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The study area in Iskenderun Bay
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In this study, the Copepoda and Cladocera fauna along the Iskenderun Bay, Yumurtalik-Botas coastlines were investigated. Within the study area, a total of 22 genera and 33 species belonging to Copepoda, and 2 genera and 3 species belonging to Cladocera were recorded. Labidocera pavo, Pontellina plumata, Heterorhabbus papilliger, Corycaeus speciosus...
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Zooplankton of Karkamiş Dam Lake was investigated seasonally between April 2011 and May 2012 period. During the study, a total of 43 species (28 belong to phylum Rotifera, 10 to Cladocera and 5 Copepoda) were found in Karkamiş Dam Lake. All of the zooplanktonic species have been identified for the first time in Karkamiş Dam Lake. Some chemical and...
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... Furthermore they are themselves favourite food items for many animals including economic fishes. In this respect, the quantitative and qualitative investigation of zooplankton organisms in any aquatic environment is essential regarding the knowledge about the productivity and diversity in that specific environment (Toklu and Sarihan, 2003). The most numerous, important and wide spread group of marine zooplankton is the Copepoda, forming usually 50–90% numerically of the zooplankton community (Mauchline, 1998; Steinberg et al., 2002; Steinberg et al., 2004; Walter and Boxshall, 2008; Al-Mutairi, 2009; Krsinic and Grbec 2012; El-Naggar, 2014). ...
The marine environment of the East Mediterranean has been considerably impacted in modern times by two man-made changes: the creation of a waterway between the Indo-Pacific and the Mediterranean basins and the control of the Nile fresh-water outflow. The opening of the Suez Canal caused a migration generally from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, and rarely in the opposite direction as the Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly Red Sea species invaded the Mediterranean ecosystem and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration or erythrean invasion. The composition of zooplankton in the eastern Mediterranean has been shown to include a large proportion of Indo-Pacific and other circumtropical species which have successfully settled and proliferated in this environment. During the present study, an overview is provided on zooplankton migration through Suez Canal and its impact on the ecological system based on published literature. It is also meant with the hydrographic and zooplankton characteristics of the adjacent seas. It is clear that, except jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica, the negative impact of zooplankton Lessepsian migratory species in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters is not evident. Finally, it would be concluded that, a continuous monitoring programme will be needed to record the recent erythrean zooplankton species and follow up the distribution and abundance of those previously recorded as aliens to assess their impacts on the native biodiversity of the Mediterranean.
... Zenginer-Yılmaz & Be¸siktepeBe¸siktepe (2010) studied mainly total cladoceran abundance and observed that the cladoceran contribution to zooplankton did not exceed 13% in the coastal region of Mersin Bay. Changes in seasonal composition of cladoceran species were reported by Toklu & Sarihan (2003) in ˙ Iskenderun Bay and Dönmez et al. (2006) on the Akkuyu coast. In both these studies, cladocerans were not observed during winter. ...
The purpose of this study was to describe temporal variations in the abundance of cladocerans in the Mediterranean Sea in relation to environmental parameters. The study was conducted between 2008 and 2011 at five sampling stations located in the coastal waters of Iskenderun Bay. Zooplankton samples were seasonally collected for four years using a 200-mu m mesh WP-2 zooplankton net. The contribution of cladocerans to the total zooplankton community was 22.8% in 2008 and 9.3% in 2009. In 2010 (59.4%) and 2011(63.4%), the annual mean abundance of cladocerans increased markedly from 473 ind. m(-3) to 3917 ind. m(-3) and accounted for more than half of the zooplankton population. A total of five species of Cladocera were found: Penilia avirostris Dana, 1849, Pseudevadne tergestina (Claus, 1877), Evadne spinifera P. E. Muller, 1867, Pleopis polyphaemoides (Leuckart, 1859) and Podon intermedius Lilljeborg, 1853. Penilia avirostris was the most abundant species during all seasons, especially in April and July, for all four years of the study. The abundance of total cladocerans and P. avirostris was negatively correlated with salinity (p <0.01) and picoplankton abundance (p <0.05). P. avirostris also exhibited a positive correlation with phytoplankton abundance (p <0.01), as well as with E. spinifera. In addition, the abundance of E. spinifera and P. tergestina was positively correlated with temperature (p <0.01), but P. tergestina correlated negatively with chlorophyll a. In conclusion, species composition and abundance of cladocerans seems to be greatly affected by the amount of available food and other environmental factors, such as temperature and salinity.
