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Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) after development at (a) visible light, (b) 254 nm, (c) 366 nm, and (d) after spraying with 10% methanolic KOH reagent (A = rhein sample before purification, B = rhein sample after purification, C = rhein standard, and D = residue from the CHCl 3 layer).
Source publication
Rhein is used as an active ingredient in laxatives in medicinal herbal products and is a chemical marker for quality control purposes. Thus, a simple and effective method for the optimized extraction of a high amount of rhein from the fruit pulp of Cassia fistula was investigated using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The response surface meth...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... chromatography was used to check the purified rhein. As depicted in Figure 8a, samples A and B showed the same yellow spot as the rhein standard (C) in visible light. All three spots had the same Rf value of 0.32, so the two yellow spots from A and B were identified as rhein. ...
Context 2
... same chromatogram was detected under ultraviolet light. At 254 nm (Figure 8b), the rhein spot of samples A-C quenched the fluorescence of the TLC plate, which led to dark spots. Sample D showed other compounds which were separated from rhein. ...
Context 3
... impurities of sample A fluoresced at 366 nm (Figure 8c), while the rhein spots appeared as a beige-brownish color, which was in accordance with the literature [29]. Rhein had an Rf value of 0.32, while the Rf values of the impurities ranged between 0.41 and 0.90. ...
Context 4
... the UV-Vis examination, the TLC was sprayed with 10% methanolic KOH reagent to test the Borntraeger reaction. The rhein spots interacted with the spraying reagent and the color changed immediately from yellow to a pinkish color in visible light (Figure 8d). ...
Context 5
... chemical structure was confirmed by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR (Figure 10a,b) Thin-layer chromatography was used to check the purified rhein. As depicted in Figure 8a, samples A and B showed the same yellow spot as the rhein standard (C) in visible light. All three spots had the same R f value of 0.32, so the two yellow spots from A and B were identified as rhein. ...
Context 6
... same chromatogram was detected under ultraviolet light. At 254 nm (Figure 8b), the rhein spot of samples A-C quenched the fluorescence of the TLC plate, which led to dark spots. Sample D showed other compounds which were separated from rhein. ...
Context 7
... impurities of sample A fluoresced at 366 nm (Figure 8c), while the rhein spots appeared as a beige-brownish color, which was in accordance with the literature [29]. Rhein had an R f value of 0.32, while the R f values of the impurities ranged between 0.41 and 0.90. ...
Similar publications
The quality control of medicinal agents derived from natural sources is of
paramount in ensuring safety and efficacy. The major hindrance in the acceptance of
herbal medicines into modern medical practices is the lack of scientific and clinical
data on the safety and efficacy of the herbal products. In general, there is a lack of strict
guideline f...
Citations
... 41 Cassia fistula consists of Rhein, an anthraquinone, that acts as a laxative was extracted using ultrasound from the fruit pulp, wherein a yield twice the conventional decoction method was obtained from the UAE-optimized Central Composite Design (CCD). 42 Polysaccharides from Trametes orientalis were also extracted using ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction for hepatoprotection. 43 Enzymatic extraction of β carotene from orange peel waste was performed using ultrasound (20 kHz, 500 W) as the pectinase enzyme results in increased penetration of the solvent into cell walls. ...
Ultrasound waves are sound waves with frequencies higher than the human audible frequencies and application of these waves in biomedical science is explored in this article. A novel approach that involved the use of ultrasound was discovered in around 1950 and since then, it is experimented on to obtain various applications like gene/drug delivery, diagnosis, theranostics, tissue engineering, etc. Ultrasound waves are sound waves travelling at frequencies above human audible frequencies and are further classified into three types: high frequency, medium frequency and low frequency, each showing different therapeutic applications. Ultrasound has shown its application in various fields like dentistry, wastewater management, etc. Apart from therapeutic use, ultrasound is also implemented in synthesis, extraction, tissue engineering, gene delivery and many more applications. This article mentions the recent applications of ultrasound as a non-invasive route for the treatment of several diseases also due to its enhanced penetration of cells which helped greatly in the delivery of drugs/genes, in the extraction of various essential biological components from plants, in the synthesis of several compounds, in the field of theranostics – a combination of diagnosis and therapy, in tissue engineering, etc.
