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The ultra-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (UPLC–UV) profile of Saponaria officinalis L. phenolic compounds contained in the 30% methanolic fraction. Monitoring at a wavelength 325 nm. Insets: UV spectra of peaks 1–5.
Source publication
Although the effect of saponins or saponin-containing plants on rumen microorganisms and rumen fermentation has been intensively investigated, this issue still requires special attention. Many of the phenomena occurring in the rumen related to dietary saponin supplementation are still not fully understood. Saponaria officinalis is a triterpenoid sa...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... was the most abundant polymer type, and the amount of higher polymers decreased gradually. The peaks observed for the polyphenol fraction displayed an ultra-violet (UV) spectrum characteristic for phe- nolic acid (Fig. 2). Chromatography of the saponin fraction revealed a number of compounds with masses ranging from m/z 795-1905 (Fig. 3). Based on MS/MS analyses some of the peaks could be identified as saponariosides A, B, C, D, F, G, I, K, L, vaccarioside D, dianchineoside B and other as glycosides of quillaic, gypsogenic and 16α-hydroxygypsogenic ...
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BACKGROUND
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Citations
... Commercially available PSMs, including tannins, saponins, and essential oils, have the potential to modify the composition and number of ruminal microorganisms, methanogenesis, and biohydrogenation of fatty acids (Patra and Saxena, 2010;Vasta et al., 2019). Although PSMs have a positive impact on animal health and productivity, they often have diverse and contradictory influences on animals, depending on factors such as extracts, dosages, and the type and quality of baseline diets and sometimes difficult to explain (Martínez-Fernández et al., 2013;Cieslak et al., 2014;Machado et al., 2016). ...
Introduction
Medicinal plants, rich in phytochemicals like phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, offer potential benefits in enhancing productivity, quality, and animal health. Amla fruit (Phyllanthus emblica) is one such plant with promising attributes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of fresh Amla fruit (FAF) supplementation on ruminal microbial composition and its correlation with rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows.
Methods
The study employed a repeated crossover design involving eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows. Animals received varying levels of fresh Amla fruit supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/d).
Results
When 400 g/d of FAF was added to the diet, there was a significant increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.02). However, at 200 g/d, the relative abundance of ruminal Bacteroidota was higher than the 0 and 400 g/d FAF supplementation (p < 0.01). LEfSe analysis identified distinct taxa, such as Clostridia vadinBB60 in the 200 g/d group, Oscillospiraceae in the 400 g/d group, and Elusimicrobium in the 600 g/d group. Notably, the random forest species abundance statistics identified Oscillospiraceae V9D2013 as a biomarker related to milk yield. Oscillospiraceae, Bacilli RF39, norank_f Prevotellaceae, and Bifidobacterium were positively correlated with ruminal total VFA and molar proportion of propionate, while Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Clostridia vadinBB60 were negatively correlated.
Discussion
FAF supplementation affects the abundance of beneficial microbes in a dose-dependent manner, which can improve milk yield, efficiency, rumen health, desirable fatty acids, and animal health.
... Duffield et al. (2012) reported that the major effects of sodium monensin on beef cattle metabolism include a reduction in dry matter intake (DMI), a decrease in ruminal deamination, and improvements in feed efficiency. Other feed additives that have received attention of the scientists recently are tannins and saponins (Bele et al., 2010;Cieslak et al., 2014), which are secondary plant Feedlot performance of Nellore bulls fed high-concentrate diets containing the association of tannins... Ferracini et al. 2 compounds that do not interfere with the vital metabolism of plants and are present in leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, and sap, but mainly in cell vacuoles. When used in animal feeding, tannins and saponins can reversibly bind to proteins and other larger molecules that break down depending on the pH where these complexes are formed (Min et al., 2020). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Nellore bulls finished in the feedlot and fed high-energy diets containing sodium monensin associated or not with tannins and saponins. Ninety-six Nellore bulls were used with an average initial body weight of 350.6±17.9 kg. The bulls were weight-blocked and randomly allocated to 12 pens, which were considered the experimental units. The treatments were assigned to the pens according to the blocks, as follows: sodium monensin (25 ppm; SM) and sodium monensin (25 ppm) plus tannins (350 ppm) and saponins (3.92 ppm, SM+TS). The bulls received an adaptation diet for the first 19 days, a growing diet from day 20 to day 59, and a finishing diet from day 60 to 98 of the experimental period. The animals were slaughtered after 98 days of study. The addition of tannins and saponins to the diets of feedlot Nellore cattle did not change the dry matter intake, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage; however, it increased body weight by 2.0% and average daily gain by 5.4% and improved feed conversion by 4.3%. The addition of tannins and saponins to high-concentrate diets containing sodium monensin improves the productive performance of Nellore cattle finished in a feedlot for 98 days.
