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The trends of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from patients with neonatal conjunctivitis from 2002 to 2016 in Southern China. a Percentage of Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria from 2002 to 2016. b The percentage and trend line of different Gram-positive bacteria identified from 2002 to 2016 responsible for neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis. The percentage of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolytic and β-hemolytic streptococcus, and Xerophthalmiabacilli bacteria was shown. c The percentage and trend line of different Gram-negative bacteria identified from 2002 to 2016 responsible for neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis. The percentage of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenza and E. coli bacteria was shown
Source publication
Background
The aim of the project is to retrospectively study the changes in bacterial pathogens in acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis from 2002 to 2016 in Southern China. The results may provide the guidance for drug choice for acute neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis. Methods
Secretion specimens for bacterial culture were taken from 485 cases...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... in the neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis. Interestingly, the proportion of cases with Gram-positive bacteria showed a decreasing trend during the 15-year period. The ratio of Gram-positive bacteria in the bacteria-positive sam- ples dropped year by year from 82.6% in 2002 to 72.4% in 2016 (Linear regression equation: y = −0.6× + 79.3, R 2 = 0.16, (Fig. 1a)). Accordingly, the ratio of Gram- negative bacteria increased from 17.4% in 2002 to 27.6% in 2016 (Linear regression equation: y = 0.6× + 20.7, R 2 = 0.16). Of note, despite the overall trend, there was a significant increase in detection of Gram-positive bacteria and decrease in detection of Gram-negative bacteria from 2011 to 2012. ...
Context 2
... the proportion of cases involving Staphylococcus epider- midis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus experienced an increasing trend (increased by ~60%), whereas the proportion of cases with Staphylococcus aureus and Hemolytic streptococcus (alpha-and beta-) showed a de- creasing trend in most of the years (decreased by ~30% and ~20% respectively) (Fig. 1b). The linear regression equation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococ- cus saprophyticus: y = 3.7× + 32.9, R 2 = 0.59; The linear When the Gram-negative bacteria in the samples were analyzed, we found that Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 73.4% (n = 75) of the 102 Gram-negative neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis cases, ...
Context 3
... E. coli was detected in 12.7% (n=13) of the cases, ranging from 0% to 25.0%. Al- though the frequency of the Gram negative bacteria showed an increasing trend during those 15 years, the detection frequency of either Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae or E. coli seemed to oscillate during the 15 years, without a clear trend identified (Fig. 1c). ...
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Prevalence of refractive errors, bacterial conjunctivitis among patients attending clinic of optometry in Erbil medical institute
Nabaz Fisal Shakir Agha (1) , Morad Amir Ahmad (2)
Zakarea A. Yaseen Al-khayat (3)
(1),(2) Erbil Polytechnic University, Iraq/ Erbil Medical Technical Institute /Optometry Department
(3) Department of Microbiology, Col...
Citations
... For the isolation rates of bacterial-culture positive cases, we suggested an overall isolation rate of 30.9%, 21.6% for gram-positive and 9.9% for negative-positive infections during our study period. Previous study has reported that the trend of decreasing Gram-positive bacteria and increasing Gram-negative bacteria in the conjunctival sac secretions from neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis from 2002 to 2016 in Shenzhen, another city in China [9]. However, we suggested an increasing trend of gram-positive bacteria cases from 2017 to 2021, and we failed to observe a trend Gram-negative group. ...
... Furthermore, over half of the ocular isolates were S.aureus (53.7%) in the present study, this result was similar with some recently researches. The detection rate of S. aureus was range from 27.6-67.9% of neonatal conjunctivitis in different regions or countries [9,12,13]. For example, a 5 year retrospective review in Southwest China also suggested that S. aureus (29%) is the most common pathogen of severe neonatal conjunctivitis [5]. ...
Background: Bacterial conjunctivitis is one of the most common ocular problems of neonates. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the clinical and pathogenic characteristics of neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis in southern China from 2017 to 2021.
Methods: Clinical and microbiological data of neonates with culture-proven bacterial conjunctivitis in our hospital were retrospectively collected from January 2017 to December 2021. Then, the distribution of the pathogens, the clinical characteristics and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were evaluated.