... Many advantages of ultrasonic -assisted extraction including lower processing time, less thermal damage, being a cost-effective approach, and increment of product quality, have made widespread attention used for the extraction of natural products. Actually, due to the high cavitation effect of ultrasonic waves, this extraction method requires less time and is highly efficient as well, providing a high extraction rate under low-temperature conditions [34,42,43]. Low-temperature extraction conditions prevent the degradation of lutein that occurs at high temperatures, thus improving the extraction rate. ...
Background
Agricultural by-products rich in lutein such as pistachio hull can be applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food manufacturing. The development of rapid and cost-effective extraction methods of lutein from pistachio hull to optimize lutein recovery is of great interest to transpose to an industrial scale. Herein, we optimized the extraction protocol of lutein from the Iranian pistachio hull using experimental design and ultrasonic method.
Methods
Fresh raw un-hulled pistachios were harvested and dehulled, then hulls were dried and finely powdered to use for further analysis. Soxhlet process was carried out to obtain pistachio hull oleoresin and response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of saponification and ultrasonic methods. The lutein contents were quantitatively analyzed and validated using LC-MS/MS system.
Results
Our results showed that lutein in pistachio hull is mainly in free form, therefore the saponification method is not necessary for its extraction. Under optimal experimental design conditions, the maximum amount of lutein predicted and observed was 7.90 and 7.97 mg/100 g, respectively. Ethyl acetate was applied as an extraction solvent with the ultrasonic method followed by the setting up of the extraction time, temperature and solvent/sample ratio as variables. Under optimal experimental conditions corresponding to 45 min extraction time at 50 °C and 35.5 mg/ml of the solvent/sample ratio, the amount of lutein obtained from dried pistachio hull was 5.14 mg/100 g.
Conclusion
Pistachio waste products are rich in lutein which is in free from, so the administration of ultrasonic extraction using Ethyl acetate as a green and cost-effective method can be applied for lutein extraction from other plant materials and suggested for application on an industrial scale.
Graphical Abstract
... Various parts of CF have been found to have anticancer activities (11)(12)(13)(14). Rhein is one of the main active components, which have been found in various parts of CF (12,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). For anticancer activity, rhein, an active compound isolated from the CF flower extract, showed cytotoxicity on colon cancer cells (COLO 320DM) in concentrationand time-dependent manners (12). ...
Introduction: Cassia fistula Linn. (CF) is a well-known Thai medicinal plant and a source of many bioactive compounds. The present work designed to examine the anticancer effects of pod shell and leaf of CF extracts on a human breast cancer cell line via the suppression of tumor development and metastasis. The expression of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression was interested to explore. Methods: The in vitro anticancer activities of the CF pod shell and leaf extracts, including cell cytotoxicity, cell growth, cell migration, cell death, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB), colony forming, wound healing, and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. The EGFR protein expression was determined by western blot analysis, which is related to increased cancer cell growth and resistance to apoptosis. Results: CF pod shell and leaf extracts showed significant toxicities against MCF-7 cells and inhibited the cancer cells proliferation and migratory ability of breast cancer MCF-7 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Both extracts induced late cell apoptosis and significantly generated ROS formation at a dose of 250 mg/mL. Western blotting data exhibited low levels of EGFR protein expression after treating with the extracts at a dose of 1000 mg/mL. Conclusion: CF pod shell and leaf extracts are able to reduce breast cancer cell proliferation, increase cell apoptosis, and suppress cell migration through the downregulation of EGFR expression indicating anticancer activities.
... As a positive control, diclofenac diethylamine was used at concentrations of 0.25-2.5 µg/mL. The dose-response curve was used to determine the sample solution concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC 50 ). Each sample was tested in triplicate. ...
