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![FIGURE 3. RF energy harvesting circuit [23].](publication/334489812/figure/fig2/AS:781278454493185@1563282707243/RF-energy-harvesting-circuit-23_Q320.jpg)
Internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionizing technology which aims to create an ecosystem of connected objects and embedded devices and provide ubiquitous connectivity between trillions of not only smart devices but also simple sensors and actuators. Although recent advancements in miniaturization of devices with higher computational capabilities...
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... thermal energy generator (TEG) (see Fig. 4) converts temperature differences into electrical energy. A TEG usually suffers from low efficiency (5-10%) which limits its widespread adoption [30], [31]. However it has a long life cycle and stationary parts. To extract the energy from a thermal source, a thermal difference is required; e.g, 30 degree difference in the temperature ...
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... shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14, Industrial and WSNs experience the fastest growth amongst energy harvesting sectors [200]. This is due to the vast deployment of miniaturized devices for industrial automation and monitoring, structural health monitoring, environmental monitoring, and home automation. In other words, the wide adoption of energy harvesting techniques ...
Citations
... The device must be designed to capture vibrations and movements, and the piezoelectric generator must be connected to the device to convert the energy into usable electricity (Minazara et al., 2008). (Shirvanimoghaddam et al., 2019) explores the potential of piezoelectric EH to create self-powered IoT devices and presents methods for improving the efficiency of piezoelectric EH. The study found that the power output of piezoelectric EH is highly dependent on the frequency of the mechanical motion and that higher frequencies lead to higher power outputs. ...
The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) has seen significant growth in recent years. With the deployment of 5G, it has become essential to reduce the power consumption of these devices for long-term sustainability. The upcoming 6G cellular network introduces the concept of zero-energy CIoT devices, which do not require batteries or manual charging. This paper focuses on these devices, providing insight into their feasibility and practical implementation. The paper examines how CIoT devices use simultaneous wireless information and power transfer, beamforming, and backscatter communication techniques. It also analyzes the potential use of energy harvesting and power management in zero-energy CIoT devices. Furthermore, the paper explores how low-power transceivers can lower energy usage while maintaining dependable communication functions.
... [9][10][11] However, the power output of PSCs fabricated at the laboratory scale is in the microwatt range; this is insufficient to meet the power requirements for operating typical IoT applications, which are in the milliwatt range. [12][13][14] A practical strategy to improve the output power in laboratory-scale PSCs is to increase the efficiency or the active area. However, as the area increases, the efficiency generally degrades due to occurrence of high defects or trap density, nonuniform morphology, and inhomogeneous charge transport. ...
Indoor photovoltaics are limited by their inherently low‐photogenerated carrier density, leading to heightened carrier recombination and adverse leakage currents compared with conventional solar cells operating under 1 sun condition. To address these problems, this work incorporates a porous insulating interlayer (Al2O3) in perovskite devices, which effectively mitigates recombination and parasitic leakage current. A systematic investigation of the relationship between shunt resistance, photocarrier generation, and recombination at different light intensities demonstrates the effectiveness of the alumina interlayer in perovskite solar cells under low‐light conditions. Moreover, the practicability of the alumina interlayer was demonstrated through its successful implementation in a large‐area perovskite solar module (PSM). With bandgap engineering, the optimized PSM achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 33.5% and a record‐breaking power density of 107.3 μW cm⁻² under 1000 lux illumination. These results underscore the potential of alumina interlayers in improving energy harvesting performance, particularly in low‐light indoor environments.
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... Piezoelectric harvesters (PEHs), as seen before, exploit the piezoelectric effect, which can be direct or inverse [11,12]. The direct one refers to the possibility to generate electric charges from mechanical stress or pressure, whereas the inverse one describes the ability of these materials to convert electrical energy into a mechanical one. ...
The aim of this paper is to discuss the usability of vibrations as energy sources, for the implementation of energy self-sufficient wireless sensing platforms within the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) framework. In this context, this paper proposes to equip vibrating assets like machinery with piezoelectric sensors, used to set up energy self-sufficient sensing platforms for hard-to-reach positions. Preliminary measurements as well as extended laboratory tests are proposed to understand the behavior of commercial piezoelectric sensors when employed as energy harvesters. First, a general architecture for a vibration-powered LoRaWAN-based sensor node is proposed. Final tests are then performed to identify an ideal trade-off between sensor sampling rates and energy availability. The target is to ensure continuous operation of the device while guaranteeing a charging trend of the storage component connected to the system. In this context, an Ultra-Low-Power Energy-Harvesting Integrated Circuit plays a crucial role by ensuring the correct regulation of the output with very high efficiency.
