study the effect of added water impurities up to a weight fraction of 0.020, which covers the typical range of water impurities due to water absorption from the atmosphere. Each system was simulated a total of four times using different combinations of two force fields for the water (SPC/E and TIP4P/2005) and two force fields for the PEG and oligomer (OPLS-AA and modified OPLS-AA). The observed trends in the effects of water addition were qualitatively quite robust with respect to these force field combinations and showed that the water does not aggregate but forms hydrogen bonds at most between two water molecules. In general, the added water causes overall either no or very small and nuanced effects in the simulation results. Specifically, the obtained water RDFs are mostly identical regardless of the water content. The added water reduces oligomer hydrogen bonding interactions overall as it competes and forms hydrogen bonds with the oligomers. The loss of intramolecular oligomer hydrogen bonding is in part compensated by oligomers switching from inter- to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The interplay of the competing hydrogen bonding interactions leads to the presence of shallow extrema with respect to the water weight fraction dependencies for densities, viscosities, and self-diffusion coefficients, in contrast to experimental measurements, which show monotonous dependencies. However, these trends are very small in magnitude and thus confirm the experimentally observed insensitivity of these physical properties to the presence of water impurities.
... When the molecular weight is less than 800, PEG is in the liquid state. The increasing importance of PEG has been reviewed by Chen et al. 22 They provide valuable references to emphasize that PEG is considered as safe even for internal use, is utilized as medical culture media, and biodegradable. PEG is widely used in drug delivery and tissue engineering. ...
... 23 Besides, high viscosity and binding function of PEG to the particle surface (with the terminal hydroxyl and abundant ether groups in the polymer chain) can effectively stabilize the sputtered species (Fig. 1c). 21,22,24 As a polymer, PEG can has steric hindrance effect in stabilizing NPs (Fig. 1c). The Zeta potential, ζ, measurement of Ag and Cu in PEG show ζ = -35 ± 4 mV for Ag and ζ = -44 ± 6 mV for Cu, suggesting Cu-PEG is more stable than Ag-PEG. ...
... 10,11 This feature and the biocompatibility of PEG make PEG-coated sputtered NPs promising for bio-applications. 22,[26][27][28] In a study to primarily evaluate PEG grafted nanoparticles for bio-application, water was added to the dispersion after sputtering. 29 The particle show good colloidal stability in water as reported by Pišlová et al., e.g., ζ Au-PEG-water ~ -66.5 mV and ζ Au-PEG-water/culture medium ~ -7.3 mV. ...
This account paper is devoted to reviewing a decade of the development of vacuum sputter deposition onto liquid poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to prepare metal and alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with control...
... The choice of initiator will affect the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight distribution of the final STOBA material. Common initiators used in the polymerization process include copper (II) chloride and benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, while common monomers include cyclic oxide and ethylene oxide [47]. These monomers have been shown to have good solubility in common solvents, which helps to improve the conductivity of the resulting materials. ...
In recent years, the evolution of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been propelled by the growing demand for energy storage systems that are lightweight, have high energy density, and are long-lasting. This review article examines the use of self-terminated oligomers with hyperbranched architecture (STOBA) as a key electrode additive for the superior performance of LIBs. STOBA has been found to have excellent electrochemical properties, including high specific capacity, low impedance, and good cycling stability when used as an additive in electrode materials. The article discusses the process of synthesis and characterization of STOBA materials, including their potential applications in LIBs as electrode material additives. The article also discusses current research on the optimization of STOBA materials for LIBs, including the use of different solvents, monomers, and initiators. Overall, the review concludes that STOBA materials possess huge potential as a next-generation additive for LIB safety.
... The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose provides free carbon to form the Si-C bonds at high temperatures [37]. As a spinning additive, PEO is added to form the spinnable precursor solution, which is highly soluble in water and can adjust the viscosity of the sol and promote the hydrolysis reaction [38]. ...
The continuous SiOC ceramic fibers were fabricated by a novel polyethylene oxide (PEO) assisted sol-gel method. The precursor fibers were prepared by a solution which viscosity and composition can be regulated. The solution with excellent spinning
performance was constituted by the optimized composition of tetraethyl orthosilicate, methyltrimethoxysilane, sucrose, and PEO. The effects of the pyrolysis temperatures and C/Si ratios on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SiOC ceramic fibers
were investigated. After pyrolysis at 1200 ºC, the tensile strength of SiOC ceramic fibers was 182.5 MPa and the surface was uniform and dense. Furthermore, XPS and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-C bonds, demonstrating the
existence of SiO3C after pyrolysis at 1200 ºC. The oxidation and high-temperature resistance of the SiOC ceramic fibers were also investigated. The results showed their ability to withstand heat treatment at 1000 ℃ in air and 1200 ºC in Ar. The continuous SiOC ceramic fibers have broad prospects for commercial application as the thermal protection and high temperature resistant material. And the novel PEO-assisted sol-gel method can be employed to fabricate various ceramic fibers.
... In the previous literature, many base-catalyzed reactions were performed in the presence of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS), [8] NaOH, [9] N, Ndimethylpyridin-4-amine (DMAP), [10] K2CO3, [11] triethylamines, [12] etc. However, under N-Boc amine protection, their use has limitations. ...
... However, under N-Boc amine protection, their use has limitations. After the reaction, several side products, such as urea and isocyanate can form [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Another limitation is that the reaction is highly toxic and obtains an unpleasant odor of DMAP reagent. In this reaction, an excess amount of catalyst is used for the synthesis. ...