... The interaction of these two variables had a significant effect on the rhein extraction from S. alata leaves. This finding is consistent with previous research on the optimization of rhein using UAE extracted from Cassia fistula pod pulp [50]. As shown in Table 7, the optimal conditions for extraction were determined to be 59.52 °C, 18.4 min and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 25.48:1 (mL/g). ...
Senna alata leaves display various biological activities as a result of their rhein and phenolic composition. The objective of this study was to develop bioactive de-chlorophyll rhein-rich S. alata extracts. The rhein content was quantified using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) method. The best process parameters for maximizing rhein were established using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimal conditions for the parameters were determined using the Box–Behnken design (BBD); 95% v/v ethanol was used as the extraction solvent at 59.52 °C for 18.4 min with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 25.48:1 (mL/g) to obtain the predicted value of rhein at 10.44 mg/g extract. However, the color of the rhein-rich extract remained dark brown. For the removal of chlorophyll, liquid–liquid extraction with vegetable oils and adsorption with bleaching agents were employed. The bleaching agents were significantly more effective at removing chlorophyll and had less of an effect on the reduction in rhein content than vegetable oils. The presence of rhein and phenolics in the de-chlorophyll extracts might be responsible for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. These findings indicate that rhein-rich extract and its de-chlorophyll extracts possess sufficient biological activities for the further development of cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
... alcohol (8.7%).eugenol (25.0%), limonene (11.0%), (E)-phytol (21.5%), linalool (9.9%),camphor (13.5%), salicyl alcohol (10.4%), in seed 5 compounds-hydroxymethylfurfural, (2'S)-7-hydroxy-2-(2'hydroxypropyl)-5methylchromone 5-(2-hydroxyphenoxymethyl) furfural, (2'S)-7-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-(2'-hydroxypropyl) chromone, benzyl 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate, and benzyl 2βO-dglucopyranosyl-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate, and two oxyanthraquinones, chrysophanol and chrysophanein. In Bark 27 compounds1-hexacosanol, 1-octacosanol, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eight long-chain hydrocarbons, heptacosyleicosanate, glyceryl-1tetraeicosanoate; three sterols, linoleic acid, β-sitosterol , citreorosein,, βsitosteryl-3-Oone triterpene, lupeol , eight anthraquinones, chrysophanol , stigmasterol, emodin, Dglucopyranoside, physcion, , ziganein, rhein methyl ester 1,4,5trihydroxyanthraquinone, coumarins, isoscopoletin , scopoletin ; and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde two chromones, 2,5dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone ,2,5-dimethyl-7-methoxychromone ; three aromatic compounds, vanillic acid, isovanillic acid , [4]. ...
... In Bark 27 compounds1-hexacosanol, 1-octacosanol, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eight long-chain hydrocarbons, heptacosyleicosanate, glyceryl-1tetraeicosanoate; three sterols, linoleic acid, β-sitosterol , citreorosein,, βsitosteryl-3-Oone triterpene, lupeol , eight anthraquinones, chrysophanol , stigmasterol, emodin, Dglucopyranoside, physcion, , ziganein, rhein methyl ester 1,4,5trihydroxyanthraquinone, coumarins, isoscopoletin , scopoletin ; and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde two chromones, 2,5dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone ,2,5-dimethyl-7-methoxychromone ; three aromatic compounds, vanillic acid, isovanillic acid , [4]. In fruit pulp-High amount of rhein [5] Taxonomic classification- ...
