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The purpose of this study was to assess the construct validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP), specifically the test's sensitivity for assessing age-related changes in motor skill and correlation with risk for developmental abnormality.
Subjects were 137 term and preterm infants stratified by postconceptional age, medical complicati...
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Context 1
... full-term pregnancy who were tested one to three times (with the exception of 1 child who was tested four times), on the TIMP. Subject selection was center the head in line with the mid- line of the body in the supine posi- tion, bring the hand to the mouth, produce ballistic movements of the arms or legs, and llft the head in the prone position (Fig. ...
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Objective: Preterm infants are exposed to the visual environment earlier than fullterm infants, but whether early exposure affects later development is unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether the development of visual disengagement capacity during the first 6 months postterm was associated with cognitive and motor outcomes at school age, and wh...
Citations
... Rasch analysis, 8 used in the development of other infant motor assessment tools, 9,10 helps to determine the quality of a test by using a probabilistic model to evaluate both item difficulty and participants' abilities simultaneously (placing both items and infants along an ability continuum). In addition, Rasch analysis transforms ordinal data into intervallevel measures (reported in logits) addressing important scale assumptions of a test's measurement properties and allowing subsequent statistical analyses to be applied. ...
Aim
To investigate the construct validity of the Baby Observational Selective Control AppRaisal (BabyOSCAR), an assessment of independent joint motion in infants with cerebral palsy (CP).
Method
BabyOSCAR was scored for 75 infants (45 with CP and 30 without CP). Rasch analysis was used in combination with classical test theory to assess areas of strength or improvement. Overall fit and precision, unidimensionality, local independence, reliability indices, Wright's child‐item map, and differential item functioning were examined as part of Rasch analysis to investigate the item properties, internal construct validity, and reliability of BabyOSCAR. Cronbach's α was used to evaluate items’ internal consistency.
Results
Analysis demonstrated good fit to the Rasch model, with only one erratic item. Unidimensionality results suggest two dimensions, split between arm and leg items. Item calibration reliability was between 0.84 and 0.86, with three distinct item difficulty levels. Infant measure reliability was between 0.82 and 0.91, separating infants into three ability levels. Together, the two subscales covered the full range of skills, with redundancy mostly between the same motion on both sides of the body. Cronbach's α was between 0.90 and 0.95.
Interpretation
BabyOSCAR's construct validity was supported. Arm and leg subscales can be translated to a logit scale.
... In the first half of the 20th century, the contributions of Bayley (1936), Espenschade (1980), Gesell (1949Gesell ( , 1980Gesell ( , 1981, Illingworth (1992), Brunet and Lézine (1980), André-Thomas et al. (1944), Saint-Anne (1977), Totsika and Sylva (2004), among others, stand out. It is also important to highlight the contribution of tests and scales such as the Gesture Imitation Test (Bergès & Lézine, 1981), The Alberta Infant Motor Scale -AIMS (Piper et al., 1992), the Test of Infant Motor Performance -TIMP (Campbell et al., 1995), the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Van Hartingsveldt et al., 2005), and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency BOT-2 (Bruininks & Bruininks, 1978;Deitz et al., 2007). Also, The Preschool Psychomotricity Assessment Scale -EEP (de la Cruz et al., 1988), the Picq and Vayer's Psychomotor Profile (Picq & Vayer, 1977;Vayer, 1977), the McCarthy Scales (McCarthy, 1996), the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children K-ABC (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1997), and the M. Stambak Rhythm Test (Zazzo, 1969). ...
The aim of this research is to review the basis of neurodevelopment in early childhood education and provide interdiscipli-nary development tables that encompass cognitive, kinesthetic, and musical aspects. After reviewing numerous authors, and in order to provide early childhood education teachers with a reliable overview of the subject, we present here tables that are always conditioned by genetic and environmental factors. The development tables offer guidance information in areas such as language, motor coordination, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, spatio-temporal relationships, time horizons, logic, numerical relationships, and rhythmic motor, melodic, and socio-musical aspects, among others. ***** Resumen. El propósito de esta investigación es realizar un recorrido sobre las bases del neurodesarrollo en infantil para finalmente aportar unas tablas de desarrollo de carácter interdisciplinar que engloben aspectos cognitivos, cinestésicos y musicales. Tras la revisión de numerosos autores, con el objetivo de ofrecerle un panorama fidedigno al docente de educación infantil, aportamos unas tablas que siempre están condicionadas por factores genéticos y ambientales. Las tablas de desarrollo aportan información orientativa en áreas como el lenguaje, coordinación motora, motricidad gruesa, motricidad fina, relaciones espacio-temporales, horizonte temporal, lógica, relaciones numéricas, aspectos rítmico-motores, aspectos melódicos y aspectos sociomusicales entre otros.
