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![Table 1 . Average annual temperatures and sunshine hours in Erbil [9].](profile/Halil-Alibaba/publication/321093646/figure/tbl1/AS:667765933342724@1536219213207/Average-annual-temperatures-and-sunshine-hours-in-Erbil-9_Q320.jpg)
Abstract: This study presents a retrofit strategy: integrating optimized photovoltaics (PV) in the form
of responsive shading devices using a dual-axis solar tracking system. A prototype-based model
was fabricated to compare the efficiency of PV in this implementation with the conventional fixed
installation. The office building, T1 EmpireWorld in...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... office floors are assigned heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)-packaged rooftop of a direct expansion (DX) variable air volume (VAV) units with reheats, office equipment loads, and interior lighting loads. Figure 5 illustrates the modelling and simulation stages with the details and attributes of each stage. Erbil's extreme conditions in summer and winter require careful considerations when designing this type of building; however, this tower has a large glazed facade in all orientations without having any external shading systems. ...
Context 2
... office floors are assigned heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)-packaged rooftop of a direct expansion (DX) variable air volume (VAV) units with reheats, office equipment loads, and interior lighting loads. Figure 5 illustrates the modelling and simulation stages with the details and attributes of each stage. Reinforced concrete (200 mm thick) and marble tiles (20 mm thick) ...
Context 3
... office floors are assigned heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)-packaged rooftop of a direct expansion (DX) variable air volume (VAV) units with reheats, office equipment loads, and interior lighting loads. Figure 5 illustrates the modelling and simulation stages with the details and attributes of each stage. Erbil's extreme conditions in summer and winter require careful considerations when designing this type of building; however, this tower has a large glazed facade in all orientations without having any external shading systems. ...
Context 4
... office floors are assigned heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)-packaged rooftop of a direct expansion (DX) variable air volume (VAV) units with reheats, office equipment loads, and interior lighting loads. Figure 5 illustrates the modelling and simulation stages with the details and attributes of each stage. Reinforced concrete (200 mm thick) and marble tiles (20 mm thick) ...
Citations
... A resistance-capacitance (RC) building thermal model used in the study effectively simulated many cases. The study of dynamic PVSDs, emphasizing electricity generation, has also been approached through both experimental and simulation methodologies [27]. Researchers employed an empirical approach to investigate PVSDs in an office building in Iraq. ...
Pursuing innovations in sustainable architectural solutions, this study examines the impact of a climate-adaptive building envelope with dynamic photovoltaic integrated shading devices (PVSDs) on building performance. A major challenge in designing PVSDs is the lack of established guidelines for geometry and operations. We delve into the complexities and potential benefits of integrating dynamic PVSD designs into building performance simulations, particularly considering their time-varying geometric and operational aspects. This research assesses a range of similar PVSD design options with differing patterns, emphasizing their effects on solar energy potential, daylighting, and thermal efficiency. We conducted tests on south-oriented PVSDs (featuring two-axis rotation) in Houston, Texas, focusing on variables such as panel count (4 or 36), rotation angle range, and operational patterns (synchronized or individual). Regarding solar potential, the four-panel synchronized PVSD option outperformed static shading by 2.1 times. For daylighting and thermal performance, the 36-panel synchronized option with a wide rotation range and the four-panel individual option proved superior to other PVSD configurations, improving up to an average of 36% (sDA300/50%) and 1.5 °C, respectively. Our findings emphasize the critical role of integrating geometric design and operational patterns in PVSDs for enhanced system effectiveness and highlight PVSD design and application limitations. Our findings emphasize the critical role of integrating geometric design and operational patterns in PVSDs for enhanced system effectiveness. Furthermore, they shed light on the limitations in the PVSD design process and practical applications.
... There has been a continuous shortage in energy generation due to long-term political and economic crises in Iraq. Daily electricity shortages are a common problem all around Iraq, including Erbil (Abdullah & Alibaba, 2017). Erbil is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region in the north of Iraq and is located between latitudes 36.18° ...
... In addition to observing the East-West or North to South movement of the sun in the sky, it tracks the angular position of the sun. The dual-axis acts in the same manner as the single axis but takes the measurements of both the horizontal and the vertical axes (Abdullah and Alibaba, 2017). ...