additives; cattle; efficiency; intake
... As example, steroidal saponins contained in the Yucca extract The in vitro effect of saponins on CH 4 ranged from 14% to 30% reductions. Methane was described to have a dose-dependent effect in vitro and no adverse effect on in vitro digestibility of dry matter (Cieslak et al., 2014). Moreover, saponins in vitro increased propionate molar proportion, at the expanse of acetate and butyrate proportions (Guyader et al., 2017). ...
The aim of this chapter is to summarize dietary measures to mitigate methane at animal level. The chapter briefly summarizes methane measurement techniques. The focus is on the mitigation potential studied in vivo, but when such data were not available, in vitro measurements were included. The chapter covers main dietary ingredients such as forage quality, inclusion of concentrate, grazing management and inclusion of primary (e.g. lipids) and secondary (e.g. tannins) plant compounds as well as chemical inhibitors (e.g. 3-NOP) to the diet. This chapter can be used as a guidance on what to use, at which concentrations in the diets levels (farmers) and how to quantify the effect (researchers).
... Saponins can react with the cholesterol-membrane of protozoa, which causes an increase in cell wall permeability, thus killing the protozoa (Wallace et al., 2017). Cieslak et al. (2014), the use of saponin sources derived from the roots of S. officinalis can reduce protozoa populations. finally, Nurhaita and Hidayah (2021) reported that supplementation of tea leaf powder up to 6% (1.43% tannins and 12.10% saponins) in Fermented Palm Leaves (FOPF) reduced the protozoa population. ...
... Saponin can bind to sterol on the protozoal membrane surface, causing protozoal lysis (Wina et al. 2005). Extensive research using saponin-containing plants (SCPs) or saponin extracts from various plants has been conducted to investigate the CH 4 mitigation effects through specific reduction of protozoa in the rumen; however, the CH 4 mitigation effect by saponin supplementation has been inconsistent depending on the extraction method, dose level, and plant type (Patra and Yu 2014;Cieslak et al. 2014;Belanche et al. 2015). Therefore, trials to identify new SCPs are ongoing. ...
Saponin possessed antiprotozoal activity; therefore, it is generally used to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emission in ruminant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Aloe saponaria (AS) supplementation on rumen fermentation, CH4, and microbial diversity in an in vitro experiment over 48 h incubation. Five treatments were used: (1) no additives (CON), 1% and 2% dosage of heat-dried AS (HAS), and freeze-dried AS (FAS), and the experiments were performed three times. After the incubation, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), CH4 proportion in total gas, and microbial diversity were evaluated. Gas production was assessed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h incubation. FAS addition significantly increased gas production compared to CON except for 6 and 48 h, whereas HAS addition did not significantly affect the gas production at all observed time points. AS addition significantly increased total VFA and the absolute abundances of fungi and Ruminococcus albus regardless of drying method. There was no significant change in the CH4 proportion at 48 h, although the reduction in ciliate protozoa was detected in FAS-treated groups. In conclusion, FAS may be an effective feed additive to improve ruminal fermentation via enhancing feed utilization by rumen microbes.
... Each sample was then centrifuged (Thermo Scientific IEC Centra CL2 Centrifuge, Fisher Scientific Pte Ltd., Singapore) at 3000 g and 4 C for 10 min. This procedure was repeated twice, and the supernatants were combined and further measured for tannin and saponin concentrations (Cieslak et al., 2014;Jayanegara et al., 2015). ...
