Fig 6 - uploaded by Erdal Kosun
Content may be subject to copyright.
Thin section views of lowermost stromatolites. (A) to (C) Lamination with interruptions in growth. (B) Stromatolite with possible filaments. (D) Possible spheroids in stromatolite. Scale bar for (A) is 5 mm; for (B), (C) and (D) it is 1 mm.
Source publication
The Permian–Triassic Boundary sequence at C¸u¨ ru¨k Dag, near Antalya, Turkey, begins with a major erosion surface interpreted as being the Late Permian lowstand, on which lies ca 0Æ4 m of grainstone/packstone composed of ooids, peloids and bioclasts. Most ooids are superficial coats on fragments of calcite crystals presumed to be eroded from cryst...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... first major microbialite is stromatolite, developed on a presumed erosion surface com- prising the thin thrombolite and grainstone/pack- stone described above. The stromatolite has varying gross morphology as masses with wavy laminae, prominent domes and narrow columns (Figs 2 and 5). Much of the stromatolite is layered micritic material indicative of sediment-trapping by cyanobacterial activity as in many modern stromatolites ( Reid et al., 2000) ( Fig. 6A to C); some spheroidal fabrics are present (Fig. 6D), but a common additional fabric is composed of layers of sparite ( stromatolite fabric is a mixture of micritic and peloidal (presumed to be cyanobacterially medi- ated) and cloudy precipitated cements (probably inorganic but possibly microbially mediated). Directly overlying the lowest stromatolite is the first of several beds of mostly planar laminae (Fig. 8). This deposit is comprised of a variety of fabrics, including stromatolite, thrombolite, crystal precipitates and peloidal sediment ( Fig. 9). Stylolitic contact with underlying stro- matolites prevents determination of the nature of the depositional contact. Riding (2008) intro- duced the concept of hybrid microbialites consisting of microbial and inorganically precip- itated components within stromatolites; thus hybrid microbialite is an appropriate term for these PTB microbialites in C ¸ü rü k Dag. In the field, small-scale erosion surfaces are visible (Fig. 8C). In one place the lamination is curved, resembling, but not proving, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) (Figs 2 and 8D). However, in some thin sections, erosion surfaces are difficult to prove; part of the fabric appears to be eroded ( Fig. 9B), but these features may instead be due to uneven microbial micrite. Shelly grainstone/packstone containing well-preserved crinoid columnals occurs at 2AE65 m ( Fig. 9C and D), but is not found anywhere else in the section. Sedimentary struc- tures suggest that this facies represents a nor- mally low energy environment subject to episodic higher energy, such as ...
Context 2
... first major microbialite is stromatolite, developed on a presumed erosion surface com- prising the thin thrombolite and grainstone/pack- stone described above. The stromatolite has varying gross morphology as masses with wavy laminae, prominent domes and narrow columns (Figs 2 and 5). Much of the stromatolite is layered micritic material indicative of sediment-trapping by cyanobacterial activity as in many modern stromatolites ( Reid et al., 2000) ( Fig. 6A to C); some spheroidal fabrics are present (Fig. 6D), but a common additional fabric is composed of layers of sparite ( stromatolite fabric is a mixture of micritic and peloidal (presumed to be cyanobacterially medi- ated) and cloudy precipitated cements (probably inorganic but possibly microbially mediated). Directly overlying the lowest stromatolite is the first of several beds of mostly planar laminae (Fig. 8). This deposit is comprised of a variety of fabrics, including stromatolite, thrombolite, crystal precipitates and peloidal sediment ( Fig. 9). Stylolitic contact with underlying stro- matolites prevents determination of the nature of the depositional contact. Riding (2008) intro- duced the concept of hybrid microbialites consisting of microbial and inorganically precip- itated components within stromatolites; thus hybrid microbialite is an appropriate term for these PTB microbialites in C ¸ü rü k Dag. In the field, small-scale erosion surfaces are visible (Fig. 8C). In one place the lamination is curved, resembling, but not proving, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) (Figs 2 and 8D). However, in some thin sections, erosion surfaces are difficult to prove; part of the fabric appears to be eroded ( Fig. 9B), but these features may instead be due to uneven microbial micrite. Shelly grainstone/packstone containing well-preserved crinoid columnals occurs at 2AE65 m ( Fig. 9C and D), but is not found anywhere else in the section. Sedimentary struc- tures suggest that this facies represents a nor- mally low energy environment subject to episodic higher energy, such as ...
Similar publications
Ostracod association from the Upper Triassic (Tropites dilleri zone of the Carnian stage) of the sedimentary succession (Mufara Formation) exposed along the east side of Monte Scalpello (Catenanuova, central eastern Sicily) has been studied for the first time. The specimens, silicified, are rare but well preserved and often consist of complete cara...
