Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
Content may be subject to copyright.
The vertical bar chart shows the frequency of side effects reports by > 30% of the subjects over 5 days of monosodium glutamate (MSG) (black) and 5 days of placebo (white) intervention. For most side effects, such as nausea and fatigue, there was a peak in reports on the second or third day of administration followed by a gradual decline in reports. There were substantially fewer reports of side effects in the placebo group, with the exception of reports of jaw soreness, which peaked during the first session and then declined. The Occurrence of headache and other side effects showed a significant difference between the interventions by McNemar’s test (*: P < 0.05).
Source publication
A single intake of monosodium glutamate (MSG) may cause headache and increased muscle sensitivity. We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study to examine the effect of repeated MSG intake on spontaneous pain, mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscles, side effects, and blood pressure.
Fourteen healthy subjects participate...
Similar publications
Background
Sarcopenia affects the swallowing and chewing muscles, such as the masseter muscle. However, the significance of masseter muscle atrophy in pneumonia remains unclear. We investigated the effects of masseter muscle sarcopenia (MMS) on postoperative pneumonia in patients with esophageal cancer.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study,...
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) on the electrical activity of the masticator muscles (masseter and anterior temporalis) by means of electromyography and to report the case of a young patient who underwent electromyography before and after RPE activation.Materials and methodsDescription o...
Neck emphysema after tonsillectomy surgery is very rare. We present a case documenting the conservative management of a post-tonsillectomy neck swelling, accompanied by crepitus. Computed tomography revealed a large air density at the region of the right masticator space and the masseter muscle, proximal to other deep neck spaces and muscles. Furth...
Background:
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) refers to sharp, lancinating pain in the areas supplied by trigeminal nerve. Both pharmacological and surgical lines of treatments are available for the treatment of TN. Percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) is one such surgical technique that is usually advocated for the treatment of TN occurring in elderly...
Benign lymphoepithelial cysts (LECs) are rare lesions that can be found in the lateral neck or in the parotid glands. A 52-year-old woman presented to our clinic with a slowly growing mass of the left malar region. MRI was obtained showing a cystic lesion lying between the mandibular ramus medially, the masseter muscle laterally and the parotid gla...
Citations
... There are reports on the harmful effects of MSG on various biological functions Husarova and Ostatnikova, 2013;Shimada et al., 2013), and more specifically on male reproductive system (Igwebuike et al., 2011;Rahimi Anbarkeh et al., 2019). Studies have shown that MSG damages male reproductive accessory organs like prostate glands and epididymis (Hanipah et al., 2018), decrease testosterone and epididymal sperm concentration in rats (Iamsaard et al., 2014), lower serum gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and cholesterol concentrations (Ochiogu et al., 2015) and impairs serum ALT activities. ...
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most extensively used flavour enhancers worldwide. Although it is widely regarded as a safe food additive with no recommended daily dosage, its over-consumption has been associated with notably pathophysiological events in various tissues and organs of the body. Previous studies have reported of the neuro- cardio- and hepato- toxic effects of its excessive exposure. Moreover, the food additive instigates metabolic dysfunction. It has been established that MSG damages male reproductive accessory organs like prostate glands and epididymis. In addition, it impairs serum enzymatic activities and serum levels of testosterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and cholesterol. Reduced sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm viability, imbalances in male reproductive hormones, alongside alteration in the histoarchitecture of the testes and other male reproductive tissues have also been connected with excessive exposure to MSG. Literature reports affirm the link between the over-consumption of MSG and reproductive organ weight and male sexual behaviour. This review article addresses the multi-systemic effects of exposure to MSG and the possible mechanism of action of the compound with a focus on the negative implications of the food additive on male reproductive functions and the possible role of natural antioxidants in male reproductive functions. carefully selected keywords were used during the literature search to gather credible and up-to-date information about the subject matter.