Background-Argwadha is the ancient medicinal plant explained in the Ayurvedic Samhitas.It is the common plant in the India and it called Golden shower, traditionally it used for medicinal purpose. Specially in Ayurveda it has many medicinal uses. The Latin name of the ArgwadhaisCassia fistulaanditsFamily Leguminosae. In Ayurveda it called Rajvruksha due to its beautiful flower.Cassia fistulafound in the Asian countries such as the India, Hong cong, Indonesia, Thiland. Aim-to review theArgwadha(Cassia fistula). Here the Ayurvedic samhitas description and recent study is reviewed for the more specification on botanical and medicinal usefulness of this beautiful plant.Observations-According to botanical review Cassia fistula found many more active compounds like eugenol, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrate, tannin, alkaloids, anthroquinone, in the fruit pulp rheninfound.Inthe Ayurvedic samhitas the description of Argwadhafound in the ganaof kushthghna,kadughna,shyamadi, Adhobhaghar. It has many medicinal properties like jwarghna, prameha, kushthaghna,sansrana, in hridroga, chardi, yakshma, udard, Amvisha, Raktpitta, Vatrakta.Discussion-Mainly in the Panchkarmait used as a virechak(laxative). In the modern it has antidiabetic, antipyretic, antifertility, laxative, antitussive, hyperlipidaemic, anticancers, ovicidal, larvicidal, antibacterial, antifungal, skin disease, antioxidant property. It used in industries for commercial purpose in the dying of wool and the in the food preservation. Argwdhais beautiful gift of nature which has many properties
... Carla Cirillo [25] has reviewed the most common botanical laxatives such as senna, cascara, frangula, aloe, and rhubarb and their use in the treatment of constipation. In addition, the active ingredients in botanical products can also be used to alleviate constipation, such as Rhein extracted from Cassia fistula pod pulp is used as an active ingredient in laxatives [26]. Yan et al. [27] confirmed that aqueous extracts of Herba Cistanche promoted intestinal motility in loperamide-induced constipation rats by ameliorating the interstitial cells of Cajal. ...
Constipation is characterized by reduced number of bowel movements, dry stools, and difficult defecation. Yangyin Tongmi capsule (YTC), a traditional Chinese formula, is used in the treatment of constipation, while the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, this work attempted to prove the effects of YTC on constipation treatment and its possible mechanisms. KM mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group) and treated with double distilled water (Control), diphenoxylate (Model: 10 mg/kg), or diphenoxylate plus low-dose YTC (L-YTC: 0.6 g/kg) or high-dose YTC (H-YTC: 1.2 g/kg). The data indicated that YTC can significantly shorten the discharge time of the first black stool, improve intestinal propulsion rate, and increase the water content and quantity of feces in mice. ELISA suggested that YTC regulate the content of intestinal hormones and neurotransmitters, such as motilin (MTL), gastrin (GT), somatostatin (SST), substance P (SP), acetylcholine (Ach), and nitric oxide (NO). The expression levels of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) in the colon were examined by immunohistochemistry. In the meantime, the expression levels of P2X2, C-kit, and stem cell factor (SCF) in the colon were examined by western blot analysis. The results of this study suggest that YTC has mitigative effects on diphenoxylate-induced constipation by regulating the content of intestinal hormones and neurotransmitters and regulating the expression of related proteins in the colon.
... new technology that has attracted widespread attention in the extraction of natural products [17][18][19]. Low temperature extraction conditions prevent the instability of zeaxanthin and lutein that occurs at high temperatures, thus improving the extraction rate. ...
... Molecules 2019, 24, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 which is a new technology that has attracted widespread attention in the extraction of natural products [17][18][19]. Low temperature extraction conditions prevent the instability of zeaxanthin and lutein that occurs at high temperatures, thus improving the extraction rate. ...
Zeaxanthin and lutein have a wide range of pharmacological applications. In this study, we conducted systematic experimental research to optimize antioxidant extraction based on detection, extraction, process amplification, and purification. An ultrasonic-assisted method was used to extract zeaxanthin and lutein with high efficiency from corn gluten meal. Firstly, the effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic extraction time on the extraction of zeaxanthin were investigated in single-factor experiments. The optimization extraction parameters of zeaxanthin and lutein with ethanol solvent were obtained using the response surface methodology (RSM) as follows: liquid–solid ratio of 7.9:1, extraction temperature of 56 °C, and extraction time of 45 min. The total content of zeaxanthin and lutein was 0.501%. The optimum extraction experimental parameters were verified by process amplification, and we confirmed that the parameters of the extraction process optimized using the RSM design are reliable and precise. Zeaxanthin and lutein from crude extract of corn gluten were separated and purified using silica gel column chromatography with the purity of zeaxanthin increasing from 0.28% to 31.5% (about 110 times) and lutein from 0.25% to 16.3% (about 65 times), which could be used for large-scale industrial production of carotenoids.