Results: Bacteria was separated from 299 samples (30.9%) out of the 967 samples assessed, and 8 patients were infected by two bacteria. A total of 307 pathogens were identified, of which 211 (67.2%) were Gram-positive, and 96 (30.1%) were Gram-negative. S. aureus (53.7%) was the most frequent causative organism, followed by C. macginleyi (10.7%) and E. coli (10.1%). Only one case of N. gonorrhoeae was isolated. An increasing detection rate during the last five years (χ2=16.68, P<0.001) was observed, and a similar trend was found in Gram-positive bacteria (χ2=9.898, P=0.002). Gram-negative bacteria related neonatal conjunctivitis were common among neonates suffered turbid amniotic fluid. Fifty-two S. aureus isolates (34.2%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 5 strains (15.6%) E.coli were extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria. All S. aureus and C. macginleyi strains are susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid, and E. coli are susceptible to imipenem, ertapenem and amikacin.
Conclusion: Although most of neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting disease, investigating the pathogenic characteristics and antibiotics parttern may help to shorten the duration of conjunctival symptoms in neonates with acute bacterial conjunctivitis.
... Typically, the primary etiological organism of gonorrheal ON is the gram-negative N. gonorrhoeae [17]. The development of prenatal screening for N. gonorrhoeae and prophylactic treatment of the neonate with erythromycin, povidone-iodine, or silver nitrate has been reported to decrease the risk of gonorrheal ON [18,19]. ...
... In our study, the low rate of positive bacterial cultures may be related to the use of antibiotics before obtaining the samples. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria accounted for 71.1% and 25.0%, respectively, consistent with the findings of Tang et al. [17]. Wu et al. reported only a 9% detection rate of Staph. ...
... aureus, followed by Staph. epidermidis, consistent with the findings of a study from Southern China [17]. Staph. ...
Purpose
To evaluate the microbiological characteristics and risk factors of severe ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) in Southwest China.
Methods
In this retrospective review, data on demography, microbiological results, and risk factors were analyzed. Data were obtained from medical records of patients with severe ON treated at Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to December 2019. To understand the risk factors for severe ON, maternal and neonatal factors were compared between the severe and non-severe ON groups.
Results
A total of 1397 neonates with ON were included, of whom 12% (n = 172) had severe ON, and 88% (n = 1225) had non-severe ON. Microbial detection and drug susceptibility tests were performed on 169 patients with severe ON. Culture results were positive for 76 patients, with gram-positive bacteria in 71.1% (n = 54), gram-negative bacteria in 25.0% (n = 19), and multiple microorganisms in 3.9% (n = 3) neonates. The most commonly detected organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (29%) and Staph. epidermis (27%), followed by Escherichia coli (8%). Neisseria gonorrhea (8%), Moraxella catarrhal (5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (4%), Haemophilus influenza (4%), and Chlamydia trachomatis (1%).
The main risk factors for severe ON were obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct (χ² = 10.794, P = 0.001), meconium aspiration syndrome (χ² = 6.252, P = 0.012), and cesarian section (χ² = 5.118, P = 0.024). Neonatal ocular prophylaxis was a protective factor for severe conjunctivitis (χ² = 6.905, P = 0.009).
Conclusions
Staphylococcus is the most common pathogen of severe ON. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a risk factor for ON.
... Notwithstanding, it can be caused by chemical inflammation, bacterial infections, and viral infections, but most cases of conjunctivitis in newborns are caused by bacterial factors 3 . Bacterial pathogens mainly often reported as causative pathogens are coliforms, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, pneumococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus aureus which tend to cause mild to moderate disease 4 . In addition there are viruses that cause mild conjunctivitis in neonates such as rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus. ...