A multiproxy approach, focusing on biological proxies, was undertaken to determine the influence of sea-level changes along the southern Cape coast and the variability of water masses over the central Agulhas Bank region during the Holocene. A 30.47 m sedimentary core extracted from the coastal lake, Eilandvlei, shows continuous deposition for the...
Ostracods (Crustacea) are benthic inhabitants well known for their consistent qualities as paleoenvironment markers. In particular, they are reliable indicators of water oxygenation level: filter feeders are more common in poor oxygen conditions, contrasting with deposit feeders, which are abundant in well-oxygenated settings. In the Permian/Triass...
The Permian-Triassic Khuff Formation crops out in central Saudi Arabia along a N-S belt, some 1,200 km in length. It is 171.4 m (562.2 ft) thick in the type section and divided into five members; from oldest to youngest: Ash Shiqqah (formerly Unayzah member of the Khuff Formation), Huqayl, Duhaysan, Midhnab and Khartam. The base of the Khuff Format...
Investigation of the ostracod fauna of the parastratotype of the Permian-Triassic boundary at Bulla in the Southern Alps produced 62 species belonging to 31 genera. They are all discussed and figured. This paper presents results of the first description of ostracods from this important site. One genus, Bairdiacratia n. gen., and 13 species are new:...
Citations
... Such microbialites, which were particularly abundant on lowlatitude shallow-marine carbonate shelves (Kershaw et al., 2012) in the Palaeotethys and Neotethys (Baud et al., 1997(Baud et al., , 2005b(Baud et al., , 2007Kershaw et al., 2007;Forel, 2013) are characteristic for the Permian-Triassic transition. Microbial mats forming these microbialites flourished during four phases in the Early Triassic (base of Griesbachian, late Griesbachian-Dienerian, early Smithian and mid-Spathian), whereby studies from the South China Block (i.e., Lehrmann et al., 2003;Ezaki et al., 2008;Yang et al., 2011;Jiang et al., 2014;Bagherpour et al., 2017), Turkey (Baud et al., 1997(Baud et al., , 2005bRichoz, 2006;Kershaw et al., 2011) and Iran (Taraz et al., 1981;Kozur, 2005Kozur, , 2007Richoz, 2006;Baud et al., 2007;Richoz et al., 2010;Leda et al., 2014) revealed that the first phase during the Griesbachian was the phase of most extensive growth. This phase coincided with the first growth phase of Armenian https://doi.org/10. ...
The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe biotic crisis in Earth's history. In its direct aftermath microbial communities colonized some of the space left vacant after the severe decline of skeletal metazoans. The Permian-Triassic boundary microbialites were peculiarly abundant on low-latitude shallow-marine carbonate shelves of central Tethyan continents. Armenia features particularly well preserved and diverse basal Triassic sponge-microbial build-ups (BTSMBs), which were not studied in detail to date. Here, the Chanakhchi section in southern Armenia is described petrographically and by means of stable isotope analyses. The Armenian BTSMBs formed in a distally open marine setting on a pelagic carbonate ramp in the course of two phases of microbial growth during the Induan (Lower Triassic). The BTSMBs are represented by predominantly thrombolitic but also dendrolitic and digitate stromatolite biostromes and mounds that vary in height between 5 cm to 12 m. The digitate stromatolites are associated with calcium carbonate crystal fans (CCFs). Microfacies analyses revealed that the BTSMBs exhibit a number of different growth forms and internal fabrics. The formation of CCFs was apparently not devoid of biological influence and took place above the sediment surface. The abundance of sponges in the BTSMBs reveals that ecologically complex metazoan-microbial reefs have been present already early after the end-Permian mass extinction. However, the formation of biostromes and mounds did not depend on sponges or other metazoans. BTSMBs that formed during the second microbial growth phase revealed similar δ13C-values like the surrounding sediment. In contrast, the δ13Cmicrobialite and δ13Csediment values from the BTSMBs and CCFs of the first growth phase show a difference of up to + 2.3‰, suggesting a significant influence of photoautotrophy during microbially induced carbonate precipitation.
... They provide a unique window to investigate the history of photosynthesis, evolution of the early atmosphere and microbe-environment interactions through geological time (Awramik 1992(Awramik , 2006Kah and Riding 2007;Kershaw et al. 2007Kershaw et al. , 2009Kershaw et al. , 2012Noffke and Awramik 2013). Early Triassic stromatolites have been reported from around the world (Schubert and Bottjer 1992;Sano and Nakashima 1997;Richoz et al. 2005;Hips and Haas 2006;Pruss et al. 2006;Farabegoli et al. 2007;Kershaw et al. 2011;Chen et al. , 2014Mata and Bottjer 2012) and are major components of post-extinction microbialites. Resurgence of microbial communities occurred throughout the entire Early Triassic recovery interval, during that time there were at least four major events of high microbialite abundance (Baud et al. 2007). ...