... Consumption of MSG has been linked to hypertension and obesity; however, these studies included participants who consumed higher than-average levels of MSG [40,41]. Conversely, it is reported that MSGs dietary element may stimulate the intake of foods high in protein [29] Beef bouillon 3 g MSG in 150 ml beef bouillon Only women in the MSGtreated group had a statistically significant higher headache incidence than the control group* Gore ME and Salmon PR (1980) [30] 150 ml tap water 1. [34] 400 ml Sugar-free lemon soda 150 mg/kg = 9 g/60 kg MSG Significant difference* and bolster several physiological activities, such as intestinal motility [42]. For individuals who worried that MSG could be a trigger for headaches or migraines, an elimination diet might serve as an effective diagnostic method. ...
Purpose of Review
To review the evidence and role of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a headache and migraine trigger.
Recent Findings
MSG is a common food additive, has widely been linked as a trigger of headache, as well as other symptoms. However, the evidence for MSG as a causative agent for headache is debated. Various clinical trials over the past several decades have reported conflicting results, with studies suggesting that MSG does and does not increase the incidence of headache. However, the dosages of MSG exposure are often inconsistent across studies, with many studies administering a dose significantly higher than the average consumption.. Additionally, there are misconceptions about which foods and cuisines have MSG in them.
Summary
MSG could be a potential trigger for migraine and headaches. It is unclear exactly how MSG plays into the migraine pathophysiology. It’s crucial to accurately determine if MSG is present in one’s diet to evaluate its potential impact on headaches.
... Monosodium glutamate is a flavor enhancer and can be found in canned and frozen foods, salad dressings, soups, snack foods, ketchup, and barbecue sauces [67]. Based on literature data, monosodium glutamate might be a migraine trigger in high concentrations and dissolved in liquids, but not as a component of solid foods [68], which proves that it is not possible to generalize and say that one ingredient can provoke migraine attacks in every form and in every patient. The reaction of patients to these above-mentioned ingredients The other often-mentioned compound in association with migraine is caffeine, known for its ability to eliminate or provoke attacks. ...
Migraine, a prevalent neurological condition and the third most common disease globally, places a significant economic burden on society. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise underlying mechanism of the disease remains incompletely comprehended. Nevertheless, it is established that the activation and sensitization of the trigeminal system are crucial during migraine attacks, and specific substances have been recognized for their distinct involvement in the pathomechanism of migraine. Recently, an expanding body of data indicates that migraine attacks can be prevented and treated through dietary means. It is important to highlight that the various diets available pose risks for patients without professional guidance. This comprehensive overview explores the connection between migraine, the gut microbiome, and gastrointestinal disorders. It provides insight into migraine-triggering foods, and discusses potential diets to help reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Additionally, it delves into the benefits of using pre- and probiotics as adjunctive therapy in migraine treatment.
... [4] However, excessive MSG consumption in food products have the tendency to elevate the glutamate levels in the cerebrospinal fluids and has the ability to trigger neurological symptoms including epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as well as allergic reactions including headache, digestive problems, chest pain and numbness. [5] Hence, glu-tamate sensing with accuracy in different food products is necessary for getting information about the quality of food products and treating primary neurological illnesses in patients. [6]. ...
... An increase of the glutamate concentration in serum and cerebrospinal fluid has been observed in fibromyalgia patients (7)(8)(9). For that reason, the influence of glutamate acquired by the diet has been extensively studied, and monosodium glutamate (MSG)-related symptoms have been found to be dose related, as well as reports of a good correlation between plasma glutamate concentration and muscle pain and headache (10,11). However, oral administration of MSG results in highly variable serum glutamate concentrations (12), and decreased consumption does not consistently reduce associated pain (13). ...
