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The weight (gr) of uterus (a) and volume (mm 3 ) of the uterus (b), myometrium (c), endometrium (d), endometrial vessels (e), the epithelium (f), stroma (g), and gland (h), the thickness of the endometrium (i) and myometrium ( j) (µm) and the length of the endometrial vessel (µm × 10 3 ) (k) of PCOS and treated mice. *PCOS vs control, †PCOS vs. PCOS + metformin, #PCOS vs. PCOS + melatonin. Data are the Mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. All differences were considered significant at p < 0.05 and CI = 95%. PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Source publication
Background:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) with anovulation, hyperandrogenism, ovarian and uterine histological changes, menstrual irregularities, etc. signs is an infertility type. It seems that melatonin and metformin can improve these abnormalities.
Objective:
To evaluate the effects of melatonin and metformin on the ovary and uterus in P...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... and melatonin significantly reduced the uterine volume of the PCOS mice (p ≤ 0.001, CI = 95%) (Figure 5a). ...
Context 2
... and melatonin increased the endometrial vessels' length of PCOS mice and brought it to their control groups' levels (p ≤ 0.001, CI = 95%) (Figure 5j). ...
Context 3
... and melatonin significantly reduced the uterine volume of the PCOS mice (p ≤ 0.001, CI = 95%) (Figure 5a). ...
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Citations
... 29 A comparison of the benefits of melatonin supplementation with other treatments that are usually used to improve the success rate of IVF in PCOS patients, such as Myo-inositol, vitamin E, statins, etc., was performed, it was found that melatonin in combination with Myo-inositol and Folic acid or vitamin E or metformin has better effects on oocyte quality and embryo fertilization. 39,40 Finally, our study demonstrated that treatment with melatonin in PCOS patients can increase mature oocytes (MII) and reduce the number of immature (GV, MI) and degenerated oocytes; it can also improve the human oocyte maturation, fertilization, number of embryos of top-quality (grade A), clinical pregnancies, and reduce spontaneous abortions. ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most critical disorders, which affects approximately 20% of women of childbearing age and melatonin supplementation in these women can be effective. However, human studies in this area are particularly limited to IVF candidates. The aim of this clinical trial study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the in vitro fertilization (IVF) in PCOS involved women. In this clinical trial study, a total of 320 women with PCOS were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group (n=160) received a combination of melatonin and metformin (3 mg and 500 mg, respectively) three times a day. The control group (n=160) received metformin 500 mg from the luteal phase of the cycle before the start of gonadotropin. Oocyte and embryo quality, number of oocytes, and pregnancy outcomes were compared in both groups. Our study revealed that the frequency of Metaphase II oocytes (69.9% vs. 57.9%, p<0.001) and the number of embryos of the top-quality (grade A) were higher in the group treated with melatonin (40.3% vs. 29.9%, p=0.001). The rate of clinical pregnancy and implantation were also higher in the intervention group. The odds of clinical pregnancy in the intervention group was 1.8 times (p=0.039). Moreover, oral melatonin supplementation was effective in patients with PCOS, who were candidates for IVF because of the increased quality of mature oocytes, top-quality embryos, and increased odds of clinical pregnancy.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic dysfunction. This study aims to compare the oral and local treatments of metformin or its nanoparticles (NPs11) for ameliorating PCOS in rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: the control group with no drug treatment; the PCOS group, where subcutaneous testosterone was given (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days; the MET group, where metformin was administered orally or locally; and the NP group, where metformin NPs11 were also administered orally or locally. Oral administrations were for 21 days, while local injection was performed once surgically. After 7 weeks, all rats were sacrificed; blood glucose and serum hormonal levels and lipid profile were estimated, and the ovaries were assessed by histopathological, Ki-67 immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric evaluations. Blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in groups of orally administered metformin or NPs11 only, while the most efficient option for modulating PCOS-induced hormonal and lipid profile changes was intraovarian injection of NPs11. The ovaries of PCOS rats demonstrated large follicular cysts, massive collagen depositions, and attenuated Ki-67 immunoexpression. Also, the PCOS group revealed a significant decrease in the count of all stages of growing follicles, corpora lutea, granulosa cell layer thickness, and surface area of corpora lutea, in addition to an increase in the number of atretic follicles and follicular cysts, theca cell layer thickness, and surface area of the follicular cysts. All these parameters were recovered with metformin or their NPs11 treatments in different degrees, while local injection of NPs11 was the best option.