Solar power through the use of photovoltaic (PV) system is the most advanced and profitable renewable energy application; however, there are still a number of obstacles facing this technology, including technical, financial, and political barriers. According to meteorological data of Iraq, the annual average solar radiation is about 1800-2390 kWh/m2/year, which is a considerable amount of energy if properly utilized. This study proposes a design model of PV installation system and the model is applied to three different PV systems for installation in a residential household in Erbil, Iraq. The study examines the feasibility of the plants proposed and compares the efficiency of both fixed and tracking PV systems for an off-grid PV system. The PVsyst software is used for household electricity load estimation and solar energy requirements, such as the appropriate number of panels, maximizing AC power generation, the storage capacity of the battery, and charge controller size to fulfill the required load. To calculate the annual energy generation, the design data was used in the simulations. Three scenarios were simulated; fixed panels, East-West single tracking, and dual-axis tracking systems based on the altitude and azimuth tracking angles. The study compared both the photovoltaic properties and the amount of energy generated by the installed systems. The results showed that the dual-axis tracking system is 30% and single-axis tracking system is 21% more efficient than the fixed PV system, although the latter offers an economically better alternative.
... The results indicated that, depending on the efficiency of the mechanical heating and cooling system, implementing the dynamic PVSD could lead to energy savings ranging from 20% to 80% compared to a PV system with static panels. Abdullah and Alibaba [15] suggested the use of optimized responsive PVSDs with a dual axis tracking system as an efficient retrofitting method. They conducted energy performance simulations and also created a prototype of the responsive PV system to compare its performance with that of a conducted a study to assess the sustainability of BIPV systems by analyzing their energy payback time (EPBT) and greenhouse-gas payback time (GPBT) when installed on rooftops and façades. ...
... Pilot work gives not only a chance to determine whether the project is feasible, but also an opportunity to publish the corresponding results. Pilot studies should be guided by an and potential to provide a more efficient technique for optimizing energy in less-efficient buildings [26]. However, there are numerous other obstacles to green-retrofitting existing buildings, including a lack of models for retrofit methods, an insufficient number of energy-optimization procedures, a lack of life-cycle cost analysis, and a low return on investment [27]. ...
... Nonetheless, the primary impediments to retrofitting are it complexity and a dearth of proper research and strategy. Regardless of the complexity o retrofitting, existing buildings should be investigated for their environmental friendlines and potential to provide a more efficient technique for optimizing energy in less-efficien buildings [26]. However, there are numerous other obstacles to green-retrofitting existing buildings, including a lack of models for retrofit methods, an insufficient number of en ergy-optimization procedures, a lack of life-cycle cost analysis, and a low return on in vestment [27]. ...
Building information modeling (BIM) platforms to enhance design and construction processes have been rising recently, with BIM-based tools such as Autodesk Revit’s Architecture. The importance of BIM can be mainly seen in reducing energy consumption by at least 30%, leading to a huge cut in carbon dioxide, and saving the environment. BIM helps engineers and contractors to use less material for better benefits for stakeholders, including organizations, governmental offices, and businesses. This study investigates the reliability and validity of a constructed questionnaire to pre-determine the applications relevant to a questionnaire to be used in a large-scale study. The literature has highlighted the connection between BIM and energy-driven retrofits. However, the application of BIM to the retrofitting of existing structures confronts obstacles, which may be attributable to the multidisciplinary character of information sharing, the timeliness of communication, and the large number of technology components required to provide an optimal exchange. A pilot study was conducted, identifying the sample size of 30 random respondents out of 167 samples. SPSS was used for estimating the percentages of the demographic attributes for the respondents, the face validity, internal-consistency validity, the validation of all contracts, and Pearson’s correlation. The results show that engineers constitute 46%, project managers (20%), contractors (17%), and the rest (approximately 17%) are divided among other professionals. The validity of internal consistency ranges from 0.791 to 0.912, which reflects perfect consistency. The internal consistency of each part was recorded at 0.942 (energy), 0.957 (strategies), and 0.979 (framework). The validation for the energy part ranges from 0.610 to 0.912; for strategies (0.451 to 0.884,) and for the framework (0.681 to 0.884). Pearson’s correlation for all 17 questions showed a minimum value of 0.464, while the maximum value was 0.890. The results show that all questionnaire elements were successfully validated with a Cronbach alpha factor mainly higher than 0.6—the threshold accepted by most researchers. Hence, the work on the broader scale of testing and analysis could proceed.
... energy in comparison with other commercial buildings [87]. In this regard, the case study is a medium-prototype 3.08 m by 3.08 m rectangular single enclosed perimeter office (9.5 m 2 ). ...