Several studies have described the contribution of glutamate-transforming microbiota to the development of chronic ailments. For instance, the blood concentration of glutamate is higher in some patients with fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and pain. Taking advantage of a naturally occurring strain of Bifidobacterium that is able to transform glutamate in γ-aminobutyric caid (GABA), B. adolescentis IPLA60004, we designed a placebo-controlled intervention to test if the presence of this GABA-producing bifidobacteria in mice was able to impact the concentration of glutamate in the blood in comparison with the administration of other strain of the same species lacking the genes of the glutamate decarboxylase (gad) cluster. Animals were fed every day with 8 log CFU of bacteria in a sterilized milk vehicle for 14 days. Samples from feces and blood were collected during this period, and afterwards animals were sacrificed, tissues were taken from different organs, and the levels of different metabolites were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results showed that both bacterial strains orally administered survived in the fecal content, and animals fed B. adolescentis IPLA60004 showed a significant reduction of their glutamate serum concentration, while a nonsignificant decrease was observed for animals fed a reference strain, B. adolescentis LGM10502. The variations observed in GABA were influenced by the gender of the animals, and no significant changes were observed in different tissues of the brain. These results suggest that orally administered GABA-producing probiotics could reduce the glutamate concentration in blood, opening a case for a clinical trial study in chronic disease patients. IMPORTANCE This work presents the results of a trial using mice as a model that were fed with a bacterial strain of the species B. adolescentis, which possesses different active genes capable of degrading glutamate and converting it into GABA. Indeed, the bacterium is able to survive the passage through the gastric tract and, more importantly, the animals reduce over time the concentration of glutamate in their blood. The importance of this result lies in the fact that several chronic ailments, such as fibromyalgia, are characterized by an increase in glutamate. Our results indicate that an oral diet with this probiotic-type bacteria could reduce the concentration of glutamate and, therefore, reduce the symptoms associated with the excess of this neurotransmitter.
... Interestingly, migraine preventive therapies were found to reduce plasma glutamate levels [32]. The involvement of glutamate signaling in headache and migraine was further reinforced by the finding that (1) the consumption of a single dose (150 mg/kg) of monosodium glutamate (MSG) caused headache, craniofacial sensitivity, and nausea in healthy participants [33], and (2) repeated MSG intake (150 mg/kg) for five daily sessions for one-week reduced pressure pain thresholds and caused headache in healthy participants compared to placebo [34]. ...
Backgrounds: Several acute and preventive medications were developed for the treatment of migraine. Yet, a significant proportion of patients reports an inadequate response and a lack of tolerability, emphasizing the need for new options. Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and glutamate receptors including N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) are expressed at several levels of the trigeminovascular system, which is the anatomical and physiological substrate of migraine pain. Objective: To review preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of the NMDAR in migraine pathophysiology. Methods: No protocol was registered for this study. References for the present review were identified from a narrative search of the PubMed database. Search terms such as glutamate, migraine, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor, and NMDAR were used. No restrictions were made in terms of the language and date of publication. Results: In animal models, administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) activated and sensitized trigeminovascular neurons. In healthy human participants, consumption of MSG caused headaches, craniofacial sensitivity, and nausea. In in vivo models and through immunolabeling, NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B were expressed in trigeminal ganglion neurons. In humans, NMDAR antagonists such as ketamine and memantine caused a significant reduction in pain intensity and monthly headache frequency. Conclusions: Accumulative evidence indicates that NMDAR is a promising new target for the treatment of migraine. Selective NMDAR antagonists without central effects are needed to investigate their therapeutic benefit in the treatment of migraine.
... Excitotoxins are substances, usually amino acids, that overstimulate neuron receptors, similarly to chemical food additives such as monosodium glutamate. Neuron receptors facilitate brain cell communication and, upon excitotoxin exposure, overstimulate neurons in the brain [18]. This process, if prolonged, can exhaust and weaken the neurons involved, resulting in neuronal death. ...