Swamp forage has the potential as an alternative feed for ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical quality of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) based rations through a combination of different types of swamp forage. This research was conducted for 3 months at the Animal Feed Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of R0 (70% Guinea grass + 30% Concentrate), R1 (40% Guinea grass + 30% water mimosa + 30% Concentrate), R2 (40% Guinea grass + 30% giant molesta + 30% Concentrate), R3 (40% Guinea grass + 30% water chestnut + 30% Concentrate). The variables observed were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), extract ether (EE), tannin and saponins. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the content of DM, OM, CP, CF, Tannins and Saponins, while the extract ether content had no significant effect (P > 0.05). Furthermore, highest DM (82.45%), OM (76.96%) and CP (16.35% were obtained in R1, CF (22.34%) in R0. Tannin best concentration (1.09%) in R3 and saponins (2.16%) in R1. The conclusion of this study showed that the combination of 40% Guinea grass + 30% water mimosa + 30% concentrate could improve the chemical quality of the ration.
... Linear decreases in pH value (p = 0.05) were observed with the increasing dietary concentration of the extract, though the total VFA concentration decreased linearly (Table 2). This reduction is consistent with the results obtained in a batch culture study on a saponinrich extract [22]. In earlier studies, the experimental groups with dried Paulownia leaves or ensiled Paulownia were rich in secondary metabolites, but at lower concentrations, which ranged from 2 to 21 of dry weight vs. 48% of dry weight detected in the current study. ...
Paulownia is a fast-growing tree that produces a huge mass of leaves as waste that can be used as a feed source for ruminants. The previous study showed that phenolic compounds were the most active biological substances in Paulownia leaves, which affected the ruminal parameters and methane concentration. However, there are no scientific reports on the Paulownia leaves extract (PLE) containing phenolic compounds for their mode of action in the rumen. Phenolics constituted the main group of bioactive compounds in PLE (84.4 mg/g dry matter). PLE lowered the concentration of ammonia, modulated the VFA profile in the ruminal fluid, and decreased methane production. The PLE caused a significant reduction of in vitro dry matter degradability, reduced the number of methanogens and protozoa, and affected selected bacteria populations. PLE had a promising effect on the fatty acid profile in the ruminal fluid. Paulownia as a new dietary component or its extract as a feed additive may be used to mitigate ruminal methanogenesis, resulting in environmental protection and reducing ruminal biohydrogenation, improving milk and meat quality.
... Only the lowest level of CAL (10%) increased the population of the bacteria Prevotella spp., B. proteoclasticus, and B. fibrisolvens. A distinct effect of the lowest CAL supplementation was also observed in our previous study on Saponaria officinalis [26,27]. We hypothesized that the basic nutrient components of a plant can either interact with BAC or become physically less available for microbiota, resulting in a decreased antibacterial activity. ...
Background
Methane production and fatty acids (FA) biohydrogenation in the rumen are two main constraints in ruminant production causing environmental burden and reducing food product quality. Rumen functions can be modulated by the biologically active compounds (BACs) of plant origins as shown in several studies e.g. reduction in methane emission, modulation of FA composition with positive impact on the ruminant products. Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) contains high concentration of polyphenols that may potentially reduce methane production and modulate ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of BAC of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) fed to growing lambs on ruminal methane production, biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA and meat characteristics. In this study, the in vitro experiment aiming at determining the most effective CAL dose for in vivo experiments was followed by two in vivo experiments in rumen-cannulated rams and growing lambs. Experiment 1 (RUSITEC) comprised of control and three experimental diets differing in CAL content (10%, 15%, and 20% of the total diet). The two in vivo experiments were conducted on six growing, rumen-cannulated lambs (Exp. 2) and 16 growing lambs (Exp. 3). Animals were assigned into the control (CON) and experimental (20% of CAL) groups. Several parameters were examined in vitro (pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations, protozoa, methanogens and select bacteria populations) and in vivo (methane production, digestibility, ruminal microorganism populations, meat quality, fatty acids profiles in rumen fluid and meat, transcript expression of 5 genes in meat).
Results
CAL lowered in vitro methane production by 51%. In the in vivo Exp. 3, CAL decreased methane production by 20% compared with the CON group, which corresponded to reduction of total methanogen counts by up to 28% in all experiments, notably Methanobacteriales. In Exp. 3, CAL increased or tended to increase populations of some rumen bacteria ( Ruminococcus albus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus , and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens ). Dietary CAL suppressed the Holotricha population, but increased or tended to increase Entodiniomorpha population in vivo . An increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion in the rumen of lambs was noted in response to the CAL diet, which was mainly attributable to the increase in C18:3 cis -9 cis -12 cis -15 (LNA) proportion. CAL reduced the mRNA expression of four out of five genes investigated in meat (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid desaturase 1).
