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Thottea reflexa T.L.Yao. a. Habit and fruit; b. flower; c. flower bud top view; d. flower bud side view; e. gynostemium.-Scale bars: a = 5 cm; b-d = 5 mm; e = 2 mm (all: Yao et al. FRI 65597, KEP).
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Nine new species of the genus Thottea, namely T. anthonysamyi, T. kamarudiniana, T. longipedunculata, T. papilionis, T. piscodora, T. reflexa, T. ruthiae and T. terengganuensis from Peninsular Malaysia (eight species) and T. praetermissa from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (one species) are described and illustrated. Distribution maps are provid...
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A new species of Thottea Rottb. (Aristolochiaceae) from Ernakulam District, Kerala, India, Thottea adichilthottiana Sunil and Naveen Kumar, is described and illustrated. The species is most similar to Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou, but differs from it in having a smaller habit with obovate or broadly elliptic–oblong leaves, depressed globose fl...
Citations
... Thottea Rottb. (1783) (Aristolochiaceae) is an Indo-Malayan genus with 45 species known to science (Hou, 1984;Yao, 2013;Mustaqim and Putra, 2020;Le et al., 2021;POWO, 2022). One of its centres of distribution is in Sumatra represented by 10 species (Hou, 1984;Mustaqim and Putra, 2020). ...
... It is unique among Thottea in having the 33-lobed style. Literature reviews (Hou, 1981(Hou, , 1984Phuphathanaphong, 1985;Kumar et al., 2000;Huang et al., 2003;Murugan, 2011;Yao, 2013Yao, , 2015Sunil and Kumar, 2014;Mustaqim and Putra, 2020;Le et al., 2021) and examination of the types of other species as well as other specimens in various herbaria either directly or as images from ANDA, BO, FIPIA, and L (abbreviation follow Thiers, 2022), we concluded that the specimen belongs to a species new to science, and here we described it below. This finding increases the number of Thottea in Sumatra to 11. ...
A species new to science, Thottea beungongtanoeh Mustaqim (Aristolochiaceae), is described based on a specimen collected from a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in the eastern part of Aceh Province, the northernmost province in Sumatra. This species differs from all previously described species in having 33-lobed style, the highest count for the genus. Morphological description, distribution, phenology, comparison with the similar species, and the photographs of the living plants are provided.
... In the present study, striking developmental variations such as the filament alone, rudimentary stamen and normal functional stamen were found arising from the position of whorl of appendages in some flowers of accession 2. These developmental fluctuations indicate a transition series of reversion of stamen reduction and hence it can be confirmed that all these appendages are staminodes, formed by the reduction of an entire stamen whorl. There are many noticeable discrepancies in the number of stamen whorls in some species of Thottea such as T. rhizantha (stamens in 2 series), T. paucifida (2 series), T. celebica (2 series), T. anthonysamyi (2 series), T. longipedunculata (2 series), T. abrahamii (2 series), T. triserialis (3 series), T. parviflora (four series) etc. (31,35,36). The occurrence of such a wide range of variation and the development of stamens from the whorl of appendages just below the stylar lobes also support the view that these appendages are formed as a result of reduction of an entire whorl of stamens just below the stylar lobes in T. duchartrei. ...
Gynostemium is a putative floral structure formed by the fusion of the male and female reproductive parts (stamens and carpels) through a process during its development called synorganization. Most of the Indian species of Thottea Rottb. have a prominent gynostemium in their floral architecture, with varying degrees of adnation and complexity. Even though the gynostemium is a significant taxonomic marker for the inter-specific systematics in Thottea, the scepticism and arguments on deciphering its morphology and functional parameters, including the existence of staminodes, makes it imperative to be examined in detail. The present study is the first attempt in this line which aims to explore the morphological characters of gynostemium and reproductive biology of Thottea duchartrei Sivar., A.Babu and Balach., an endemic species in the Western Ghats. Stereo zoom microscopy, SEM and reproductive biological studies were conducted providing special emphasis to the gynostemium. Detailed analysis revealed the structural and functional diversity of gynostemium with regard to its components. The study also helped to recognize the columnar outgrowths on the gynostemium as staminodes. In total, the present study helps to solve the confusions regarding the functional identity of the gynostemium T. duchartrei with regard to its morphology.
... During an ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants led by the first to forth authors in the mountainous areas of A Roang commune, A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province in central Vietnam (Fig. 1), a specimen of an unknown species of Thottea was collected. After a careful examination referring to taxonomic literature (Hou 1981, Sivarajan 1985, Phuphathanaphong 1987, Hô 1999, Kumar et al. 2000, Huang et al. 2003, Huyen 2005, Phan et al. 2009, Murugan 2011, Yao 2013, 2015, Sunil & Vannaratta 2014, Mustaqim & Putra 2020 Thottea aroangensis is characterized by subshrub habit 70-90 cm tall, inflorescence at base of stem close to ground level, campanulate perianth ca. 2.6 cm long, inside of perianth tube with creamy white patches, obscure perianth lobes very broadly triangular ca. ...