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a major contributor to the overall global burden of mental disorders. An increasing number of studies have revealed that among 20 different amino acids, high proline consumption is a dietary factor with the strongest impact on depression in humans and animals, including insects. Recent studies acknowledged that gut microbiota play a key role in proline-related pathophysiology of depression. In addition, the multi-omics approach has alleged that a high level of metabolite proline is directly linked to depression severity, while variations in levels of circulating proline are dependent on microbiome composition. The gut–brain axis proline analysis is a gut microbiome model of studying depression, highlighting the critical importance of diet, but nothing is known about the role of the plant microbiome–food axis in determining proline concentration in the diet and thus about preventing excessive proline intake through food consumption. In this paper, we discuss the protocooperative potential of a holistic study approach combining the microbiota–gut–brain axis with the microbiota–plant–food–diet axis, as both are involved in proline biogenesis and metabolism and thus on in its effect on mood and cognitive function. In preharvest agriculture, the main scientific focus must be directed towards plant symbiotic endophytes, as scavengers of abiotic stresses in plants and modulators of high proline concentration in crops/legumes/vegetables under climate change. It is also implied that postharvest agriculture—including industrial food processing—may be critical in designing a proline-balanced diet, especially if corroborated with microbiome-based preharvest agriculture, within a circular agrifood system. The microbiome is suggested as a target for selecting beneficial plant endophytes in aiming for a balanced dietary proline content, as it is involved in the physiology and energy metabolism of eukaryotic plant/human/animal/insect hosts, i.e., in core aspects of this amino acid network, while opening new venues for an efficient treatment of depression that can be adapted to vast groups of consumers and patients. In that regard, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and molecular biomarkers combined with rapid and non-destructive imaging technologies were also discussed in the scope of enhancing integrative science outcomes, agricultural efficiencies, and diagnostic medical precisions.
... Previously we showed that systemic administration of MSG (1000 mg/kg, i.p.) induces dose-and timedependent nocifensive-and spontaneous headache-like behaviour that was associated with a significant increase in peripheral CGRP levels 7 . This supports the theory (Fig. 3 of reference 1 ) that elevated blood glutamate concentrations initiate headaches by directly sensitizing dural afferent fibers, and indirectly through CGRP (and possibly substance P) release from dural afferent endings to induce vasodilation 1,19,20 . This effect is a peripheral phenomenon as MSG administration does not significantly elevate CNS glutamate levels 21 . ...
... Consistent with our previous findings, we found that systemic administration of MSG (1000 mg/kg, i.p.) induces nausea-like behaviour in a sexually dimorphic manner such that male rats display longer lying-on-belly behaviour than females rats 7 . Oral administration of MSG to healthy human subjects results in consistent reports of nausea 20 . This nausea may be induced through activation of gastric vagal afferents and/or the ability of glutamate to excite area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone) neurons 22 . ...
... We speculate that this variability is explained by individual differences in the rat's responses to MSG. A similar variability in response to MSG ingestion by healthy humans is observed, where only between a third and a half report nausea and headache, respectively 20 . ...
Monosodium glutamate induces behaviors thought to reflect headache and nausea in rats. We explored the effects of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, the inotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid, and the CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant, on monosodium glutamate-induced increases in nocifensive, headache-like and nausea behaviours. Effects of these antagonists on motor function were examined with a rotarod. The effect of the dopamine receptor antagonist metoclopramide and the serotonin 3 receptor antagonist ondansetron on nausea behaviour was also assessed. (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, and to a lesser extent, kynurenic acid and olcegepant, reduced nocifensive and headache-like behaviours evoked by monosodium glutamate. No alteration in motor function by (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, kynurenic acid or olcegepant was observed. No sex-related differences in the effectiveness of these agents were identified. Nausea behaviour was significantly more pronounced in male than in female rats. Olcegepant, ondansetron and metoclopramide ameliorated this nausea behaviour in male rats. Ondansetron and metoclopramide also reduced headache-like behaviour in male rats. These findings suggest that peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation underlies monosodium glutamate-induced headache-like behaviour but does not mediate the nausea behaviour in rats.
