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The Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ; McCullough et al., 2002) is one of the most widely used instruments to assess dispositional gratitude. The purpose of this study was to validate a Chinese version of the GQ by examining internal consistency, factor structure, convergent validity, and measurement invariance across sex. A total of 1151 Chinese adults...
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Citations
... Gratitude was measured using the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6) 41 due to its comprehensive assessment of gratitude's frequency, intensity, density, and span 18 , as well as its well-documented and robust reliability and construct validity (e.g., Refs. [41][42][43]. Participants were required to rate the six statements (e.g., "If I had to list everything that I felt grateful for, it would be a very long list") on a Likert scale ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 7 ("strongly agree"). A higher rating score represented a higher level of gratitude. ...
This study was conducted following a magnitude 6.8 earthquake that occurred in early September 2022, coinciding with the commencement of a positive psychology course for the affected students. A sample of 479 Chinese undergraduates was recruited for an intervention focused on weekly gratitude practice. Data were collected through an online questionnaire package at 3 time points: the first week of the course (Time 1), the fifth week (Time 2), and the ninth week (Time 3), assessing gratitude, learning engagement, and the meaning of life. Findings revealed that gratitude significantly predicted meaning in life through learning engagement over time. This highlights the significant mediating role of learning engagement in the context of earthquakes and provides insights for positive interventions aimed at facilitating personal growth among emerging adults in higher educational settings, particularly those who have experienced traumatic events such as earthquakes.
... Gratitude was measured using the German version of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) [37], [46], one of the most frequently used questionnaires to survey this construct [47]. It consists of six items, each with a sevenpoint response format ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). ...
... Dankbarkeit wurde mit dem Dankbarkeitsfragebogen GQ-6 [37] in der deutschen Übersetzung [46] gemessen, einem der am häufigsten genutzten Fragebögen zur Erhebung dieses Konstrukts [47]. Er besteht aus sechs Items mit einem jeweils siebenstufigen Antwortformat von 1 (lehne stark ab) bis 7 (stimme stark zu). ...
Objective
Medical students’ health and resilience have increasingly been the subject of current research in recent years. A variety of interventions are recommended to strengthen resilience or its known or suspected influencing factors, although the literature shows that the evidence on the effectiveness of the interventions is inconsistent. The present study investigated whether gratitude is a direct protective factor for resilience in medical students or whether resilience factors (optimism, self-efficacy, social support) and stress mediate the effects of gratitude on resilience.
Methods
90 medical students at Witten/Herdecke University took part in the study that determined their gratitude, resilience, optimism, self-efficacy, social support and stress levels using validated questionnaires (GQ-6, RS-25, LOT-R, SWE, F-SozU, PSS). Correlations were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. In addition, a multivariate regression analysis and a path analysis were calculated to determine the direct and indirect effects of gratitude on resilience.
Results
Multivariate regression analysis showed that only optimism, social support and stress were significantly associated with resilience (B=0.48, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.66; B=0.23, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.44 and B=-0.02, 95% CI: -0.03, -0.001, respectively). The direct effect of gratitude on resilience was minimal and not significant in the path analysis. However, there was an indirect effect of gratitude on resilience (B=0.321; p<0.05). Mediation via the optimism variable was mainly responsible for this effect (indirect effect B=0.197; p<0.05).
Conclusion
This study shows that gratitude has only a minimal direct influence on resilience. However, results indicate that optimism as a mediating factor strengthens the resilience of medical students. Against this background, it may be useful to integrate interventions that promote an optimistic attitude into medical studies in order to strengthen the mental health of future doctors in the long term.
... Participants were required to point out to what degree did they feel grateful, thankful, and appreciative in general using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (very often or always). While the GAC was originally developed to evaluate state gratitude, it is suggested that it be used to measure affective gratitude by modifying the instructions of it to capture the trait components of gratitude corresponding to the GQ (Guse et al., 2019;Kong et al., 2017;Ruser et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2022). The Cronbach's α coefficient of this scale was 0.88. ...