A protocol for the Chemoselective N-Boc protection of various types of amines has been developed. This includes heteroaryl, aliphatic, and alicyclic amines. The process makes use of malic acid as a catalyst and operates efficiently at ambient temperature without the need for solvents. This technique has been proven to effectively protect a wide range of functionalized amines containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents. The benefits of this method include its fast reaction rate, high selectivity, excellent yield, catalyst recyclability, and environmentally friendly conditions.
... Compared to conventional downstream unit operations, ATPE offers significant advantages in terms of economics, simple and rapid processing unit operation and energy-requiring process [8,[14][15][16][17]. In addition, ATPE offers a more environment-friendly option as both phases primarily contain water [18,19]. ...
... K > 1 indicates that the protein is partitioned in the top phase while K< 1 indicates the partitioning of the protein in bottom phase. Further, the amphipathic nature of PEG polymer is responsible for the phase separation [19]. In addition to these interactions, other parameters that influence partitioning are the molecular weight of PEG, the concentration of polymer and salt type. ...
... The preference of the protein molecule to get separated between phases is guided by the composition of the ATPE system. Since PEG has the property of forming biphasic system, the tunable preference of the analyte molecule towards salt or PEG phase provides advantages in terms of designing versatile extraction systems [19]. To further improve the recovery of protein in bottom salt rich phase, design of experiment (DoE) based optimization has been performed. ...
... Organic compounds have been prepared by means of using safe 1 , non-toxic and cheap solvents 2 . In the past decade water 3 , glycerol 4 , ionic liquids 5 , polyethylene glycol 6 have appeared as the major alternatives for existing solvents. On the other hand, phthalimide derivatives were reported to have anti-cancer 7 , cytotoxic 8 , antifungal 9 , anti-microbial 10 and anti-convulsant 11 properties. ...
5-Chloro-N-((2-oxo-3-(4-(3-oxomorpholino) phenyl) oxazolidin-5-yl) methyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized in a simple and efficient approach using 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione, 4-(4-aminophenyl) morpholin-3-one, and 5-chlorothiophene-2-carbonyl chloride by stepwise synthesis. Three compounds 3, 4 and 7 were designed, prepared, and screened for anticancer activity against HeLa, MCF- 7, A-549 and K-562 and antibacterial activities against Gram +ve and Gram -ve strains. The carboxamide moieties proved to be capable for the development of new anticancer and anti-bacterial agents. Docking studies carried out on target receptors caspase-3 HeLa cell line and Staphylococcus aureus DNA-Gyrase also supported the anticancer and antimicrobial activity of compounds 3, 4 and 7
... PEG is considered non-toxic by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria. PEGs are mostly employed as linkers or spacers to provide flexibility in polymer chains 159,160 . ...
... Graphite and PEG2000 were chosen because of their successful use in reagent pencils, as well as the latter's ability to act as a bulking agent and cosolvent. 56,57,103,117,118 Through graphite and PEG2000 titrations from 0 to 25% w/v, in 5% w/v increments, we observed that sfGFP expression decreased with an increase in the concentration of either excipient (Supporting Information Figure 2). In the graphite titration, the 5% w/v condition maintained 80 ±4.18% sfGFP expression compared to the lyophilized positive control, with expression decreasing inversely with increasing graphite concentration. ...
The fragility of biological systems during storage, transport, and utilization necessitates reliable cold-chain infrastructure and limits the potential of biotechnological applications. In order to unlock the broad applications of existing and emerging biological technologies, we report the development of a novel solid-state storage platform for complex biologics. The resulting solid-state biologics (SSB) platform meets four key requirements: facile rehydration of solid materials, activation of biochemical activity, ability to support complex downstream applications and functionalities, and compatibility for deployment in a variety of reaction formats and environments. As a model system of biochemical complexity, we utilized crudeEscherichia colicell extracts that retain active cellular metabolism and support robust levels of in vitro transcription and translation. We demonstrate broad versatility and utility of SSB through proof-of-concepts for on-demand in vitro biomanufacturing of proteins at a milliliter scale, the activation of downstream CRISPR activity, as well as deployment on paper-based devices. SSBs unlock a breadth of applications in biomanufacturing, discovery, diagnostics, and education in resource-limited environments on Earth and in space.
... This is often implemented with a reactive melt mixing procedure [49][50][51][52][53][54]. Reduction agents such as the PEG [55,56] and the PVP [57] are commonly used in pharmaceutical applications. In 3D printing PEG has been used in hydrogels [58,59], tablets [60], implants [61], scaffolds [61,62], and drug delivery systems [62][63][64]. ...
Nanocomposites for Additive Manufacturing (AM) featuring enhanced mechanical properties and antibacterial performance are desirable in the medical and culinary fields. Silver nitrate was introduced as a reinforcement and antibacterial agent in a medical-grade polyamide 12 (PA12) for the preparation of PA12/Ag nanocomposites for the material extrusion (MEX) AM method, with a reactive melt mixing process. Polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were introduced into the mixture as reduction agents. The chemical reaction occurred during the filament extrusion. Samples compatible with the corresponding international standards were 3D printed and sixteen tests were performed to characterize the nanocomposites for their rheological, thermal, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. The mechanical reinforcement reached 26% in the tensile test, 24.2% in the compression test, and 26.1% in the flexural test, with similar improvement in the stiffness of the material in all tests. These results were achieved by the PA12/ 5.0% AgNO3 / 2.5% PEG nanocomposite. The biocidal activity of Ag was induced in the nanocomposites, as the tests against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed. The process followed can be easily scaled up for industrial use.