... Clinical observations on the promotion of headache by large ingestion of monosodium glutamate [34] also suggest the peripheral site of action as this compound does not cross the blood brain barrier [35]. Consistent with this, systemic administration of monosodium glutamate in rats induced sensitization to mechanical stimuli and increased the firing of neurons in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (SpVc) [19]. ...
... Thus, one hypothesize that these aminoacids can contribute to peripheral nociception acting at trigeminal nerve endings in meninges which re not protected by the blood-brain barrier [60]. In line with this, the high level of glutamate in the diet, was proposed as trigger of headache [34]. In opposite, magnesium supplements in the diet, showed a beneficial protecting effect in fraction of migraine patients [61,62] consistent with its well-known blocking action on NMDA receptors. ...
... The choice of parameters for KlustaKwik relied on the ability of 2D parametric plots reveal clear differences in spikes distributions (current amplitude vs. responses). Finally, cluster analysis was done using the KlustaKwik program [34] with the spikes properties such as positive and negative phase amplitudes, the duration of the positive and negative phase and the area of positive and negative phase used as the input parameters for cluster detection. As a result, we could identify 2-18 clusters in each experiment. ...
The pro-nociceptive role of glutamate in the CNS in migraine pathophysiology is well established. Glutamate, released from trigeminal afferents, activates second order nociceptive neurons in the brainstem. However, the function of peripheral glutamate receptors in the trigeminovascular system suggested as the origin site for migraine pain, is less known. In the current project, we used calcium imaging and patch clamp recordings from trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, immunolabelling, CGRP assay and direct electrophysiological recordings from rat meningeal afferents to investigate the role of glutamate in trigeminal nociception. Glutamate, aspartate, and, to a lesser extent, NMDA under free-magnesium conditions, evoked calcium transients in a fraction of isolated TG neurons, indicating functional expression of NMDA receptors. The fraction of NMDA sensitive neurons was increased by the migraine mediator CGRP. NMDA also activated slowly desensitizing currents in 37% of TG neurons. However, neither glutamate nor NMDA changed the level of extracellular CGRP. TG neurons expressed both GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors. In addition, after removal of magnesium, NMDA activated persistent spiking activity in a fraction of trigeminal nerve fibers in meninges. Thus, glutamate activates NMDA receptors in somas of TG neurons and their meningeal nerve terminals in magnesium-dependent manner. These findings suggest that peripherally released glutamate can promote excitation of meningeal afferents implicated in generation of migraine pain in conditions of inherited or acquired reduced magnesium blockage of NMDA channels and support the usage of magnesium supplements in migraine.
... To detect L-glutamate, a well-known flavor enhancer added mostly in monosodium glutamate, although considered generally safe, is said to create health concerns like allergy, headache, and Chinese restaurant syndrome. Therefore, it is critical to identify and detect the amount present in the food items (Shimada et al. 2013). Because L-glutamate in the form of MSG is widely exploited in meat products in the name flavor enhancer, to detect L-glutamate in beef samples, a sensitive amperometric biosensor has fabricated the help of an Au electrode. ...
In recent decades safety of food has played a pivotal role from raw material till it reaches the consumer. The food consumed
may contain unwanted contaminants, which may impose severe health implications on the consumers. Instrumental
techniques like HPLC, GCMS, LCMS, AAS, FTIR, and NIRS detect the contaminants, but the need for low cost, continuous,
specifc, real-time, and rapid contaminant detection method is required. To meet these essentials, a biosensor stands as a
powerful tool. Its applications express more scope and potential with progress in research, including studies on biosensing
and uploading the data to the internet cloud. Several advancements have been made in biosensors for detecting multicomponents in the food system. This review provides insights into the recent advancements made in the development of
biosensors to detect chemical contaminants in foods for ensuring safety and quality. This article emphasizes the notable
chemical contaminants, including naturally available substances, intentional or unintentionally added substances like
pesticides, heavy metals in the fresh produces, veterinary drug residues like antibiotic residues in animal products, and
food additives in processed food products.