Thottea aroangensis T.A. Le, D. Dien & Tagane (Aristolochiaceae) is described based on the specimen collected from the A Roang commune, A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province, central Vietnam. This species is characterized by subshrub habit 70-90 cm tall, inflorescence at base of stem close to ground level, campanulate and obscurely lobed perianth ca. 2.6 cm long, inside of perianth tube with creamy white patches, and 20 stamens in 2 whorls, by which combination it is clearly distinguished from the other species of Thottea in Vietnam and its surrounding countries. Morphological descriptions, photographs, a distribution map, vernacular name, and preliminary conservation status are provided for T. aroangensis.
... A habitat in Myanmar is mixed deciduous forest fl oor, which is similar to that of type locality in Thailand, but not in limestone area. (Yao, 2013;Tagane et al., 2017). Thottea parviflora was described from Peninsular Malaysia and also distributed in peninsular region of Thailand (Ridley, 1911;Phuphathanaphong, 1987aPhuphathanaphong, , 1987b. ...
In the course of inventory of flowering plants in Myanmar, nine species representing nine genera and eight families are recorded for the first time from Myanmar: Arisaema sukotaiense Gagnep. (Araceae), Aristolochia perangustifolia Phuph., Thottea parviflora Ridl. (Aristolochiaceae), Calceolaria tripartita Ruiz & Pav. (Calceolariaceae), Murdannia versicolor (Dalzell) G. Brückn. (Commelinaceae), Musa flaviflora N. W. Simmonds (Musaceae), Picrophloeus javanensis Blume (Gentianaceae), Schima
crenata Korth. (Theaceae) and Zingiber callianthus Triboun & K. Larsen (Zingiberaceae). In each taxon, voucher specimens, the general distribution and photographs are provided with taxonomic notes.
... A similar example of such relictual population between Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia is the angiosperm Thottea praetermissa T.L.Yao (Aristolochiaceae). Thottea praetermissa is known in Malacca and Johor in Peninsular Malaysia and in the Western Catchment Area of Singapore (Yao 2013). ...
... (Aristolochiaceae) is a genus of about 45 species found in southern Asia, extending from China to the east as far as Central Malesia. In Malesia, this genus is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java (western), Borneo, Philippines, and Sulawesi (Hou 1984;Yao 2013). The monophyly of Thottea has been confirmed by a molecular phylogenetic study using three chloroplast genes (trnK, matK, psbA) (Oelschlägel et al. 2011). ...
... Later, a new combination was made by Mabberley (1999). More recently, regional studies have been published by Yao (2013Yao ( , 2015 who described nine species new to science from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. This suggests that it is highly likely that many more species new to science await discovery in the Malesian phytogeographical region, especially in Sumatra, which is the most under-sampled area in the region (Middleton et al. 2019). ...
... This suggests that it is highly likely that many more species new to science await discovery in the Malesian phytogeographical region, especially in Sumatra, which is the most under-sampled area in the region (Middleton et al. 2019). Botanical explorations in under-explored areas often discover species new to science as has occurred in the neighbouring Peninsular Malaysia region (Yao 2013). ...
Thottea tapanuliensis Mustaqim (Aristolochiaceae) is described here based on a plant collected from the west coast of northern Sumatra. This species is only known from the type collection and its threat ranking is assessed here as Critically Endangered. Morphological descriptions, photographs, a distribution map, and discussions are provided, as is a key to all Thottea species in Sumatra.
... The second factor is the larval foodplants for Losaria, which constitute a handful of species in the genus Thottea (family Aristolochiaceae) [46]. Thottea is a genus of lowland forest-dwelling shrub species with high endemism; habitats without dense forests would be unsuitable for Losaria [47,48]. The superimposition of both factors resulted in spatially fragmented suitable habitats, which eventually lead to divergence within L. doubledayi. ...
Losaria coon (Fabricius, 1793) is currently comprised of ten subspecies, which were originally described under two names, Papilio coon and P. doubledayi before 1909, when they were combined as one species. The main difference between them is the colour of abdomen and hindwing subterminal spots—yellow in coon and red in doubledayi. Wing morphology, male and female genitalia, and molecular evidence (DNA barcodes) were analysed for multiple subspecies of L. coon and three other Losaria species—rhodifer, neptunus, and palu. Our molecular data support the separation of L. coon and L. doubledayi stat. rev. as two distinct species, with L. rhodifer positioned between them in phylogenetic analyses. Wing morphology and genitalic structures also confirm the molecular conclusions. Our findings divide L. coon into two species occupying different geographic ranges: with L. coon restricted to southern Sumatra, Java, and Bawean Island, while L. doubledayi occurs widely in regions from North India to northern Sumatra, including Hainan and Nicobar Islands. Hence, future conservation efforts must reassess the status and threat factors of the two species to form updated strategies.