Prior research has revealed the relationship between gratitude and prosocial behavior, but less is known about the predictive effects of cognitive and affective aspects of gratitude on prosocial behavior. The objective of this study was to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of affective gratitude and cognitive gratitude on prosocial behavior applying the bi-factor model. Study 1 employed a cross-sectional approach including measurements of affective gratitude, cognitive gratitude and prosocial behavior in a sample of 329 participants (294 females, M age = 20.02, SD age = 2.38) and revealed that general gratitude but not affective gratitude or cognitive gratitude positively predicted prosocial behavior even after controlling for relevant demographic variables. In study 2, a total of 237 college students (213 females, M age = 20.43, SD age = 2.12) participated in a two-wave longitudinal study and the results showed the same pattern that only general gratitude, neither affective gratitude nor cognitive gratitude, independently predicted subsequent pro-social behavior over 6 months. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the link between the bi-factor structure of gratitude and prosocial behavior, highlight the essential role of overall tendency to experience gratitude in predicting prosocial behavior, and offer new perspectives in promoting prosocial behavior via gratitude interventions.
... Gratitude questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) The six-item Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) compiled by McCullough et al. was used in this study [32]. Feng et al. validated this scale in a Chinese population [33]. A 7-point Likert-type scale is used (1 = Strongly disagree; 7 = Strongly agree), and the questionnaire includes the reverse-scored item of "3. ...
... Kong et al. validated the unifactorial structure in 1 151 Chinese adults. Nonetheless, it was necessary to correlate the fourth and fifth item residuals to increase the fit (11). Jans-Beken et al. supported the original structure of the questionnaire. ...
... These outcomes were equivalent to those of Tachon et al., who identified direct correlations with the SWLS, LOT-R, and the problem-focused and social-support strategies subscales of the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (WCCL-R). These authors also found that GQ-6 scores were inversely related to the French-Canadian version of the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the French Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (18 (11), while Balgiu identified a satisfactory Cronbach's Alpha in a sample of 250 Romanian students (19). All the other consulted references reported acceptable indices (10,12,13,(16)(17)(18). ...
... Dixit and Sinha ratified the configural invariance between female and male participants, although they faced difficulties when testing for metric invariance (16). Likewise, Kong et al. validated this attribute according to sex, which coincided with outcomes described by Balgiu in Romania (11,19). Therefore, the international literature has confirmed the invariance of the scale to measure gratitude, that is, the instrument is able to detect true differences in the psychological construct without the implication of some sociodemographic characteristics such as sex (male and female). ...
Introduction: Gratitude is widely contemplated in philosophy and theology, although its dissemination in psychology and health sciences is scarce. It is defined as the cognitive and affective state of appreciation in a person favored by a benefactor’s contributions. The Gratitude Questionnaire–Six Item Form is one of the most used scales for measuring this construct in several sociocultural contexts. Objectives: The aims were to determine the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity and to identify its reliability and invariance according to gender, age, and residence.
... Trait gratitude was measured using the Chinese version of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6; Kong et al., 2017). The GQ-6 is a six-item scale with a robust one-factor structure, such as "If I had to list everything that I felt grateful for, it would be a very long list" and "When I look at the world, I don't see much to be grateful for". ...
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between Honesty-Humility and malevolent creativity, by testing the sequential mediation models of prosocial moral emotional traits (gratitude, guilt, sympathy, and empathy) and prosocial tendencies. Participants (N = 592) filled out scales measuring Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Openness to experience, malevolent creativity, trait guilt, trait gratitude, trait empathy, trait sympathy, and prosocial tendencies. The variables of Age, gender, Emotionality, and Openness to experience were controlled for in sequential mediation analyses. The results indicated that Honesty-Humility was negatively associated with malevolent creativity. Multiple mediation analyses showed that trait gratitude, trait guilt, and trait sympathy fitted the model that prosocial moral emotional traits and prosocial tendencies sequentially mediate the negative association between Honesty-Humility and malevolent creativity. However, trait empathy failed in fitting the sequential mediation model. The findings suggest that individuals with high Honesty-Humility are inclined towards experiencing prosocial moral emotions and then have prosocial tendencies. Consequently, they may act with fewer malevolent creative tendencies.
... La cibervíctima a nivel individual vivencia un malestar psicológico con cuadros de ansiedad y depresión (Arvidsdotter et al.,2016), desesperanza y desvalorización, acompañados de una baja satisfacción con su vida, negativismo psicológico (Kong et al.,2017), baja autoestima, soledad, depresión, ideación suicida Estévez et al., 2007;Martínez et al., 2009) y vulnerabilidad psicológica (Makri y Karagianni, 2014 Martínez et al., 2019); estado mental que se retroalimenta con un clima familiar negativo y conflictos con comunicación ofensiva y evitativa con los padres Larrañaga et al., 2016;Romero et al.,2019). En el contexto escolar, el adolescente cibervíctima, por su vulnerabilidad se ve involucrado en situaciones de violencia escolar (Ortega-Barón et al., 2017) por los compañeros acosadores, vivencia el bullying y la indiferencia de los compañeros de la escuela, situación compleja que suma en el mundo real y virtual una constelación de situaciones violentas (Garaigordobil, 2016;Menéndez y Fernández-Río, 2016;Ortega-Barón et al., 2017). ...
