The typology of bone tools and hooks. Bone tools: 1-4. large points; 5-8. awls; 9. ring; 10-12. needles; 13. spatula. Hooks classified by size: 14-16. slender type; 20-21. quadrangular section with rounded edges type. Hooks classified by head type: 18-19. notches; 20-21. eyelets. Hooks classified by alignment of the shank and the curvature of the point: 22. parallel; 17. straight; 23-24. strongly incurved.

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... objects (Areas A, D, E, and F). They have been divided into three main categories: 1. Large points with a maximum length of around 4 cm, with an ellipsoidal section, and usually parallel flat streaking surfaces. The tip is squat and rounded, and the base is usually broken or with incisions, a technological expedient for shaping the bone blank ( Fig. 1/1-4). 2. Awls which are variable in length but with an elongated shape. They present an oval or circular section, a polished surface, and a shaped tip modelled as a sharp point ( Fig. 1/5-8). 3. Needles that are similar in shape to the awls. They have a polished surface, a sharp tip, and are characterized by a conical hole situated on the ...

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... flat streaking surfaces. The tip is squat and rounded, and the base is usually broken or with incisions, a technological expedient for shaping the bone blank ( Fig. 1/1-4). 2. Awls which are variable in length but with an elongated shape. They present an oval or circular section, a polished surface, and a shaped tip modelled as a sharp point ( Fig. 1/5-8). 3. Needles that are similar in shape to the awls. They have a polished surface, a sharp tip, and are characterized by a conical hole situated on the base ( Fig. 1/10-12). Finally, two other categories of bone tools are represented by unique objects: a spatula ( Fig. 1/13), similar in shape and characteristics to a large point but ...

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... 2. Awls which are variable in length but with an elongated shape. They present an oval or circular section, a polished surface, and a shaped tip modelled as a sharp point ( Fig. 1/5-8). 3. Needles that are similar in shape to the awls. They have a polished surface, a sharp tip, and are characterized by a conical hole situated on the base ( Fig. 1/10-12). Finally, two other categories of bone tools are represented by unique objects: a spatula ( Fig. 1/13), similar in shape and characteristics to a large point but with one square extremity; and a fragmentary ring, possibly a fish vertebra ( Fig. 1/9). ...

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... section, a polished surface, and a shaped tip modelled as a sharp point ( Fig. 1/5-8). 3. Needles that are similar in shape to the awls. They have a polished surface, a sharp tip, and are characterized by a conical hole situated on the base ( Fig. 1/10-12). Finally, two other categories of bone tools are represented by unique objects: a spatula ( Fig. 1/13), similar in shape and characteristics to a large point but with one square extremity; and a fragmentary ring, possibly a fish vertebra ( Fig. 1/9). ...

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... polished surface, a sharp tip, and are characterized by a conical hole situated on the base ( Fig. 1/10-12). Finally, two other categories of bone tools are represented by unique objects: a spatula ( Fig. 1/13), similar in shape and characteristics to a large point but with one square extremity; and a fragmentary ring, possibly a fish vertebra ( Fig. 1/9). ...

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... Straight: or double-pointed hook. There is no curvature in the hook and the shank presents points on both extremities. Similar objects have been found in RH-5 (RaΜs al-HamrāΜ) but made of bone (Biagi 1987;Biagi & Nisbet 1984;1989) (Fig. 1/17); • Parallel: the point is parallel to the main axis, typical for the slender type ( Fig. 1/22); • Strongly incurved: the point is curved toward the main axis, frequent in both the slender and the quadrangular section type ( Fig. 1/23-24); The differentiation in shell-hook traits and shapes is probably related to different fishing ...

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... Straight: or double-pointed hook. There is no curvature in the hook and the shank presents points on both extremities. Similar objects have been found in RH-5 (RaΜs al-HamrāΜ) but made of bone (Biagi 1987;Biagi & Nisbet 1984;1989) (Fig. 1/17); • Parallel: the point is parallel to the main axis, typical for the slender type ( Fig. 1/22); • Strongly incurved: the point is curved toward the main axis, frequent in both the slender and the quadrangular section type ( Fig. 1/23-24); The differentiation in shell-hook traits and shapes is probably related to different fishing techniques. The artefacts -hooks and stone net sinkers -and faunal remains (with a high percentage ...

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... Similar objects have been found in RH-5 (RaΜs al-HamrāΜ) but made of bone (Biagi 1987;Biagi & Nisbet 1984;1989) (Fig. 1/17); • Parallel: the point is parallel to the main axis, typical for the slender type ( Fig. 1/22); • Strongly incurved: the point is curved toward the main axis, frequent in both the slender and the quadrangular section type ( Fig. 1/23-24); The differentiation in shell-hook traits and shapes is probably related to different fishing techniques. The artefacts -hooks and stone net sinkers -and faunal remains (with a high percentage of fish bones) indicate that a high degree of specialization was present at the ...

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... hypothesized chaîne opératoire for the fabrication of shell hooks, the recovered material has allowed the reconstruction of a chaîne opératoire to be applied in KHB-1, which shows similar traits to RaΜs al-HamrāΜ, apart from the last stage of the process that seems to have developed in a different way. This process has at least four steps ( Fig. 2/1-12): 1. The shell was cut in two parts, possibly with the use of flint tools (Fig. 2/1-3). 2. The blank was reduced along the edge by knapping in order to obtain a "drop" shape pre-form ( Fig. 2/4-6; Fig. 3/1). 3. The "drop" was further modelled by percussion, in order to obtain a more regular and defined shape presenting one concave and ...

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... material has allowed the reconstruction of a chaîne opératoire to be applied in KHB-1, which shows similar traits to RaΜs al-HamrāΜ, apart from the last stage of the process that seems to have developed in a different way. This process has at least four steps ( Fig. 2/1-12): 1. The shell was cut in two parts, possibly with the use of flint tools (Fig. 2/1-3). 2. The blank was reduced along the edge by knapping in order to obtain a "drop" shape pre-form ( Fig. 2/4-6; Fig. 3/1). 3. The "drop" was further modelled by percussion, in order to obtain a more regular and defined shape presenting one concave and one convex edge on the long axis. At this step of the manufacturing process, the ...

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... al-HamrāΜ, apart from the last stage of the process that seems to have developed in a different way. This process has at least four steps ( Fig. 2/1-12): 1. The shell was cut in two parts, possibly with the use of flint tools (Fig. 2/1-3). 2. The blank was reduced along the edge by knapping in order to obtain a "drop" shape pre-form ( Fig. 2/4-6; Fig. 3/1). 3. The "drop" was further modelled by percussion, in order to obtain a more regular and defined shape presenting one concave and one convex edge on the long axis. At this step of the manufacturing process, the pre-form still has sharp edges ( Fig. 2/7; 3/1). 4. Once a rough hook shape had been obtained, the pre- form was abraded ...

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... hook's head shows a series of simple and continuous notches obtained with the use of flint tools ( Fig. 3/4-5). A rough abrasion can replace this technique on the smaller hooks ( Fig. 3/6) while some of the larger ones present one or two eyelets carried out by perforation ( Fig. 1/20-21; ...

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... microscopic analysis, a large amount of powder characterized by a white-pink colour and a talcous structure, has been detected on the surface of some files (Fig. 4/1-2). The residue has a consistency, compactness, structure, and colour similar to the powder obtained during bone and shell experimental abrasion. In order to understand the nature of the residual material, an FTIR analysis (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) was conducted on the residues sampled from the tools RR The FTIR spectra ...