Background: Ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) is the most widespread eye infection occurring in the first 28 days of life. Although most of these cases are benign, some may progress to systemic complications or blindness if left untreated. Objectives: The current study was conducted with the aim of revealing the bacteriological causes of conjunctivitis in neonates and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these bacteria. Subjects and methods: The study included all neonates at the age of 1 to 28 days presenting at the neonatal nurseries with Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and level II care beds in three hospitals; Authority of Al-Thawra General Hospital, Al-Kuwait University Hospital and Al-Sabeen Maternity and Child Hospital in Sana’a city, Yemen. A full history was taken from each nurse and mothers of the neonates included in the study in which the findings were recorded in a predesigned questionnaire including socio demographic, maternal clinical information and therapeutic interventions. To isolate the causative agent, the conjunctival swabs were inoculated on proper media and bacteria were identified by standard microbiological methods and antibiotic resistance was done for the isolates. Results: 203 swabs were collected from newborns with eye discharge over a nine-month period. Positive growth rate was 51.7%, males were more affected (57.1%), 80% of affected neonates had low birth weight, 71.4% of preterm infants were most affected (p <0.01). There was a significant relationship between invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation with neonatal conjunctivitis (p<0.05). Gentamicin showed good in vitro sensitivity to all bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus (83%), Escherichia coli 84.6%, with P. aeruginosa it was 60%. Conclusion: The vast majority of cases of neonatal conjunctivitis were mild with a high level of occurrence, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major bacterial agents, neonatal conjunctivitis most likely to be a hospital-acquired infection. There was a significant association between phototherapy, non-invasive ventilation and incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis . Gentamicin had high activity against the bacteria isolated in this study. Peer Review History: Received: 9 November 2021; Revised: 11 December; Accepted: 27 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos, Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil, jucimaryvieira@yahoo.com.br Similar Articles: BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS OF ADULTS: CAUSES AND OPHTHALMIC ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS FOR THE COMMON BACTERIAL ISOLATES BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY
... Notwithstanding, it can be caused by chemical inflammation, bacterial infections, and viral infections, but most cases of conjunctivitis in newborns are caused by bacterial factors 3 . Bacterial pathogens mainly often reported as causative pathogens are coliforms, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, pneumococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus aureus which tend to cause mild to moderate disease 4 . In addition there are viruses that cause mild conjunctivitis in neonates such as rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus. ...
Background: Ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) is the most widespread eye infection occurring in the first 28 days of life. Although most of these cases are benign, some may progress to systemic complications or blindness if left untreated. Objectives: The current study was conducted with the aim of revealing the bacteriological causes of conjunctivitis in neonates and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these bacteria. Subjects and methods: The study included all neonates at the age of 1 to 28 days presenting at the neonatal nurseries with Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and level II care beds in three hospitals; Authority of Al-Thawra General Hospital, Al-Kuwait University Hospital and Al-Sabeen Maternity and Child Hospital in Sana'a city, Yemen. A full history was taken from each nurse and mothers of the neonates included in the study in which the findings were recorded in a predesigned questionnaire including socio demographic, maternal clinical information and therapeutic interventions. To isolate the causative agent, the conjunctival swabs were inoculated on proper media and bacteria were identified by standard microbiological methods and antibiotic resistance was done for the isolates. Results: 203 swabs were collected from newborns with eye discharge over a nine-month period. Positive growth rate was 51.7%, males were more affected (57.1%), 80% of affected neonates had low birth weight, 71.4% of preterm infants were most affected (p <0.01). There was a significant relationship between invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation with neonatal conjunctivitis (p<0.05). Gentamicin showed good in vitro sensitivity to all bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus (83%), Escherichia coli 84.6%, with P. aeruginosa it was 60%. Conclusion: The vast majority of cases of neonatal conjunctivitis were mild with a high level of occurrence; Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major bacterial agents, neonatal conjunctivitis most likely to be a hospital-acquired infection. There was a significant association between phototherapy, non-invasive ventilation and incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis. Gentamicin had high activity against the bacteria isolated in this study.
... Notwithstanding, it can be caused by chemical inflammation, bacterial infections, and viral infections, but most cases of conjunctivitis in newborns are caused by bacterial factors 3 . Bacterial pathogens mainly often reported as causative pathogens are coliforms, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, pneumococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus aureus which tend to cause mild to moderate disease 4 . In addition there are viruses that cause mild conjunctivitis in neonates such as rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus. ...
... Notwithstanding, it can be caused by chemical inflammation, bacterial infections, and viral infections, but most cases of conjunctivitis in newborns are caused by bacterial factors 3 . Bacterial pathogens mainly often reported as causative pathogens are coliforms, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, pneumococci, enterococci, and Staphylococcus aureus which tend to cause mild to moderate disease 4 . In addition there are viruses that cause mild conjunctivitis in neonates such as rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus. ...
... S. aureus was one of the most common bacterial pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis with a positive rate of 17-37.4% about 30 years ago [23,24]. However, a study from southern China revealed a declining trend of S. aureus from 2002 to 2016, which was assumed to be attributed to antibiotics abuse [25]. In our study, we advised patients with conjunctivitis to use levofloxacin every time they passed purulent discharge before probing could be performed, which might lead to no detection of S. aureus, and the result was consistent with that of A. Kuchar [8]. ...
... Sylvia Kodsi reported a case of MRSA cultured from the regurgitated pus in an 8.5-month-old child [26], while the other 2 cases demonstrated its overgrowth in conjunctiva and blood, respectively [27,28]. MRSA could be related to chronic systemic antibiotics administration [24], recent hospitalization [25] or vertical transmission from the mother [26]. Our study identified 2 infants with MRSA colonization in a total of 32 patients. ...