... Los hallazgos confirman una relación significativa entre las variables. Los datos señalan que los adolescentes con severa cibervictimización, en comparación con los moderados y sin cibervictimización, presentan el peor ajuste psicosocial en las variables y por ende una exclusión de recursos psicosociales; los insultos, amenazas, mentiras, falsear su identidad, la transgresión de su intimidad y la exclusión (Kowalski et al.,2010) que ha vivido en internet, propician un impacto en diferentes niveles, en lo individual vivencian un malestar psicológico caracterizado por estados de ansiedad y depresión (Arvidsdotter et al., 2016) propiciando estados de desesperanza y desvaloración de sí mismo, el cual impacta en una baja satisfacción con la vida, que enfatiza más los aspectos negativos de su bienestar subjetivo, es decir el malestar psicológico alimenta una baja satisfacción con la vida y un negativismo psicológico ( Kong et al.,2017). Al vivir una baja satisfacción con la vida, el adolescente no se siente satisfecho con lo que le rodea en su vida, y en las relaciones sociales con su familia, amigos y compañeros de escuela (Cañas et al., 2019;Iranzo et al., 2019). ...
... Después del análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) en estudiantes universitarios, sólo se retuvo un factor con seis ítems, el cual explicó el 27% de la varianza y una buena consistencia interna (α = .82). Este instrumento ha mostrado poseer una buena validez de criterio, encontrándose que, a mayores puntajes de gratitud disposicional, mayor optimismo, esperanza y satisfacción con la vida (Kong et al., 2017;Rey et al., 2018), y menores puntajes de ansiedad, desesperanza y soledad (Caputo, 2016;Rey et al., 2018). ...
... El GQ-6 se encuentra disponible en varios idiomas y ha sido validado en distintos países alrededor del mundo. Su estructura unifactorial original de seis ítems ha sido replicada en países como Chile (Carmona et al., 2015;Langer et al., 2016), Italia (Caputo, 2016;Fuochi et al., 2018), China (Kong et al., 2017), India (Garg & Katiyar, 2021), Brasil (Gouveia et al., 2019), Holanda (Jans-Beken et al., 2015) y Japón (Sumi, 2017). No obstante, en algunas poblaciones una solución unifactorial de cinco ítems resultó más adecuada como en población adulta de Ecuador (Vélez et al., 2019), Alemania (Hudecek, 2020), India (Dixit & Sinha, 2021), España (Magallares et al., 2018); población adolescente de China (Wei et al., 2011), España (Rey et al., 2018) y Vietnam (Tran et al., 2021) y universitarios de Taiwan (Chen et al., 2009), Japón (Kobayashi, 2013), Turquía (Yüksel et al., 2012), Rumania (Balgiu, 2020), España (Bernabé-Valero et al., 2013) y Filipinas (Valdez et al., 2017). ...
... Al realizar el AFC general y multigrupo de acuerdo con el sexo de los participantes, la estructura unifactorial con seis ítems se mantuvo en las tres esti-Figura 2. Modelo final en mujeres (n = 183) y hombres (n = 103) maciones con buenos índices de bondad de ajuste y de incremento. Es importante mencionar la invariancia factorial de acuerdo con el sexo, lo que indica que el GQ-6 en población mexicana mide el mismo constructo para hombres y mujeres (Kong et al., 2017;Langer et al., 2016). ...
Las investigaciones han sugerido que las personas agradecidas son más felices, enérgicas y tienen mayor esperanza de tener experiencias positivas. A pesar de que el GQ-6 es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para evaluar la gratitud, su estructura factorial no ha sido explorada en población mexicana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del GQ-6 en una muestra mexicana. Participaron 566 personas de población general de 18 a 67 años. El GQ-6 fue administrado junto con la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo (PANAS) y el Test de Orientación Vital (LOT-R). Los resultados indicaron una estructura unifactorial con seis indicadores la cual mostró una buena bondad de ajuste y confiabilidad aceptable (α = .79); estos resultados se mantuvieron independientemente del sexo. Puede concluirse que el GQ-6 es un instrumento con buenas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la disposición para experimentar gratitud en población mexicana.