... Infant neurodevelopment was measured at 4 weeks of age or at discharge, whichever was first. The Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) scale measures the cognitive and motor performance of premature infants (36,37). This scale has been validated by the scale developers for use in research and was administered by a trained occupational therapist. ...
Background
Maternal stress is pervasive in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Maternal stress is associated with changes in human milk (HM) immunomodulatory agents, which may impact neonatal health. We sought to determine the association between maternal stress, HM immunoglobulin A (IgA) and cortisol, and to assess how these milk components correlate with infant immune and neurodevelopmental outcomes. We then compared how these associations persist over time.
Methods
The study design involved a cohort study of exclusively breastfeeding mothers and their singleton moderately preterm (28–34 weeks) infants admitted to the NICU. We collected maternal serum, maternal saliva, and first-morning whole milk samples, and administered maternal stress questionnaires at 1 and 5 weeks postpartum. We analyzed the samples for HM IgA (using a customized immunoassay in skim milk) and for HM and salivary cortisol (using a chemiluminescent immunoassay). Infant illness was assessed using the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology II (SNAP II) and SNAP II with Perinatal Extension (SNAPPE II), and infant neurodevelopment were assessed using the Test of Infant Motor Performance. We analyzed changes in HM IgA and cortisol over time using paired t-tests. Furthermore, we performed correlation and regression analyses after adjusting for gestational age (GA), corrected GA, and infant days of life.
Results
In our study, we enrolled 26 dyads, with a mean maternal age of 28.1 years, consisting of 69% white, 19% Black, and 8% Hispanic. Cortisol: Salivary and HM cortisol were closely associated in week 1 but not in week 5. Though mean salivary cortisol remained stable over time [2.41 ng/mL (SD 2.43) to 2.32 (SD 1.77), p = 0.17], mean HM cortisol increased [1.96 ng/mL (SD 1.93) to 5.93 ng/mL (SD 3.83), p < 0.001]. Stress measures were inversely associated with HM cortisol at week 1 but not at week 5. IgA: HM IgA decreased over time (mean = −0.14 mg/mL, SD 0.53, p < 0.0001). High maternal stress, as measured by the Parental Stressor Scale: neonatal intensive care unit (PSS:NICU), was positively associated with HM IgA at week 5 (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.001). Higher IgA was associated with a lower (better) SNAP II score at week 1 (r = −0.74, p = 0.05). No associations were found between maternal stress, salivary cortisol, HM cortisol, or HM IgA and neurodevelopment at discharge (as assessed using the TIMP score). Furthermore, these relationships did not differ by infant sex.
Conclusion
Maternal stress showed associations with HM cortisol and HM IgA. In turn, HM IgA was associated with lower measures of infant illness.
... Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP). The TIMP is an assessment of posture and movement for infants from 32 weeks of gestational age to 4 months of corrected age ( [34] Campbell et al., 1995). Testing combines observation of spontaneous movements and placement in various positions to assess activities such as head centering, reaching, finger movements, and head and trunk control. ...
Understanding the type and frequency of current neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) therapy services and predictors of referral for therapy services is a crucial first step to supporting positive long-term outcomes in very preterm infants. This study enrolled 83 very preterm infants (<32 weeks, gestational age mean 26.5 ± 2.0 weeks; 38 male) from a longitudinal clinical trial. Race, neonatal medical index, neuroimaging, and frequency of therapy sessions were extracted from medical records. The Test of Infant Motor Performance and the General Movement Assessment were administered. Average weekly sessions of occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy were significantly different by type, but the magnitude and direction of the difference depended upon the discharge week. Infants at high risk for cerebral palsy based on their baseline General Movements Assessment scores received more therapy sessions than infants at low risk for cerebral palsy. Baseline General Movements Assessment was related to the mean number of occupational therapy sessions but not physical therapy or speech therapy sessions. Neonatal Medical Index scores and Test of Infant Motor Performance scores were not predictive of combined therapy services. Medical and developmental risk factors, as well as outcomes from therapy assessments, should be the basis for referral for therapy services in the neonatal intensive care unit.
... The BSRI Scale was developed to provide an objective measure of respiratory instability observed during developmentally appropriate activity. The Interaction domain is based on the knowledge that infants are able to visually engage with objects in their environment only when they have not exceeded the capacity of their respiratory system, as described previously by The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Plan (NIDCAP) [19]. The remaining four domains of the BSRI Scale incorporate knowledge of developmental movement patterns and breathing mechanics. ...
... The trunk maintains a dual role to support respiration and postural control [20]. Midline orientation of the head in the transverse plane is essential for postural control and motor skill development, including coordination of visual and upper extremities skills [19,21]. Cervical extension may be seen in respiratory conditions, including BPD, because accessory muscles are recruited to support respiration [22]. ...