... The recent loss of a Cratoxylum tree in Nee Soon Swamp Forest, a well-documented individual hosting several rare orchids (e.g., Lok et al., 2011a), may have contributed to further losses in Singapore. While the number of nationally extinct orchids is disconcerting, the current discovery, along with other recent orchid discoveries as well as several newly discovered species in other families (Yao, 2013;Leong-Škorničková et al., 2014;Niissalo et al., 2014;Sugumaran & Wong, 2014;Leong-Škorničková & Boyce, 2015), give hope that other Presumed Nationally Extinct species may still survive in Singapore and that even more new species discoveries or rediscoveries can still be made. ...
We discovered a population of Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.f., last collected in 1909 and previously listed as Presumed Nationally Extinct, growing in a wet primary forest in Singapore. The historic distribution of the species is reported here, and the national conservation status of the species is assessed. We also provide notes on the genus in Singapore and the pollination biology of Plocoglottis lowii involving a remarkable trapping mechanism.
... 85 species; Saruma, monotypic) or holoparasites (Prosopanche and Hydnora), the latter with a highly modified sub-terranean bauplan (e.g. González and Stevenson, 2000;Neinhuis et al., 2005;Ohi-Toma et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006Wanke et al., , 2007Tennakoon et al., 2007;Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Naumann et al., 2013;Yao, 2013). ...
Background and AimsThe order Piperales has the highest diversity of growth forms among the earliest angiosperm lineages, including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. However, within the perianth-bearing Piperales (Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Prosopanche, Thottea and Aristolochia), climbing species only occur in the most species-rich genus Aristolochia. This study traces anatomical and morphological traits among these lineages, to detect trends in growth form evolution and developmental processes.Methods
Transverse stem sections of different developmental stages of representatives of Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Thottea and Aristolochia were compared and anatomical traits were linked to growth form evolution. Biomechanical properties of representative climbers were determined in three-point bending tests and are discussed based on the anatomical observations. Growth form evolution of the perianth-bearing Piperales was reconstructed by ancestral character state reconstruction using Mesquite.Key ResultsWhile species of Asarum and Saruma are exclusively herbaceous, species of the remaining genera show a higher diversity of growth habit and anatomy. This growth form diversity is accompanied by a more complex stem anatomy and appropriate biomechanical properties. The ancestral growth form of the perianth-bearing Piperales is reconstructed with either a shrub-like or herbaceous character state, while the following three backbone nodes in the reconstruction show a shrub-like character state. Accordingly, the climbing habit most probably evolved in the ancestor of Aristolochia.Conclusions
Since the ancestor of the perianth-bearing Piperales has been reconstructed with a herb- or shrub-like habit, it is proposed that the climbing habit is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of Aristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification. Observed anatomical synapomorphies, such as the perivascular fibres in Lactoris, Thottea and Aristolochia, support the phylogenetic relationship of several lineages within the perianth-bearing Piperales. In addition, the hypothesis that the vegetative organs of the holoparasitic Hydnoraceae are most probably rhizomes is confirmed.
... 85 species; Saruma, monotypic) or holoparasites (Prosopanche and Hydnora), the latter with a highly modified sub-terranean bauplan (e.g. González and Stevenson, 2000;Neinhuis et al., 2005;Ohi-Toma et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006Wanke et al., , 2007Tennakoon et al., 2007;Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Naumann et al., 2013;Yao, 2013). ...
The predominantly tropical and subtropical genus Aristolochia is known for its large number of climbing species. In addition, comparatively few herbaceous and shrub-like species are known. While climbers and herbaceous species occur in all three clades (subgenera) named Aristolochia, Pararistolochia and Isotrema, shrub-like species have only been reported in Isotrema. Our molecular phylogenies based on chloroplast and nuclear markers indicate that these shrubs are restricted to the monophyletic Central American lineage of the subgenus Isotrema, while its Asian/North American lineage contains exclusively climbing species. Recent field work shows that the rare shrub-like species are neither strictly climbing nor fully self-supporting; they develop a more-or-less upright growth with their branches leaning on the surrounding vegetation. After comparing the anatomy and biomechanics of these species to related climbers within Isotrema, Aristolochia and Pararistolochia, we investigate whether clades that become specialized as climbers can diversify further into self-supporting growth forms. Biomechanical and anatomical investigations reveal some differences between climbing and shrub-like species, but both growth forms show several stem characters typically found in climbers. These include large cross-sectional areas of ray parenchyma and a thick periderm, which are known to promote flexibility. Our study suggests that evolution of growth forms within the genus Aristolochia might be constrained by organizations favoring the climbing habit where shrub-like species do not develop the height, size and stability generally typical of self-supporting shrubs and trees. The insights into growth form evolution within the genus Aristolochia and Isotrema in particular, have encouraged us to enlarge the study on closely related clades. These include Thottea, sister genus to Aristolochia, which contains exclusively shrub-like species, as well as the monotypic genus Lactoris including the small shrub Lactoris fernandeziana, and the holoparasitic genus Hydnora. The latter clades have both been recently placed in close relationship to the genera Aristolochia and Thottea. By studying the anatomy and biomechanics of these lineages in a comparative approach, we intend to enlarge the knowledge about growth form evolution in Piperales.