... During periods of rapid sedimentation, filamentous cyanobacteria dominate over the stromatolite surfaces, whereas the climax communities of endolithic coccoidal bacteria develop during prolonged hiatal periods . This viewpoint opens a brand new window insight into the possible forming mechanism of microbialite deposits (Ezaki et al. 2003(Ezaki et al. , 2008Hips and Haas 2006;Kershaw et al. 2011Kershaw et al. , 2012Yang et al. 2011;Chen et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2014). ...
An Early Triassic stromatolitic deposit is documented in the Dienerian succession of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Xingyi area, Guizhou, southwest China. Five types of constructional microbial forms at various scales were observed. (1) Typical stratified columnar structures, up to 25 cm in height, with crinkled laminae. Dark-coloured laminae, 1 mm thick, are composed of upright filamentous tubes, average diameter 5 µm, showing a vertical growth fabric. (2) Prostrate filaments showing strong fluorescence, in sharp contrast to the micritic cement. (3) Coccoid-like spheroids and algal filaments are also common in stromatolitic laminae. These resemble present-day cyanobacteria, and thus may represent fossilized cyanobacteria. (4) Smaller bacilli resembling Pelodictyon are very common in the stromatolitic laminae. (5) Framboidal pyrite is also abundant and probably indicates biological involvement in stromatolite formation. Two major microbial functional groups, oxygenic phototrophs represented by lithified cyanobacteria and probable sulfate-reducing bacteria represented by framboidal pyrite, were present during stromatolite growth. Another possible microbial functional group, anoxygenic phototrophs represented by lithified remains resembling Pelodictyon clathratiforme, may be present in the Xingyi stromatolites, and were involved in stromatolite formation by capturing or adhering microcrystalline particles. All of these features demonstrate that the Early Triassic stromatolites are biogenic. The occurrence of the Xingyi stromatolites, corresponding to a second episode of microbial growth during the Early Triassic, reveals that post-extinction microbialites were widespread in the Dienerian. These Early Triassic stromatolites indicate that a microbial bloom took place in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction.
... As well-known Early Triassic anachronistic facies, microbial facies of a variety of forms have been reported from numerous parts of the world (e.g., Schubert and Bottjer, 1992;Baud et al., 1997Baud et al., , 2005Baud et al., , 2007Sano and Nakashima, 1997;Kershaw et al., 1999Kershaw et al., , 2007Kershaw et al., , 2011Kershaw et al., , 2012Lehrmann, 1999;Pruss and Bottjer, 2004;Pruss et al., 2006;Mary and Woods, 2008;Tavakoli et al., 2011;Tavakoli, 2015). In the Early Triassic interval of the Persian Gulf, three different forms of microbial facies have been recorded as follows: ...
... But, it seems that the facies was formed in a different environmental condition during the Early Triassic in comparison to late Permian time. Some observations (i.e., close association with shoal facies) showed that the facies can also form in back-shoal settings (see also Kershaw et al., 2011). ...
... In most cases, this syn-sedimentary submarine calcite cement is recorded in forms of cement crusts and botryoids (fan shape) ( Fig. 4A-D) that comprises fibrous and bladed calcite crystals (Fig. 4A, C, D, E). These types of cements are also reported from similar intervals of the Persian Gulf and other places around the world (see Insalaco et al., 2006;Baud et al., 2007;Kershaw et al., 2011). It seems that some bladed types were formed during diagenesis by the neomorphism of fibrous crystals. ...
The Permian–Triassic boundary corresponds with the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history, during which most living taxa were diminished. The delayed recovery time after this boundary was also one of the longest among all mass extinction events, and resulted from enduring unfavorable environmental conditions for living organisms. Such long-lasting harsh conditions during the Early Triassic resulted not only in the delayed recovery of organisms but also considerable changes in depositional processes, which formed ‘anachronistic facies’ all around the world. In this study, anachronistic facies and features are reported, for the first time, from the Early Triassic intervals of the Persian Gulf. Also, it aims to interpret the factors governing formation of these facies using sedimentological evidence. Accordingly, three types of microbial facies (including stromatolitic boundstones, oncoidal facies and thrombolytic facies), highly cemented facies/layers, large-ooid facies and coarse intraclastic facies are introduced as the anachronistic facies of the Early Triassic sequences in four giant and supergiant gas fields in the Persian Gulf region. Seemingly, the oscillations in CaCO3 saturation can be considered as the main cause for the formation of anachronistic facies in these intervals. The evidence shows that an increase in dissolved CO2 caused acidification of the sea water, CaCO3 dissolution and extinction. Carbonate dissolution causes reduction in dissolved CO2 and increase in Ca2 + and HCO3− (super-saturation situation). Therefore, sea-water under-saturation and subsequent super-saturation in an organism-free substrate were the main causes for development of such anachronistic facies (in the super-saturation situation phase).