Objective
There is no reliable evidence on how best to evaluate the overall status of infants with severe forms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The Behavioral Signs of Respiratory Instability (BSRI) scale was developed as an objective measure of developmental capacity during occupational and physical therapy sessions. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the BSRI Scale.
Study design
The BSRI and Respiratory Severity Score (RSS) were compared for 25 infants with BPD and 15 infants without BPD. A cross-sectional design was used to test inter-rater reliability among 10 NICU occupational and physical therapists. A prospective cohort design was used to evaluate validity.
Results
The BSRI demonstrated good to excellent inter-rater reliability (ρ = 0.47–0.91) and was strongly correlated with RSS (ρ = −0.77, p < 0.001; concurrent validity).
Conclusion
The BSRI Scale has preliminary psychometric support. Standardized measures like the BSRI may provide accurate, objective data that can improve care planning within interdisciplinary teams that supports brain growth and potentially improves neurodevelopment.
... The TIMPSI is the abbreviated version of the TIMP, a longitudinal instrument designed for the assessment of infants aged between 34 weeks of pregnancy and four months of corrected age. 19 The 42 items of the fifth version of the TIMP allow for a comprehensive analysis of the neuromotor development of head and trunk control, as well as the selective control of the upper and lower limbs for functional development in daily interactions with caregivers. The scale is divided into two subscales, namely, (a) observational, made up of 13 dichotomous items, and (b) provoked or induced, made up of 29 items, with values between four and six points. ...
... The TIMPSI items are based on the psychometric properties and Rash analysis of the TIMP test to assess infants of any age. 19 The assessment of premature infants with the use of the TIMPSI will be performed in the HHI group at three different times: (1) prior to the intervention; (2) when the participants completed 56 sessions, in approximately four weeks; and (3) one month later. Regarding the TI group, the TIMPSI will be applied at the same times described, without considering the number of minimum sessions established for the HHI group. ...
Background:
Deviations occur in the neuropsychomotor development of premature infants; early interventions minimize delay motor. This study aimed to determine the effect of an interdisciplinary hospital-home intervention addressing motor development adaptation in premature infants in Colombia in comparison with traditional interventions.
Methods:
This study was based on a parallel design, with two groups, namely, experimental and control. The experimental group, hospital-home intervention (HHI) performed in two settings (i.e., hospital neonatal care units and homes), and the control group, traditional intervention, (TI) performed in institutions for premature infants. The sample will be composed of 130 randomly-allocated infants, 65 in the experimental group (HHI) and 65 in the control group (TI) of moderate to late preterm infants (gestational age between 34 and 37 weeks), weighing more than or equal to 1.800 g, who are hemodynamically stable and reside in the cities of Tunja and Bogotá-Colombia recruited between 2021 and 2022. For the pre- and post-intervention assessments, the TIMPSI and the CapDMP are the instruments used to assess motor development and the degree of parents' or caregivers' knowledge about motor development. The HHI is composed of 10 intervention strategies based on stimulation of motor development, performed twice a day for 10 min for two months, in combination with calls to a mobile device, using software (Baby Motor Skills) and an instant messaging system (WhatsApp).
Results:
This hospital-home intervention program proposes an approach focused on the motor development of premature infants, based on sensory and motor stimulation strategies, in addition to follow-up performed at home with the use of a mobile application that improves the motor development of premature infants. Register Clinical Trial: NCT04563364.
Conclusion:
The HHI provides the opportunity to determine whether the individualized four-week from admission to follow up at home with parent training will improve the motor skills of premature infants.
... In Brazil, instruments to assess children fundamental motor skills (Test of Gross Motor Development -3; Ulrich, 2019) and to complement the diagnostic of developmental coordination disorder (Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2; Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007) have been validated (Valentini, Ramalho, & Oliveira, 2014, 2017. Besides, two infant assessments use to detect motor delays, the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (Darrah & Piper, 1994) and the Test Infant Motor Performance (Campbell, Kolobe, Osten, Lenke, & Girolami, 1995) were also validated (Chiquetti, Valentini, & Saccani, 2020;Saccani & Valentini, 2012a, 2012bValentini & Saccani, 2012). However, none of these instruments cover the age range between 18-36 months; an age range is crucial to detect motor impairments and intervene in children with and without disabilities. ...
... (Linacre, 2020). The Rasch model has been used to strengthen the measurement qualities of several assessment tools used with children (Campbell, Kolobe, Osten, Lenke, & Girolami, 1995;Darr, Franjoine, Campbell, & Smith, 2015;Haley et al., 2011;Russell et al., 2000). ...
Introduction
Motor difficulties associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are frequently apparent before the accepted diagnostic age of 5. Tools to support identification of DCD markers would allow provision of early intervention to reduce negative sequelae.