Background:
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the main causes of epiphora in infants, and antibiotics are usually used as a conservative therapy in the first year. Yet, little is known about the bacteriology of the occluded lacrimal drainage system in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiology of lacrimal sac (LS) in Chinese children with CNLDO in their first year of life.
Methods:
Patients with CNLDO between May 1, 2017 and August 31, 2018 at a tertiary care children's hospital were enrolled. The study recruited infants who received lacrimal probing under 1 year old, and refluxed discharge from LS was collected. Samples were cultured and susceptibility test was performed for positive culture.
Results:
Thirty-two patients with CNLDO were included. The ratio of male to female was 23:9. The mean age was 6.7 ± 2.4 (1.7-12) months. Positive cultures was identified in 87.5% of the sample, and presented 38 strains of bacteria. Mixed infection was identified in 10 (31.3%) children. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 60.5% of all the strains, with Streptococcus (50%) being the most frequent species, whereas Haemophilus (21.1%) and Neisseriae (13.2%) were most common isolates for Gram-negative organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 2 infants whose symptoms resolved by a routine probing. No difference of bacteriology pattern was detected between patients under 6 months old and those beyond. The pathogens were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (88%) and levofloxacin (84%), but resistant to erythromycin (40%) and sulfamethoxazole (32%).
Conclusions:
Infants with CNLDO under 1 year of age presented predominance of Streptococcus as Gram-positive organism, and Haemophilus as Gram-negative organism. Levofloxacin was an active topical antibiotic agent with few chance of resistance especially for Chinese children. These findings could help clinicians choose optimal medicine for CNLDO as the conservative treatments.
... S. aureus was one of the most common bacterial pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis with a positive rate of 17-37.4% about 30 years ago [23,24]. However, a study from southern China revealed a declining trend of S. aureus from 2002 to 2016, which was assumed to be attributed to antibiotics abuse [25]. In our study, we advised patients with conjunctivitis to use levo oxacin every time they passed purulent discharge before probing could be performed, which might lead to no detection of S. aureus, and the result was consistent with that of A. Kuchar [8]. ...
... Sylvia Kodsi reported a case of MRSA cultured from the regurgitated pus in an 8.5-month-old child [26], while the other 2 cases demonstrated its overgrowth in conjunctiva and blood, respectively [27,28]. MRSA could be related to chronic systemic antibiotics administration [24], recent hospitalization [25] or vertical transmission from the mother [26]. Our study identi ed 2 infants with MRSA colonization in a total of 32 patients. ...
Background: Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the main causes of epiphora in infants, and antibiotics are usually used as a conservative therapy in the first year. Yet, little is known about the bacteriology of the occluded lacrimal drainage system in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiology of lacrimal sac (LS) in Chinese children with CNLDO in their first year of life.
Methods: Patients with CNLDO between May 1, 2017 and August 31, 2018 at a tertiary care children’s hospital were enrolled. The study recruited infants who received lacrimal probing under 1 year old, and refluxed discharge from LS was collected. Samples were cultured and susceptibility test was performed for positive culture.
Results: Thirty-two patients with CNLDO were included. The ratio of male to female was 23:9. The mean age was 6.7 ± 2.4 (1.7-12) months. Positive cultures was identified in 87.5% of the sample, and presented 38 strains of bacteria. Mixed infection was identified in 10 (31.3%) children. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 60.5% of all the strains, with Streptococcus (50%) being the most frequent species, whereas Haemophilus (21.1%) and Neisseriae (13.2%) were most common isolates for Gram-negative organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 2 infants whose symptoms resolved by a routine probing. No difference of bacteriology pattern was detected between patients under 6 months old and those beyond. The pathogens were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (88%) and levofloxacin (84%), but resistant to erythromycin (40%) and sulfamethoxazole (32%).
Conclusions: Infants with CNLDO under 1 year of age presented predominance of Streptococcus as Gram-positive organism, and Haemophilus as Gram-negative organism. Levofloxacin was an active topical antibiotic agent with few chance of resistance especially for Chinese children. These findings could help clinicians choose optimal medicine for CNLDO as the conservative treatments.
... S. aureus was one of the most common bacterial pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis with a positive rate of 17-37.4% about 30 years ago [23,24]. However, a study from southern China revealed a declining trend of S. aureus from 2002 to 2016, which was assumed to be attributed to antibiotics abuse [25]. In our study, we advised patients with conjunctivitis to use levo oxacin every time they passed purulent discharge before probing could be performed, which might lead to no detection of S. aureus, and the result was consistent with that of A. Kuchar [8]. ...