... For instance, a 1 × 1 cm 2 TEG with legs 14 μm thick on a 25 μm thick Kapton foil using the n-type material -Ag 2 Se [45] and the p-type material Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 [46] could theoretically generate a power output of 10 μW at ΔT = 30 K, sufficient to power lowpower electronic devices or sensors. [47] Furthermore, the ability to www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advmattechnol.de manufacture TEGs with 800 thermocouples has been demonstrated, opening up the possibility to significantly increase the power output. ...
Energy‐harvesting technologies offer a sustainable, maintenance‐free alternative to conventional energy‐storage solutions in distributed low‐power applications. Flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can generate electric power from a temperature gradient, even on complex surfaces. Organic materials are ideal candidates for flexible TEGs due to their good solution‐processability, natural abundance, low weight, and flexibility. Electronic and thermoelectric properties of organic materials have steadily progressed, while device architectures leveraging their advantages are largely missing. Here, a design and fabrication method are proposed for producing fully screen‐printed, flexible monolithic organic TEGs scalable up to m², compatible with any screen‐printable ink. This approach is validated, along with its scalability, by printing TEGs composed of two different active inks, in three configurations, with up to 800 thermoelements, with performances well matching simulations based on materials parameters. It is demonstrated that by using an additive‐free graphene ink, a remarkable power density of 15 nW cm⁻² at ΔT = 29.5 K can be achieved, with an estimated weight‐normalized power output of 1 µW g⁻¹, highlighting a strong potential in portability. Owing to such power density, only limited areas are required to generate microwatts, sufficient for operating low‐power electronic devices such as sensors, and wearables.
... Recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1,2]. In remote and dangerous environments, finding a renewable power source for a WSN system is one of the major challenges. ...
Environmental vibrations as the renewable energy sources are random in directions and broadband. So, the design of vibration energy harvesters puts much emphasis on capturing energy from vibration in multiple directions and frequency tuning capability over the past few years. In this paper, a novel tunable multi-directional vibration energy harvester using electromagnetic conversion is proposed. The electromechanical equations are developed by the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Kirchoff voltage law and Lagrange’s equations. The electromechanical equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta method. The energy harvesting performance is then discussed with regard to the input amplitude, direction of the excitation, assembly angle and resistive load. In order to validate theoretical simulations, experimental measurements have been carried out. Good correlation between the experimental and theoretical results was found. The results showed that the harvester is not only capable of capturing energy from vibrations in multiple directions but also has the advantage of the resonant frequency tuning. A positive or negative frequency shift can be obtained by changing the assembly angle. The increase in the amplitude of the shaker acceleration and assembly angle have a direct effect on the output voltage of the system. Also, it was found that, depending on the direction of the excitation, increasing of the amplitude of the shaker acceleration can either increase or decrease the resonant frequency of the harvester. The results of this study can provide a design methodology to optimize system parameters according to different low-frequency environment vibrations.
... Nevertheless, a drawback of the system was that it failed to address the system's overall efficiency when calculating loss during hardware implementation. The study in Ref. [53] highlighted piezoelectric EH in particular as one of the most promising approaches to powering IoT devices. In Ref. [57], the authors reported the main issue to implement the IoT devices is the power supply. ...
Micro-energy harvesting (MEH) is a technology of renewable power generation which is a key technology for hosting the future low-powered electronic devices for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and, the Internet of Things (IoT). Recent technological advancements have given rise to several resources and technologies that are boosting particular facets of society. Many researchers are now interested in studying MEH systems for ultra-low power IoT sensors and WSNs. A comprehensive study of IoT will help to manage a single MEH as a power source for multiple WSNs. The popular database from Scopus was used in this study to perform a review analysis of the MEH system for ultra-low power IoT sensors. All relevant and important literature studies published in this field were statistically analysed using a review analysis method by VOSviewer software, and research gaps, challenges and recommendations of this field were investigated. The findings of the study indicate that there has been an increasing number of literature studies published on the subject of MEH systems for IoT platforms throughout time, particularly from 2013 to 2023. The results demonstrate that 67% of manuscripts highlight problem-solving, modelling and technical overview, simulation, experimental setup and prototype. In observation , 27% of papers are based on bibliometric analysis, systematic review, survey, review and based on case study, and 2% of conference manuscripts are based on modelling, simulation, and review analysis. The top-cited articles are published in 5 different countries and 9 publishers including IEEE 51%, Elsevier 16%, MDPI 10% and others. In addition, several MEH system-related problems and challenges are noted to identify current limitations and research gaps, including technical, modelling, economic, power quality, and environmental concerns. Also, the study offers guidelines and recommendations for the improvement of future MEH technology to increase its energy efficiency, topologies, design, operational performance, and capabilities. This study's detailed information, perceptive analysis, and critical argument are expected to improve MEH research's viable future.