Background: Abutilon indicum(L.) Sweet, a member of the Malvaceae family, is widely distributed in China and is commonly known as Dong Kui Zi. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is extensively utilized in herbal formulations to address various health conditions, and the seeds of this plant have exhibited medicinal activities relevant to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The current investigation aimed to provide a scientific foundation for assessing the efficacy of the methanolic extract derived from A. indicum seeds (AISE) on the ovarian and metabolic functions of rats, displaying letrozole-induced PCOS. Methodology: For this experiment, 30 Female Wistar rats were initially divided into five groups (n = 6), namely Vehicle control (VC), Low dose (LD), High dose (HD), Positive control (PC), and Negative control (NC). Four groups (LD, HD, PC, and NC) were treated with daily letrozole doses (0.5 mg/kg body weight) dissolved with 1 % Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 21 days for inducing PCOS. To assess PCOS induction, a daily examination of the estrus cycle and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) were conducted on the 22ndday of the experiment. From the 22nd day, the LD and HD groups received daily oral AISE supplementation at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/ kg body weight (bw), respectively, for 28 days. Metformin (500 mg/kg) served as the PC treatment. After completion of the experimental duration, various assessments were performed to evaluate ovarian and metabolic functions. These included evaluations such as estrous cycle assessment, percentage of body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition, OGTT, measurement of testosterone levels, analysis of steroidogenic enzyme activity, examination of lipid profiles, assessment of oxidative stress profiles, and histopathological examinations. Results: Following 21 days of letrozole treatment, the rats exhibited irregular estrous cycles and elevated OGTT. However, after 28 days of treatment with AISE and metformin, the experimental HD group demonstrated restored estrous cycle irregularity, normalized body weight gain along with WAT deposition, normalized glucose tolerance, lipid profile, antioxidative parameters, and the reinstatement of healthy ovarian architecture compared to the vehicle control group. Conclusion: Administration of AISE restores regular ovarian function in consort with homeostatic metabolic parameters in female Wister rats with PCOS and oxidative stress. These findings support the traditional use of A. indicum and further research may lead to the development of an effective natural therapy for PCOS.
Background
Abutilon indicum(L.) Sweet, a member of the Malvaceae family, is widely distributed in China and is commonly known as Dong Kui Zi. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is widely utilized in herbal formulations to address various health conditions, and the seeds of this plant have exhibited diverse activities relevant to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The current investigation aimed to provide a scientific foundation for assessing the efficacy of the methanolic extract derived from A. indicum seeds (AISE) on the ovarian and metabolic functions of rats, displaying letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
Methodology
For this experiment, 30 Female Wistar rats were initially divided into five groups (n=6), namely Vehicle control (VC), Low dose (LD), High dose (HD), Positive control (PC), and Negative control (NC). Four groups (LD, HD, PC, and NC) were treated with daily letrozole doses (0.5 mg/kg body weight) dissolved with 1% Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 21 days for inducing PCOS. To assess PCOS induction, a daily examination of the estrus cycle and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) were conducted on the 22ndday of the experiment. From the 22nd day, the LD and HD groups received daily oral AISE supplementation at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw), respectively, for 28 days. Metformin (500 mg/kg) served as the PC treatment. After completion of the experimental duration, various assessments were performed to evaluate ovarian and metabolic functions. These included evaluations such as estrous cycle assessment, percentage of body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition, OGTT, measurement of testosterone levels, analysis of steroidogenic enzyme activity, examination of lipid profiles, assessment of oxidative stress profiles, and histopathological examinations.
Results
Following 21 days of letrozole treatment, the rats exhibited irregular estrous cycles and elevated OGTT. However, after 28 days of treatment with AISE and metformin, the experimental HD group demonstrated restored estrous cycle irregularity, normalized body weight gain along with WAT deposition, normalized glucose tolerance, lipid profile, antioxidative parameters, and the reinstatement of healthy ovarian architecture compared to the vehicle control group.
Conclusion
Administration of AISE restores regular ovarian function in consort with homeostatic metabolic parameters in female Wister rats with PCOS and oxidative stress. These findings support the traditional use of A. indicum and further research may lead to the development of an effective natural therapy for PCOS.
Background
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the known causes of anovulatory fertility in the world. Previous research has linked oxidative stress could contribute to PCOS, and vanillic acid has shown antioxidant potential. Hence, the present study evaluated the effect of vanillic acid on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female rats.
Materials and methods
PCOS was induced in Wistar female rats with letrozole (1 mg/kg, orally) in carboxymethoxycellulose (1 % w/v), administered for 21 days. After induction, the standard group received clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg, orally) while other treatment groups were administered with vanillic acid at doses 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, orally for 15 days, and without treatment was considered a negative control group. Different parameters studied were body weight, ovary weight, blood glucose, lipid profile, hormonal levels [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone], markers for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and malonaldehyde), and histopathology of the ovary. Statistical analysis was done for the results and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate the significance.
Results
Vanillic acid-treated animals showed a concentration-dependent activity on the tested parameters. The highest tested dose (100 mg/kg) produced a more prominent effect in significantly (P < 0.001) decreasing the body weight, and ovary weight and improving the hormonal imbalance. Also, vanillic acid significantly (P < 0.01) reduced elevated blood sugar and lipid levels. Additionally, vanillic acid reduced oxidative stress significantly (P < 0.001) in the ovaries of female rats. Histopathological reports showed a reduction in cystic follicles and appearance of normal healthy follicles at different stages of development after the administration of vanillic acid. Furthermore, these effects were observed to be comparable with those recorded for standard drug, clomiphene.
Conclusion
The current study data suggests that vanillic acid has protected the letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. In the event of several side effects associated with conventional treatments used for PCOS, the findings of this study suggest the promising role of vanillic acid. More research in this direction might identify the true potency of vanillic acid in the treatment of PCOS.