The concepts of visual comfort and lighting quality are among key components of architectural design. Although the building industry shows significant signs of progress in this regard, frameworks aiming at the integration of comfort conditions remains one of the main points of contention. In recent years many studies have been carried out about the potential of window sizes to reduce energy consumption. However, the existing body of literature is lacking regarding various variables on visual comfort and consequently energy efficiency at the same time. Therefore, this research proposes a model to fill this gap in architectural regulations. Building on a genetic algorithm, the study develops and examines a novel multi-objective optimization model which can be adapted in the building design stage. The examined model leads to develop a standard strategy that can be used to evaluate visual comfort while maximizing energy performance in buildings with diverse functions and located in various climates. This model is formed from three main evaluation steps, which can be named project modeling according to the design stage, comfort assessment and evaluation, optimization and decision-making process. Therefore, based on the research limitation, window-to-wall ratio and types of glazing materials have been selected as optimization variables to examine the methodology. In this regard, the results show that the range between 20 and 50% can be considered acceptable in the examined office building located in Northern Cyprus. Although 20–40% clear glass makes an acceptable range of opening, the most preferred range is 30–50% of reflective glass, which proposes a bigger opening with the same amount of energy performance.
... energy in comparison with other commercial buildings [87]. In this regard, the case study is a medium-prototype 3.08 m by 3.08 m rectangular single enclosed perimeter office (9.5 m 2 ). ...
The concepts of visual comfort and lighting quality are among key components of architectural design. Although the building industry shows significant signs of progress in this regard, frameworks aiming at the integration of comfort conditions remains one of the main points of contention. In recent years many studies have been carried out about the potential of window sizes to reduce energy consumption. However, the existing body of literature is lacking regarding various variables on visual comfort and consequently energy efficiency at the same time. Therefore, this research proposes a model to fill this gap in architectural regulations. Building on a genetic algorithm, the study develops and examines a novel multi-objective optimization model which can be adapted in the building design stage. The examined model leads to develop a standard strategy that can be used to evaluate visual comfort while maximizing energy performance in buildings with diverse functions and located in various climates. This model is formed from three main evaluation steps, which can be named project modeling according to the design stage, comfort assessment and evaluation, optimization and decision-making process. Therefore, based on the research limitation, window-to-wall ratio and types of glazing materials have been selected as optimization variables to examine the methodology. In this regard, the results show that the range between 20 and 50% can be considered acceptable in the examined office building located in Northern Cyprus. Although 20–40% clear glass makes an acceptable range of opening, the most preferred range is 30–50% of reflective glass, which proposes a bigger opening with the same amount of energy performance.
... • Use of plug in loads as building is being more energy efficient along with their reducing the energy consumption (Chandanachulaka and Khan-ngern (2016)). • Energy retrofit of residential buildings to the NZEB level is the best practice for substantially reducing energy demand and fossil fuel dependency (Abdullah and Alibaba (2017), D'Agostino et al. (2017); Moran et al. (2020)). • In order to increase the funds available for projects and contribute to more comprehensive participation, RE should be made a priority sector (Dehwah and Asif (2019), Santos and Rüther (2012)). ...
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Buildings are a major primary energy consumer in the world energy sector, with a value of about 40% of total energy consumption. The absence of traditional sources of energy currently promotes the development of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs). The general definition of net zero energy construction is very critical to grasp. The aim of the paper is to overview the literature on the existing NZEB to make them self-sustaining and net zero in order to improve energy efficiency of the buildings. If enough renewable energy could be used, NZEB could potentially be achievable with power production. Furthermore, different building-service systems utilizing renewable energy sources have been extensively investigated for possible uses in NZEB. The paper gives the detail of its climatic condition in various part of the world along with their consequences and its impacts. The NZEB concept will significantly define the demand and supply strategies for renewable energies and conversion accounting to achieve a NZEB target along with its renewable energy evaluation. Buildings account for a large proportion of the world's total energy and carbon emissions, and play an important role in formulating strategies for sustainable growth. To this end, smart systems implement applications with numerous and interdisciplinary features. Here, the paper gives a detailed literature review on NZEB.
... There are three different stimulus that cause building skins to react and move: environmental conditions (Abdullah and Alibaba, 2017;Ayoub, 2018;Datta et al., 2014;Henriques et al., 2012;Mahmoud and Elghazi, 2016;Tabadkani et al., 2019), occupants (Chang et al., 2019), or both (Biloria, 2012;Hosseini et al., 2019a;Rizi and Eltaweel, 2021;Thün et al., 2012). ...
