Fig 1 - uploaded by Sergei Yu. Grishin
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The study area. The horizontals (height above sea level, m) and the thickness of tephra (cm) are shown by contour lines, geobotanic profi les-by fatty cuts, cones and lava of 1975-by solid fi lling, and dry river-by dotted line.
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The Tolbachic volcano eruption (1975, central Kamchatka) has completely destroyed the vegetation on the area about 100 km2 . In subalpine and alpine zones, surviving and colonization of most species are associated with immovable lava substrate, while the tephra deposits inhibit the species colonization and initiate the formation of volcanic desert....
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In the summer of 2010, a year after the powerful eruption of the Peak Sarychev volcano, the vegetation cover of the Matua Isl. (middle Kuril Islands) was surveyed. The field routes had covered mainly the south-eastern half of the island, since the north-western half turned into a volcanic desert after the eruption of 2009. We describe the main feat...
Citations
... Specific features of primary succession depending on the type of volcanic impact are considered in a number of reviews (Manko and Sidelnikov 1989;del Moral and Grishin 1999;Walker and del Moral 2003). Among many published papers we would like to call the attention to those considering consequences of volcanic eruptions and vegetation recovery in the Russian Far East, such as eruptions on the Kamchatka Peninsula -Ksudach volcano (Grishin et al. 1997a,b;Grishin 1992Grishin , 2003Kopanina et al. 2018) -Shiveluch Volcano (Grishin 2012), Tolbachik volcano (Grishin 2010;Grishin et al. 2013Grishin et al. , 2019Korablev et al. 2014Korablev et al. , 2016Korablev et al. , 2018, Bezymyanny volcano (Grishin 2019); and on the Kuril Islands -Sarychev Peak volcano (Rybin et al. 2015;Grishin 2018). ...
... Woody plants (dwarf-shrub, shrubs and small trees) were most important in the vegetation recovery on lava flows and various pyroclastic sediments both in the Ksudach caldera and on other volcanoes. These woody life forms take an active part in the colonization of juvenile volcanic substrates (Cutler et al. 2008;Voronkova et al. 2011;Grishin et al. 2013;Korablev et al. 2014Korablev et al. , 2018Kopanina et al. 2018). ...
... Many studies performed on primary succession after large-scale eruptions indicate that the most important drivers of vegetation recovery in the volcanic landscape are abiotic factors (del Moral and Grishin 1999;Walker and del Moral 2003;Cutler et al. 2008;Korablev et al. 2014, Grishin et al. 2013. In particular, the dynamics of meso-and micro-relief in time plays a key role in the landscape organization (Thouret 2010;Teltscher and Fassnacht 2018). ...
This study considers the restoration of the plant cover destroyed by a catastrophic volcano eruption in the south of Kamchatka Peninsula (the Ksudach caldera, Shtyubel cone), with a particular attention to the role of woody plants. It aims to qualitatively estimate (at a qualitative level) the rate of the primary succession development depending on the microrelief and the modern relief-forming processes. The vegetation recovery in the caldera after the Shtyubel cone eruption 109 years ago proceeds slowly and irregularly. It proceeds most slowly on a thick tephra mantle continuously disturbed by water and wind erosion, lahars, debris flows, landslides, etc. Such conditions are most typical of the western part of the caldera dominated by pumice fields with occasional patches of pioneer herbs and dwarf shrubs. Alpine tundra communities with gradually expanding patches of shrub alder develop in the southern, eastern and northeastern parts of the Ksudach caldera. Since 1997 the area of the shrub alder communities has increased by 1.9 times, while the alpine tundra — by 1.3 times only. The woody plants (dwarf shrubs and prostrate shrubs) are of particular importance in the process of the vegetation recovery on pumice fields. We suggest that the bark thickness of woody plants is an integrated indicator, which may serve for estimating the state of ecosystem in the course of the primary succession development on juvenile sediments. The extremely inhospitable environments cause changes in physiological processes in the plant body and in its bark in particular. The results show that woody plants have a “thin” bark and develop some structural-functional arrangements for keeping bark tissues at their minimum. So, the woody plant structure and the rate of changes in plant communities are under control of the geomorphic conditions and primarily — of physicochemical features of the pyroclastic cover.
... The climate is moderately continental; the mean annual precipitation is 700 mm. At altitudes of 100 and 900 m, the mean monthly temperatures are 14.6 and 11.4°С in July and -19.6 and -23.6°С in January, respectively (Grishin et al., 2013). On the plateau, three altitudinal vegetation belts are distinguished: forest belt (up to 900 m), krummholtz belt (800-1000 m), and mountain tundra belt (up to 1900 m) (Rastitel'nyi…, 2014). ...
... The previous researchers who studied the recovery of vegetation on the ash and scoria fields of the Tolbachinskii Dol in 1978-1979 did not find mosses at all (Sidel'nikov and Shafranovskii, 1981). Grishin et al. (2013) explained this phenomenon by the fact that mosses could appear on ash and scoria fields only after the stabilization of the substrate. According to our observations, in the areas with intensive erosion, mosses Niphotrichum canescens, Polytrichum piliferum, and Racomitrium lanuginosum were represented by singular specimens growing on the particles of tephra. ...