Cassia fistula (C. fistula) has shown strong anti‐inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antitussive, antibacterial, and antifungal properties and is being used for healing wounds and gastrointestinal illness. This study was planned to obtain fruit extract from C. fistula using ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) technique and evaluated for phytochemical contents, anti‐hyperlipidemia, and hematological parameters. The results showed that total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), condensed tannin (CT), and saponins were 13.07 mg GAE/g, 5.24 mg QE/g, 4.01 mg/g, and 27.55%, respectively, in the extract. Proximate composition of the extract showed 2.48%, moisture, 1.25% fat, 2.80% ash, 4.59% fiber, 11.93% protein, and 76.95% NFE. The 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) activity was 63.30 μg/mL and 15.02 nmol/g, respectively. High‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced hyperlipidemic rats were orally administrated with 0.5 and 1.0 g of extract/kg body weight (bw) daily. The reduction of total cholesterol (TC: 90.83 ± 8.86 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG; 74.16 ± 9.10 mg/dL), and low‐density lipoproteins (LDL; 74.83 ± 4.66 mg/dL) and increase of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL; 41.83 ± 8.4 mg/dL) was observed. Significant changes in red blood cells (RBCs; 8.03 ± 0.6710⁶/μL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC; 35.02 ± 1.78 g/dL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; 18.00 ± 0.26 pg), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV; 55.36 ± 4.01 fL) at 1.0 g extract intake was observed. Extract administration also improved significantly liver enzymes, body weight, and liver morphology. Therefore, C. fistula extract can be effectively used as a therapeutic agent to improve serum biochemistry and hematological values.
Cassia species have a long history of utilization in various traditional medicine systems worldwide, and they are
widely consumed for medicinal purposes, particularly the officinal species. The aim of this review article is to
provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the
Cassia genus. A thorough literature review was conducted using major scientific databases, publishers, and online
websites such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer, POWO, among others. It is important to note that the
taxonomy of the Cassia genus has undergone changes over time, resulting in the reclassification of some plants
into the Senna and Chamaecrista genera. Therefore, this review includes relevant data on the three genera: Cassia,
Senna, and Chamaecrista spp. The findings of the review indicate that Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista spp. have
been extensively used for medicinal purposes in various traditional medicine systems, including Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM), Islamic Traditional Medicine (ITM), Unani medicine, and Ayurveda. These plants have
traditionally been employed to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions, as well as skin disorders. In ITM,
the reported species include Cassia acutifolia, Cassia fistula, Senna occidentalis, and Senna tora. In TCM, the most
commonly used species are Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Senna alexandrina, Senna occidentalis, and Senna singueana.
These plants are rich in phytochemicals such as anthraquinones, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which
contribute to their diverse pharmacological activities. These activities include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiulcer, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective effects. Based on
the available literature, it can be concluded that the Cassia genus possesses significant preventive and therapeutic
potential. The rich phytochemical composition and wide range of pharmacological activities make Cassia species
a valuable resource in the field of natural medicine.
Plant bioactive compounds are important sources for the development of food, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is one of the promising methods in the extraction of plant bioactive compounds. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction is accepted as a green extraction technique due to its high performance with less solvent and time consumption, as well as suitable for thermo-sensitive compounds. The objective of this paper is to review the recent advancement of ultrasound-assisted extraction for bioactive compounds from plant material. The mechanism and advantages of ultrasound-assisted extraction are discussed, particularly focusing on the extraction of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, thymols, saponins and proteins. Previous studies on the optimization of extraction variables are systematically reviewed to reveal their significant contribution to the yield and quality change of bioactive compounds. Ultrasonic technology has also been combined with other processing technologies to improve food quality, stability, safety and security. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction is effective to recover bioactive compounds from plant materials and enhance the processing of food industries.