... The lower Koarkuyu and Gevne formations are earliest Triassic in age as indicated by postextinction microbialites and rare skeletal abundance. The largest ooids in these units are 0.7 mm (Marcoux and Baud 1986;Baud et al. 1997Baud et al. , 2005Ü nal et al. 2003, Groves et al. 2005Kershaw et al. 2011). There are several beds bearing oolites within the Elikah Formation in Iran. ...
The significant increase of abundance and expansion of depositional environments that produced unusual sediments in the Early Triassic indicates stressed ecosystems in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) mass extinction. As one of the characteristically common Early Triassic carbonate sediments, ooids provide a potential proxy to refine understanding of the biotic and environmental stresses during this time through analysis of their formation and size variations. A case study from South China and a global review are presented herein to explore the interrelations between occurrences of oolites and ooid size variations with biotic and environmental changes. Correlations between oolites and various biotic and environmental changes suggest a strong correspondence with episodes of euxinia/dysoxia but less so with skeleton abundance and temperature changes, implying complex interactions between multiple biotic and environmental anomalies in the aftermath of the P-Tr extinction. The episodic occurrence pattern of oolites from the end-Permian through the Early Triassic coincides with the multiple crises of the P-Tr mass extinction and its aftermath. The global increase in size of ooids during the early stage of the P-Tr mass extinction aftermath indicates the most severe and extensive conditions of devastation for ecosystems. The single occurrence of giant ooids in the Nanpanjiang Basin within the Olenekian implies local higher ecosystem stress than other areas. This analysis of ooid size variations and the paleoceanographic implications suggests that the size of ooids could be an appropriate quantified sedimentary proxy for ecosystem devastation with varied temporal and spatial ranges.
... The material described in the present work comes from theÇ€ ur€ uk Da g section (36 41 0 324 00 N, 30 27 0 40.1 00 E), located in the Western Taurus, Antalya Nappes, Turkey (Fig. 1). A succinct description of the lithological succession is provided here: the reader is referred to Baud et al. (1997Baud et al. ( , 2005, Crasquin et al. (2009) and Kershaw et al. (2010) and references therein for further details. The Upper Permian Pamuçak Formation consists of wackestones and grainstones/packstones. ...
The Kokarkuyu Formation (Early Triassic) from the Çürük Dağ section, Western Taurus, Antalya Nappes, Turkey was carefully sampled for a taxonomic study of the ostracods. A total of 57 species belonging to 15 genera are recognized. Three species are newly described: Monoceratina hussonae sp. nov., Reviya sylvieae sp. nov. and Eukloedenella adcapitisdolorella sp. nov. The present data are the first Neo-Tethyan illustration of ostracod survival in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction in a refuge of microbial origin. Ostracods are abundant within the microbialites at the base of the formation and allow the reconstruction of ontogenetic series for nine species. Shape variations through ontogeny are described for seven species: Bairdia? kemerensis, Praezabythocypris? ottomanensis, Liuzhinia antalyaensis, Paracypris gaetanii, Reviya curukensis, R. sylvieae and Eukloedenella adcapitisdolorella. Paedomorphosis through deceleration and peramorphosis through acceleration are identified as secondary survival strategies following the end-Permian extinction.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6849AB0D-B085-47BE-950A-BC98CC50C4E3
... Carbonate ooids are widely distributed in the Lower Triassic of the Tethys Ocean region, including in southern Austria (Krainer and Vachard, 2009), Germany (Weidlich, 2007), Hungary (Hips and Haas, 2006), northern Italy (Baud et al., 1997;Fraiser et al., 2005), Turkey (Baud et al., 1989;Kershaw et al., 2010), Iran (Gaetani et al., 2009), and Oman . In the eastern Tethys, the peri-equatorial South China Craton also developed extensive carbonate ooid deposits following the end-Permian mass extinction (Fig. 1A). ...
The end-Permian mass extinction (EPE), about 252 Myr ago, eradicated more than 90% of marine species. Following this event, microbial formations colonised the space left vacant after extinction of skeletonised metazoans. These post-extinction microbialites dominated shallow marine environments and were usually considered as devoid of associated fauna. Recently, several fossil groups were discovered together with these deposits and allow discussing the palaeoenvironmental conditions following the EPE. At the very base of the Triassic, abundant Ostracods (Crustacea) are systematically present, only in association with microbialites. Bacterial communities building the microbial mats should have served as an unlimited food supply. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria may also have locally provided oxygen to the supposedly anoxic environment: microbialites would have been refuges in the immediate aftermath of the EPE. Ostracods temporarily disappear together with microbialites during the Griesbachian.