Peculiarities of the forest vegetation dynamics and the main factors and mechanisms of environmental filtering were studied on loose deposits of the Tolbachinskii Dol Volcanic Plateau (Kamchatka) by means of plant life-form analysis. It was found that, in the earlier stages of plant succession, polycarpic herbs, acrocarpous mosses, and fruticulose lichens dominated. Forest communities of 35 years old differed from the old-growth ones by the proportions of plant life-forms and the total coverage. Environmental filtering is manifested by the most successful development of plants having special morphological adaptations of belowground systems to loose unstable substrata.
... The climate is moderately continental; the mean annual precipitation is 700 mm. At altitudes of 100 and 900 m, the mean monthly temperatures are 14.6 and 11.4°С in July and -19.6 and -23.6°С in January, respectively (Grishin et al., 2013). On the plateau, three altitudinal vegetation belts are distinguished: forest belt (up to 900 m), krummholtz belt (800-1000 m), and mountain tundra belt (up to 1900 m) (Rastitel'nyi…, 2014). ...
... The previous researchers who studied the recovery of vegetation on the ash and scoria fields of the Tolbachinskii Dol in 1978-1979 did not find mosses at all (Sidel'nikov and Shafranovskii, 1981). Grishin et al. (2013) explained this phenomenon by the fact that mosses could appear on ash and scoria fields only after the stabilization of the substrate. According to our observations, in the areas with intensive erosion, mosses Niphotrichum canescens, Polytrichum piliferum, and Racomitrium lanuginosum were represented by singular specimens growing on the particles of tephra. ...
На основе анализа жизненных форм растений изучены особенности развития лесной растительности и основные факторы и механизмы экотопического отбора на рыхлых отложениях плато Толбачинский дол (Камчатка). На ранних стадиях сукцессии преобладают поликарпические травы, верхоплодные мхи и кустистые лишайники. 35-летние лесные сообщества отличаются от фоновых по соотношению жизненных форм и общему проективному покрытию. Экотопический отбор проявляется через наиболее успешное развитие видов, имеющих определенные морфологические адаптации корневых систем к подвижному грунту.
... Studies of the dynamics of volcan ogenic induced vegetation in Russia were started by Man'ko and his team (Man'ko, 1974;Sidel'nikov and Shafranovskii, 1981;Man'ko and Sidel'nikov, 1989) in the 1980s. Few works deal with the study of volcano genic induced plant successions in Kamchatka (Grishin, 1992;Dirksen, V.G. and Dirksen, O.V., 2006;Grishin et al., 2013). However, this problem is an object of stationary studies in many regions of the world. ...
... The plateau is formed of lava flows and tephra (mainly ash and scoria) deposits; its total area is 875 km 2 ; it is covered by volcanic ash soils with ash layers and buried humus horizons (Zakharikhina and Litvinenko, 2011); the climate is moderately conti nental; the annual precipitation is 700 mm. At alti tudes of 100 and 900 m, the mean monthly temperatures are 14.6 and 11.4°С in July and -19.6 and -23.6°С in January, respectively (Grishin et al., 2013). On the plateau, three altitudinal vegetation belts are distin guished: the forest belt of Cajander larch (Larix cajan deri) and Erman's birch (Betula ermanii) (up to 800 m); the dwarf woodland belt of Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) and dwarf alder (Alnus fruticosa) (800-1000 m); and the mountain tundra belt of dwarf shrub and lichen rich tundras. ...
Primary plant successions on volcanic deposits of the Tolbachinskii Dol Plateau (Central Kamchatka) were studied. The main factors determining the succession rate were revealed. The peculiarities of plant successions on lava flows and ash–scoria deposits differed significantly. Some common mechanisms for all volcanic regions of the world were revealed. The leading factors of plant succession on lava flows were the type of lava surface, the texture of lava, and the fine tephra accumulation rate. The main factors determining plant succession on ash–scoria deposits were wind and water erosion and the distance to the seed sources. The time of formation of a secondary permanent larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) forest should take about 1500–2000 years on lava flows and up to 1000 years (but not less than 300–500 years) on ash–scoria plains.
... Based on reached approximately 35 km 2 in June 2013. The study sites where vegetation succession was examined in 1995 and 2006(Grishin et al. 2013) were covered by lava.By surveying of the area in eruption and its impact with satellite images, we identified land area covered lands: 1) volcanic badlands in the alpine and subalpine zones (800-1,800 m ASL) covered with very sparse grasses and vegetation with moss and lichen, 2) olda partially formed grass-shrub vegetation at altitudes of less than 1,400 m; they have areas with relatively narrow (300-500 m in width), but long (up to 12-15 km) bands, 3) cinder deserts near the eruption area, consisted of two major fields with outcrop of lava and petrophytic p l a n t s , 4 ) a r e a s o fDIWPA News Letter No.32subalpine elfin wood trees and meadows, growing alder (Alnus fruticosa) and Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila), interspersed with grassy meadows and scoria wastelands; the vegetation of the areas was impacted by heavy ash fall of 1975, 5) forest fragments of birch Betula ermanii (in the range of 600-900 m ASL); the upper parts of the forests are limited by sparse forest stands, and 6) larch forests growing Larix cajanderi (less than 600 m ASL) and sparse larch forests (in the range of 600-900 m ASL). Almost all area covered by new lava flows had volcanic landscape with poor vegetation (No. 1-3 in the above land category). ...
First view on impact of large eruption on vegetation