... La cibervíctima a nivel individual vivencia un malestar psicológico con cuadros de ansiedad y depresión (Arvidsdotter et al.,2016), desesperanza y desvalorización, acompañados de una baja satisfacción con su vida, negativismo psicológico (Kong et al.,2017), baja autoestima, soledad, depresión, ideación suicida Estévez et al., 2007;Martínez et al., 2009) y vulnerabilidad psicológica (Makri y Karagianni, 2014 Martínez et al., 2019); estado mental que se retroalimenta con un clima familiar negativo y conflictos con comunicación ofensiva y evitativa con los padres Larrañaga et al., 2016;Romero et al.,2019). En el contexto escolar, el adolescente cibervíctima, por su vulnerabilidad se ve involucrado en situaciones de violencia escolar (Ortega-Barón et al., 2017) por los compañeros acosadores, vivencia el bullying y la indiferencia de los compañeros de la escuela, situación compleja que suma en el mundo real y virtual una constelación de situaciones violentas (Garaigordobil, 2016;Menéndez y Fernández-Río, 2016;Ortega-Barón et al., 2017). ...
... Los hallazgos confirman una relación significativa entre las variables. Los datos señalan que los adolescentes con severa cibervictimización, en comparación con los moderados y sin cibervictimización, presentan el peor ajuste psicosocial en las variables y por ende una exclusión de recursos psicosociales; los insultos, amenazas, mentiras, falsear su identidad, la transgresión de su intimidad y la exclusión (Kowalski et al.,2010) que ha vivido en internet, propician un impacto en diferentes niveles, en lo individual vivencian un malestar psicológico caracterizado por estados de ansiedad y depresión (Arvidsdotter et al., 2016) propiciando estados de desesperanza y desvaloración de sí mismo, el cual impacta en una baja satisfacción con la vida, que enfatiza más los aspectos negativos de su bienestar subjetivo, es decir el malestar psicológico alimenta una baja satisfacción con la vida y un negativismo psicológico ( Kong et al.,2017). Al vivir una baja satisfacción con la vida, el adolescente no se siente satisfecho con lo que le rodea en su vida, y en las relaciones sociales con su familia, amigos y compañeros de escuela (Cañas et al., 2019;Iranzo et al., 2019). ...
... Higher scores indicate higher levels of gratitude. The GQ-6 has been shown to have good reliability in Chinese populations (Kong et al., 2017;Kong et al., 2020;Yang et al., 2021). In the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients of this scale were 0.85 at T1 and 0.88 at T2, respectively ...
The positive psychological construct of gratitude is crucial for health and well-being. Previous studies have shown a significant positive correlation between gratitude and social well-being. However, no studies have examined this potentially reciprocal relationship from a longitudinal perspective. According to the broaden-and-build theory and gratitude amplification theory, we hypothesized that gratitude has a predictive effect on social well-being. In addition, based on the personality and social relationships model and self-determination theory, we proposed that social well-being is an antecedent to gratitude. In summary, this research combines a longitudinal study and a daily diary investigation to systematically explore the causal relation between gratitude and social well-being.
Study 1 employs a two-wave cross-lagged design to explore the long-term relationship between trait gratitude and social well-being. The sample comprised 563 undergraduate students, who all participated online. Pursuant to the study purpose, participants were asked to complete the gratitude and social well-being scales twice, separated by a seven-month interval. The cross-lagged path analysis suggested reciprocal effects between trait gratitude and social well-being. To reduce recall bias and explore the short-term association between gratitude and social well-being, Study 2 employs a daily diary method. A total of 274 young adults completed daily gratitude and social well-being measures for 21 consecutive days.
In Study 1, trait gratitude at T1 significantly positively predicted social well-being at T2, while social well-being at T1 also significantly predicted trait gratitude at T2. These effects remained significant after controlling for age and gender. Consistent with Study 1, Study 2 also revealed a reciprocal relationship: state gratitude on one day positively predicted social well-being the next day, while social well-being on one day also positively predicted state gratitude the next day. Moreover, these relationships were stable after controlling for time trend. Overall, the results of Study 1 and Study 2 support the hypotheses by showing reciprocal predictive effects between gratitude and social well-being.
In summary, we predicted that experiencing gratitude would lead to higher social well-being, which would, in turn, result in higher gratitude, activating an upward spiral. This work deepens understanding of the interaction between gratitude and social well-being, paving the way for future intervention research to help increase both.