Objective
Establish psychometric properties and define preliminary cut-off scores for the Brazilian Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire - Brazil (LDCDQ-BR).
Methods and procedures
Parents of 3- and 4-year-old children (n = 312; 154 girls) from Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil, completed the LDCDQ-BR, the Brazil Economic Classification Criterion and a demographic questionnaire. One sub-set of children (n = 119) was assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–2nd Edition; another sub-set (n = 77) completed the LDCDQ-BR a second time.
Results
Rasch analysis indicated good item functioning with only one erratic item, suggesting unidimensionality. Item calibration reliability was excellent (0.97), children’s measures reliability was low (0.72), but implying separation of 2.46 motor ability levels. Significant, low correlations were found between the LDCDQ-BR and MABC-2 (r = 0.30, p < 0.01). Test-retest reliability was 0.77 (total score) and 0.44–0.78 (individual items). ROC curve analysis revealed sensitivity of 68% at a cut-off score of 64.
Conclusion
The LDCDQ-BR shows promising psychometric properties to support early identification of DCD.
... The TIMPSI is a shortened version of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP), 8 a norm-referenced standardized assessment that can identify changes in motor development in two-week increments from 34 weeks PMA to fivemonths CA [12,15,16]. The TIMP has high specificity and moderate sensitivity [17] and strong inter-and intra-rater reliability [18]. It is responsive to intervention in infants born preterm both prior to term age [7] and from term age to five-months CA [19,20]. ...
Background
Interventions involving both the parent and the preterm infant have demonstrated lasting effects on cognitive outcomes, but motor effects are less salient. It remains unclear when to commence early intervention and if dosages have impact on motor outcomes.
Aims
To examine the effect on motor performance at 24-months corrected age following a parent-administered intervention performed with infants born preterm in the NICU. Intervention dosing and longitudinal motor performance were also analyzed.
Study design
Single-blinded randomized multicenter clinical trial.
Subjects
153 infants born, gestational age ≤ 32 weeks at birth, were randomized into intervention or control group.
Outcome measures
Infant Motor Performance Screening Test, Test of Infant Motor Performance, Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2.
Results
No significant difference was found between the intervention and the control group assessed with the PDMS-2 at 24-months CA. However, a significant positive association was found between dosing and the Gross Motor and Total Motor PDMS-2 scores. Analysis of longitudinal motor performance showed a decreasing motor performance between 6- and 24-months corrected age in both groups.
Conclusions
There was no difference in motor performance between groups at 24-months corrected age. However, increased intervention dosage was positively associated with improved motor outcome.
... Dentre os instrumentos/testes que podem ser aplicados por fisioterapeutas em pediatria e/ou neonatologia, na prática clínica e científica, tem-se como exemplos o Teste de Desenvolvimento Denver II (Denver II) [4], a Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) [5], a Escala de Desenvolvimento Infantil de Bayley III (Bayley III) [6], o Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade (PEDI) [7], a Medida da Função Motora Grossa (GMFM) [8], o Teste de Performance Motora Infantil (TIMP) [9], o General Movements [10], a Escala de Estado Funcional Pediátrica (FSS pediátrica) [11], o Teste de Caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) [12] e a mensuração da força muscular respiratória [13], que possuem validação e confiabilidade, podendo auxiliar no diagnóstico funcional [14][15][16][17]. ...
Introdução: Os instrumentos de avaliação podem permitir a mensuração de déficits funcionais, corroborando para um diagnóstico mais assertivo. Objetivo: Investigar o conhecimento e a aplicação de instrumentos/testes de avaliação em fisioterapia neonatal e pediátrica. Métodos: Observacional, descritivo, de corte transversal, realizado entre dezembro de 2020 e abril de 2021. Foram avaliados o conhecimento e a aplicação de instrumentos/testes de avaliação por fisioterapeutas que atuam em pediatria e/ou neonatologia na cidade de Salvador/BA. A coleta foi realizada através de um formulário online, produzido pelas autoras, e composto por 24 questões. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 70 participantes, idade média de 32,5 ± 6,6 anos, 95,7% feminino, 32,9% com pós-graduação Lato Sensu, 51,4% atuavam no regime público, 30% trabalhavam em até dois setores. A mensuração da força muscular respiratória foi o teste mais conhecido (94,3%) e a Escala de Estado Funcional Pediátrica (FSS) o instrumento menos conhecido (41,4%) pelos fisioterapeutas. O instrumento/teste mais e menos aplicados na prática clínica foram, respectivamente, a mensuração da força muscular respiratória (47,1%) e o Denver II (71,4%). Conclusão: Apesar de haver maior frequência de fisioterapeutas que relataram conhecer os instrumentos/testes analisados, houve predominância da não aplicação destes na prática clínica.