... Sylvia Kodsi reported a case of MRSA cultured from the regurgitated pus in an 8.5-month-old child [26], while the other 2 cases demonstrated its overgrowth in conjunctiva and blood, respectively [27,28]. MRSA could be related to chronic systemic antibiotics administration [24], recent hospitalization [25] or vertical transmission from the mother [26]. Our study identi ed 2 infants with MRSA colonization in a total of 32 patients. ...
Background: Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the main causes of epiphora in infants, and antibiotics are usually used as a conservative therapy in the first year. Yet, little is known about the bacteriology of the occluded lacrimal drainage system in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiology of lacrimal sac (LS) in Chinese children with CNLDO in their first year of life.
Methods: Patients with CNLDO between May 1, 2017 and August 31, 2018 at a tertiary care children’s hospital were enrolled. The study recruited infants who received lacrimal probing under 1 year old, and refluxed discharge from LS was collected. Samples were cultured and susceptibility test was performed for positive culture.
Results: Thirty-two patients with CNLDO were included. The ratio of male to female was 23:9. The mean age was 6.7 ± 2.4 (1.7-12) months. Positive cultures was identified in 87.5% of the sample, and presented 38 strains of bacteria. Mixed infection was identified in 10 (31.3%) children. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 60.5% of all the strains, with Streptococcus (50%) being the most frequent species, whereas Haemophilus (21.1%) and Neisseriae (13.2%) were most common isolates for Gram-negative organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 2 infants whose symptoms resolved by a routine probing. No difference of bacteriology pattern was detected between patients under 6 months old and those beyond. The pathogens were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (88%) and levofloxacin (84%), but resistant to erythromycin (40%) and sulfamethoxazole (32%).
Conclusions: Infants with CNLDO under 1 year of age presented predominance of Streptococcus as Gram-positive organism, and Haemophilus as Gram-negative organism. Levofloxacin was an active topical antibiotic agent with few chance of resistance especially for Chinese children. These findings could help clinicians choose optimal medicine for CNLDO as the conservative treatments.
... The clinical specimens were inoculated into Columbia blood agar and Haemophilus Chocolate agar (BioMérieux, France), and incubated in 5% CO2 for [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] hours. At the same time, the samples were incubated anaerobically into Columbia blood agar in GENbox anaer (BioMérieux, France). ...
... aureus was one of the most common bacterial pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis with a positive rate of 17-37.4% in about 30 years ago [21,22]. However, a study from southern China revealed a declining trend of S. aureus from 2002 to 2016, which was assumed to be attributed to antibiotics abuse [23]. In our study, we advised patients with conjunctivitis to use levo oxacin every time they passed purulent discharge before probing could be performed, which might lead to no detection of S. aureus, and the result was consistent with that of A. Kuchar [8]. ...
Background
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the main causes of epiphora in infants, and antibiotics are usually used as a conservative therapy in the first year. Yet, little is known about the bacteriology of the occluded lacrimal drainage system in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiology of lacrimal sac (LS) in Chinese children with CNLDO in their first year of life.
Methods
Patients with CNLDO between May 1, 2017 and August 31, 2018 at a tertiary care children’s hospital were enrolled. The study recruited infants who received lacrimal probing under 1 year old, and refluxed discharge from LS was collected. Samples were cultured and susceptibility test was performed for positive culture.
Results
Thirty-two patients with CNLDO were included. The ratio of male to female was 1.5 : 1. The mean age was 6.6 ± 2.3 (1.7–12) months. Positive cultures was identified in 87.5% of the sample, and presented 38 strains of bacteria. Mixed infection was identified in 10 (35.7%) children. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 60.5% of all the strains, with Streptococcus (50%) being the most frequent species, whereas Haemophilus (21.1%) and Neisseriae (13.2%) were most common isolates for Gram-negative organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 2 infants whose symptoms resolved by a routine probing. No difference of bacteriology pattern was detected between patients under 6 months old and those beyond. The pathogens were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (88%) and levofloxacin (84%), but resistant to erythromycin (40%) and sulfamethoxazole (32%).
Conclusions
Infants with CNLDO under 1 year of age presented predominance of Streptococcus as Gram-positive organism, and Haemophilus as Gram-negative organism. Levofloxacin was an active topical antibiotic agent with few chance of resistance. These findings could help clinicians choose optimal medicine for CNLDO as the conservative treatments.