The demand to satisfy environmental and economic performance requirements of buildings highlights the application of the responsive skin facades in offering superior performance , as compared to conventional façades. With this respect, responsive skins have become a growing field of research during the recent decade while a thorough review of studies investigating their design and technology aspects is still missing. To fill the identified gap, this study aims to present a systematic literature review and state of the art in an untouched research area of the responsive skins, integrated with their geometric and mechanism design approaches. To this end, a total of 89 studies, collected from two major bibliographic databases of Scopus and Google Scholar from the first of 2010 to the mid of 2021, were reviewed and several classifications and analyses on the associated design thinking, skin systems and responsive mechanisms were presented. The gap analysis of the findings indicates that the lack of controllable substitution design for mechanical skins is one of the reasons preventing the application of responsive skins in construction industry. Furthermore, the gap between simulation and constructability and the relationship between the designed skin geometry with climatic analysis and performance provide basis for future studies.
... As a useful retrofit strategy, the integration of PVSDs has shown promise in the way that it contributes to the meeting of several requirements of high-performance buildings, including promoting natural lighting, preventing glare issues, reducing solar heat gain and cooling demand in warm seasons and generating electrical power from solar cells. In fact, PVSD systems are a mixture of renewable energy production techniques and the advantages of shading devices since they transfer the unwanted part of the light restricted from entering the room into electricity (Abdullah & Alibaba, 2017;Taveres-Cachat, Lobaccaro, Goia, & Chaudhary, 2019;Zhang et al., 2018). However, the application of these shading systems has been executed without maximizing their multiple potential profits. ...
This work proposes a multi-objective approach for optimizing the design of fixed vertical, parametrically modeled PV integrated shading devices to achieve their highest benefits to the indoor environment and residents in a classroom. Since the geometric design of conventional shading devices, whether in real-world applications or the literature, is usually restricted to non-amorphous and rectangular shapes, our goal is to gain insight into the likely advantages of employing panels with novel design alternatives. To this end, we initially developed a parametric model of shading devices containing planar PV panels utilizing the Grasshopper program. Next, the environmental plugins of Honeybee and Ladybug were used to assess daylight and energy operations along with occupants' thermal and visual comfort. Moreover, to lessen the required lighting energy and enhance users' visual convenience by providing appropriate illuminance levels required for a specific task, we divided the classroom into adjustable lighting zones. The last step was performing the optimization process via the Octopus plugin for Grasshopper and determining the optimal solutions. The numerical results of the annual simulations show that we reached considerable energy saving up to 20% while enhancing occupants' thermal and visual comfort.
... PVSDs: Retrofit to the rescue As a practical renovation technique, incorporation of photovoltaic integrated shading devices (PVSDs) shows promise since it contributes to the serving of various needs of high-performance buildings, covering the promotion of natural lighting, prevention of glare issues, reduction of solar heat gain and hence, cooling demand in warm months, and generation of electrical power from solar cells. As a matter of fact, PVSD systems merge the renewable energy production strategies with the merits of shading devices in the way that they convert the part of the light blocked from entering the room into electricity (Abdullah and Alibaba 2017;Taveres-Cachat et al. 2019;Zhang et al. 2018). From a technical viewpoint, integrating photovoltaic (PV) cells in shading devices involves leveling several aspects of solar energy harvesting (i.e., solar radiation used for PV-conversion versus excessive solar heat gain). ...
... They also employed Grasshopper within the Rhinoceros environment and Ladybug tools. Implementing the same simulation tools as Abdullah and Alibaba (2017), Mendis et al. (2020) provided a design instruction for an optimized PV integrated shading device by evaluating the utilization of horizontally tilted panels with variable inclination angles and distances between louvers. The PVSD strategies were assessed based on their harvesting capabilities and their effect on building energy demand. ...
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) show potential as a means of efficient solar energy harvesting. This paper introduces a multi-objective framework for finding the optimized design of parametrically modeled photovoltaics integrated light shelf systems to maximize their benefits to the indoor environment and users. Since the geometric design of traditional shading devices is restricted to rectangular-shaped panels, we aim to attain a clearer perception of the potential advantages of employing panels with novel design alternatives. First, we developed parametric models of internal and external light shelves; each consisted of either a surface with a curved section or a 4-point planar surface. Next, the assessment of daylight and energy operation along with occupants' thermal and visual comfort was carried out using the environmental plugins of Honeybee and Ladybug. Furthermore, to decrease the required lighting energy and upgrade users' visual satisfaction by providing favorable illuminance levels required for a specific task, we divided the classroom into alterable lighting zones. Lastly, the optimization process was performed via the Octopus plugin for Grasshopper, and optimal solutions were identified. Based on the numerical results of the yearly simulations, we gained noticeable energy-saving up to 29% while improving occupants' thermal and visual comfort.