Zooplankton was studied seasonally between 2009 and 2011 in İskenderun Bay in order to determine temporal variations in abundance, biomass, and size structure and their relationships with environmental factors. Zooplankton sampling was performed vertically using a WP-2 net (200-μm). A total of 30 zooplankton taxonomic groups were identified. Cladocera was the dominant group, and together with Copepoda and Appendicularia constituted approximately 90% of zooplankton. In respect to abundance and biomass values, 2 peaks were observed in 2009, the first in spring and the second in autumn. However, a second peak was observed in summer in both 2010 and 2011, due to increases in cladoceran abundance. During all seasons and years of the study period, smallsized organisms (200–500 μm) constituted the majority of the zooplankton. Zooplankton abundance was influenced by environmental factors. The relationship between the abundance of zooplankton groups and environmental parameters varied according to the groups. In conclusion, clear seasonal variation and slight differences among years were observed in terms of the examined properties of the zooplankton groups. Abiotic environmental variables and availability of food were considered to particularly affect this variability.
Mesozooplankton was studied during 2008 in coastal waters of the İskenderun Bay in order to determine seasonal changes in abundance, biomass, community structure and their relationship with environmental factors. Samples were collected seasonally at five stations using WP-2 net of 200 µ mesh size by vertical hauls. A total of 23 planktonic groups including 30 copepod species, 4 cladocerans and 4 chaetognaths were identified. Copepods were the most important group during the whole period of survey. Penilia avirostris was found to be dominant in spring, while Paracalanus parvus in summer and winter, and Acrocalanus gibber in autumn. Mesozooplankton abundance varied from 438 ind m−
3
(autumn) to 7163 ind m−
3
(spring), while biomass varied between 2.2 mg m−
3
(summer) and 52.9 mg m−
3
(autumn). Differences in abundance and biomass between seasons were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Clear seasonal distribution patterns were observed in the area. Two peaks in abundance were defined: a major peak in spring and a second minor one in autumn. It seems that the trophic element was the main factor affecting the density distribution of zooplankton populations, whereas species distributions were more affected by hydrographical parameters, namely: seawater temperature and salinity.
This 2010 review of alien species along the coasts of Turkey represents a total of 400 alien species belonging to 14 systematic groups. The present paper also reports the first findings of Van-derhorstia mertensi in the Aegean Sea (Gökova Bay), Chama adspersa in the Sea of Marmara and Mya arenaria in the Aegean Sea. A total of 124 new alien species was determined within the last 5 years. Mollusca had the highest number of species (105 species), followed by Polychaeta (75 species), Crus-tacea (64 species) and Pisces (58 species). The highest number of alien species (330 species) were encountered on the Levantine coast of Turkey, followed by the Aegean Sea (165 species), Sea of Marmara (69 species) and Black Sea (20 species). The Suez Canal (66% of the total number of alien species) is the main vector for species introductions to the coasts of Turkey, followed by the ship-mediated transport (30%). The majority of species (306 species, 76% of total number of species) have become established in the area, while 59 species are classified as casual (15%), 23 species as questionable (6%) and 13 species as cryptogenic (3%). One new alien species was introduced to the coasts of Turkey every 4 weeks between 1991 and 2010. The majority of aliens were found on soft substratum (198 species) in shallow waters (0-10 m) (319 species). Some species such as Caulerpa racemosa, Amphistegina lobifera, Amphisorus hemprichii, Rhopilema nomadica, Mnemiopsis leidyi, Hydroides spp., Ficopomatus enigmaticus, Charybdis longicollis, Rapana venosa, Asterias rubens, Siganus spp. and Lagocephalus sceleratus show a highly invasive character, and have great impacts both on the prevailing ecosystems and humans.
The compilation of data on alien species reported from the Turkish coasts yielded a total of 263 species belonging to 11 systematic groups, of which Mollusca had the highest number of species (85 species), followed by Crustacea (51), fishes (43) and phytobenthos (39). The Black Sea is represented by a total of 20 alien species, the Sea of Marmara by 48 species, the Aegean Sea by 98 species and the Levantine Sea by 202 species. The majority of aliens found in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara were transported via shipping, whereas the Levantine coast is extensively subjected to Lessepsian migration. Benthic habitats (soft and hard substrata) comprise 76% of the total alien species and the pelagic environment is inhabited by thirty-nine species. Almost 50% of aliens collected from the Turkish coasts were found only at 0-10 m depth. Eight species occur at depths
deeper than 100 m. The impacts of aliens on the benthic and pelagic ecosytems are presented.