... The Internet of Things (IoT) enables physical items to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems using sensors, software, and other technologies over the Internet [1,2]. IoT allows items to sense, think, interact, and learn from each other, creating new possibilities for services in various domains, such as smart homes [3], smart healthcare systems [4][5][6][7], industrial automation [8], intelligent transportation [9], resource management [10], energy management [11], smart cities [12], and cybersecurity [13]. ...
... In each iteration, first, the control parameters' initial values are calculated by Eqs. (2) and (4). Next, the locations of the top three wolves (X α , X β , and X δ ) are identified. ...
... The development of low-cost, portable, and stable gas sensors to detect NH 3 gas, a toxic and pungent-smelling gas, in real time with high sensitivity is important for industrial, medical, and living environment monitoring. [1][2][3] In recent years, semiconductors have been widely utilized as sensitive materials for NH 3 detection due to the low detection limits and high sensitivity. 4,5 However, the majority of gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors operate only at high temperatures, resulting in increased power consumption and limiting their applications for wearable and portable electronics. ...
Sulfur-hyperdoped black silicon (S-BSi) prepared by femtosecond laser-assisted etching in SF6 atmosphere has dual characteristics of large specific surface area and super-doped impurities, and its physics and applications have attracted extensive attention. The room-temperature NH3 gas sensing capability of the samples is studied in the conductance mode. The S-BSi-based sensors exhibit a response to NH3 gas. Interestingly, their responsivity varies with the substrate resistance, and the sensor based on an appropriate substrate resistance shows the optimal responsivity. Additionally, the device demonstrates fast response and recovery speed, as well as good selectivity. The evolution of the responsivity and response/recovery time is recorded with natural aging for two months, showing acceptable long-term durability. The mechanism by which the responsivity of S-BSi-based sensors varies with resistivity is discussed. Based on this mechanism, there is an optimal substrate resistivity that maximizes the responsivity. The results show that S-BSi is a potential material for the fabrication of conductivity gas sensor with good NH3 detection performance.
... al. in [5] provides a comprehensive review of different energy harvesting techniques for wearable devices for telemedicine applications. The review paper [6] focuses on the concept of piezoelectric energy harvesting towards self-powered IoT applications. Distinguishing our article from previously reported reviews, here we cover the following: ...
As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand, the demand for the use of energy-efficient circuits and battery-less devices has grown rapidly. Battery-less operation, zero maintenance and sustainability are the desired features of IoT devices in fifth generation (5G) networks and green Industry 4.0 wireless systems. The integration of energy harvesting systems, IoT devices and 5G networks has the potential impact to digitalize and revolutionize various industries such as Industry 4.0, agriculture, food, and healthcare, by enabling real-time data collection and analysis, mitigating maintenance costs, and improving efficiency. Energy harvesting plays a crucial role in envisioning a low-carbon Net Zero future and holds significant political importance. This survey aims at providing a comprehensive review on various energy harvesting techniques including radio frequency (RF), multi-source hybrid and energy harvesting using additive manufacturing technologies. However, special emphasis is given to RF-based energy harvesting methodologies tailored for battery-free wireless sensing, and powering autonomous low-power electronic circuits and IoT devices. The key design challenges and applications of energy harvesting techniques, as well as the future perspective of System on Chip (SoC) implementation, data digitization in Industry 4.0, next-generation IoT devices, and 5G communications are discussed.
... Since IoT and networked computational systems have a heavy environmental footprint [16], researchers particularly focused on the massive production of such electronic devices. Over the years, researchers have analyzed the environmental impact of energy consumption of IoT, including improved energy consumption of data streaming [7] through efficient computing [92], the development of self-sustaining [111], and more efficient hardware [5]. Existing research has also investigated environmental sustainable strategies related to specific components, by studying, for example, how to reduce the impact of a single protocol such as Bluetooth [115], or how to schedule tasks in order to save energy [108]. ...
The use of internet-based and networking technology in computer music systems has greatly increased in the past few years. Such efforts fall in the remits of the emerging filed of the Internet of Musical Things (IoMusT), the extension of the Internet of Things paradigm to the musical domain. Given the increasing importance of connected devices in the musical domain, it is essential to reflect on the relationship between such systems and sustainability at the environmental and social levels. In this paper, we address this aspect from two perspectives: 1) how to design IoMusT systems in a sustainable way, and 2) how IoMusT systems can support sustainability. To this end, we relied on three lenses, combining literature from green IoT (lens 1), Sustainable HCI (lens 2), and the Sustainable Development Goals from the United Nations (lens 3). By combining these three lenses, we developed five strategies for a sustainable IoMusT, which are extensively presented and discussed providing critical reflections.