Conclusions
Summarizing, polyphenols of CAL origin (20% in diet) mitigated ruminal methane production by inhibiting the methanogen communities. CAL supplementation also improved ruminal environment by modulating ruminal bacteria involved in fermentation and biohydrogenation of FA. Besides, CAL elevated the LNA concentration, which improved meat quality through increased deposition of n-3 PUFA.
... Another beneficial effect is the toxic effect of tannin that could diminish undesirable ruminal microorganisms involved in methane formation, resulting in lower methane production [7]. Nonetheless, due to the presence of other bioactive molecules in the whole plant that might interfere with the tannin effect such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, diterpenes [83,84], saponins [85], lipids [9], and essential oils [86], studies regarding the effect of tannin on ruminants have been moving forward to specifically determine the influence of tannin in extracted or purified form on ruminant methane production, digestibility, and performance [87,88]. It is expected that the effects of extracted tannin on those parameters would be more obvious corresponding to the type of tannin used, i.e., CT and HT. ...
The objective of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether there are general underlying effects of dietary tannin extract supplementation on rumen fermentation, digestibility, methane production, performance, as well as N utilisation in ruminants. A total of 70 papers comprised of 348 dietary treatments (from both in vivo and in situ studies) were included in the study. The database was then statistically analysed by the mixed model methodology, in which different experiments were considered as random effects and tannin-related factors were treated as fixed effects. The results revealed that an increased level of tannin extract inclusion in the diet lowered ruminant intake, digestibility, and production performance. Furthermore, the evidence also showed that an increased level of tannin extract decreased animal N utilisation where most of rumen by-pass protein was not absorbed well in the small intestine and directly excreted in the faeces. Due to the type of tannin extract, HT is more favourable to maintain nutrient intake, digestibility, and production performance and to mitigate methane production instead of CT, particularly when supplemented at low (<1%) to moderate (~3%) levels.
... Only the lowest level of CAL (10%) increased the population of the bacteria Prevotellaspp., B. proteoclasticus, and B. brisolvens. A distinct effect of the lowest CAL supplementation was also observed in our previous study on Saponaria o cinalis [43]. We hypothesized that the basic nutrient components of a plant can either interact with BAC or become physically less available for microbiota, resulting in a decreased antibacterial activity.Moreover, the reduction in the methanogen population resulting from the antimethanogenic effect of CAL lowered the acetate:propionate ratio, probably by shifting the free-hydrogen pathways to propionate production. ...
Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of biologically active compounds (BAC) of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) herb fed to growing lambs on ruminal methane production, ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and meat characteristics. An in vitro trial (Experiment 1) comprising of control and three experimental diets (CAL constituting 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total diet) was conducted to determine an effective dose for in vivo experiments. After the in vitro trial, two in vivo experiments were conducted on six growing, rumen-cannulated lambs (Experiment 2) and 16 growing lambs (Experiment 3), which were assigned into the control (CON) and one experimental diet (20% of CAL). Several parameters were examined in vitro (pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations, protozoa, methanogens and select bacteria populations) and in vivo (methane production, digestibility, ruminal microorganism populations, meat quality, fatty acids profiles in rumen fluid and meat, transcript expression of 5 genes in meat).
Results: The CAL lowered in vitro methane production by 51%. In the in vivo experiments, lambs fed CAL decreased methane production by 20% compared with the CON animals (Experiment 3), which corresponded to the reduced total methanogens counts in all experiments up to 28%, notably Methanobacteriales. In Experiment 3, CAL increased or tended to increase the numbers of Ruminococcus albus, Megasphaeraelsdenii, Butyrivibrioproteoclasticus, and Butyrivibriofibrisolvens. Dietary CAL suppressed the Holotricha population, but increased or tended to increase Entodiniomorpha population in Experiments 2 and 3. An increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion in the rumen of lambs was noted in response to the CAL diet, which was mainly attributable to the increase in C18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 (LNA) proportion. The CAL reduced the mRNA expressions of four investigated genes in meat (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid desaturase 1).
Conclusions:Summarizing, polyphenols of CAL (20% in diet) origin can mitigate ruminal methane production by inhibiting the methanogens communities. Supplementation of CAL also provides favorable conditions in the rumen by modulating ruminal bacteria involved in fermentation and biohydrogenation of fatty acids. CAL elevated the LNA concentration, which led to improved meat quality through increased deposition of n-3 PUFA.
