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![The structure and the inter and intra chain hydrogen bonding pattern in cellulose layers. Dashed line-inter chain hydrogen bonding, Dotted lineintra chain hydrogen bonding [8].](profile/Subramaniam-Sotheeswaran/publication/283860452/figure/fig1/AS:366588839645184@1464412998815/The-structure-and-the-inter-and-intra-chain-hydrogen-bonding-pattern-in-cellulose-layers.png)
The structure and the inter and intra chain hydrogen bonding pattern in cellulose layers. Dashed line-inter chain hydrogen bonding, Dotted lineintra chain hydrogen bonding [8].
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Immobilization of macro molecules (such as enzymes) and microorganisms can be generally defined as a procedure leading to their restricted mobility. Advantages of immobilization include easy separation of the enzymes/cells from the product and reuse of the enzymes/cells. In this research coconut tree leaf sheath was used to immobilize selected micr...
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Coconut has been traditionally cultivated in tidal swampy areas by farmers for a long time. Coconut growth in this area needs a good water management system, besides fertilization. Flooding in this area not only retards coconut growth, but also reduces production. A water management system, mainly‑drainage has been used by farmers depending on con...
Before 1939, Indonesia was the largest copra exporter in the world (FAO 1983). But since then until 1970 it was only the second largest copra exporter after the Philippines (Heesch & Kuhlmann 1982). Between 1970 and 1980 the exports of copra from Indonesia declined drastically from 184,000 tons in 1970 to only 36,000 tons in 1980, on average a de...
The coconut water is a healthy beverage that can be used as a solvent in which a heating process can increase the solubility of the solution The nature of coconut water easily changes in the open air. Therefore, a natural coconut water is processed into packaging coconut water. But, the packaging coconut water often contains many additional ingredi...
Carbonized coconut Shell was used for the adsorption of Cu 2+ from aqueous solutions using Batch adsorption method. The result for physico-chemical characterization give the ash content to be 3%, moisture content as 11%, 45% for attrition, the tap density was 0.3 g/mL, pH as 6.24 while the iodine number was found to be 46.90%. The equilibrium adsor...
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... Immobilization has the advantage of allowing cells to be easily separated from the product and reused making the process economically more feasible. In the present study, non-specific physical adsorption was used since it is the simplest and easiest technique of immobilization 48 . The highest biosorption capacity was recorded for the immobilized Biomass (IABB), followed by BB and AB (Table S3). ...
It is crucial to identify more biological adsorbents that can efficiently uptake metals from wastewater. Dry haloalkaliphilic archaea Natronolimnobius innermongolicuswas evaluated for Cd ions biosorption. The optimal operating conditions (pH, biomass dose, initial metal concentration, contact time, and isotherms models) were tested. Biosorption process is influenced by the metal's solution pH with maximum removal of 83.36% being achieved at pH 8. Cadmium ions uptake reaches equilibrium in about 5 min of biosorption process. The Langmuir model was determined to better fit the Cd(II) biosorption by dry archaea. The maximal uptake capacity (qmax) of Cd(II) was 128.21 mg/g. The effect of multi-component system on biosorption behaviour of Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Cd ions by immobilized dried archaeal cells, dried archaeal cells, and dried bryozoa was studied using Plackett–Burman experimental design. The investigated biosorbents were effective at removing metals from contaminated systems, particularly for Fe, Pb, and Cd ions. Moreover, the interaction behaviour of these metals was antagonistic, synergistic, or non-interactive in multi-metals system. SEM, EDX, and FTIR spectra revealed changes in surface morphology of the biomass through the biosorption process. Finally, continuous adsorption experiment was done to examine the ability of immobilized biomass to adsorb metals from wastewater.
... Cell immobilization through adsorption brings about a direct contact between nutrients and immobilized cells (Lin, Liu, Chen, Wang, & Hu, 2014). Udawatte C & Sotheeswaran S, (2015) suggested that nutrient absorbed from carrier substrates could be an advantage to efficient colonization. for corncob (2.67%, 5.0%, 91.8%, and 5.57%) and groundnut shell (6.3%, 17.5%, 86.20% and 7.50%). ...
Effluent discharge from petrochemical refineries are characterized by the presence of pollutants like phenol, metals, surface active substances, high BOD5, COD and oil and grease. Bacterial immobilization has proven to be an effective way of maintaining a high bacterial biomass on contaminated sites. In this study, the suitability of three agro-waste materials: Corncob (CC), Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Cocopeat (CP) for bacterial immobilization were tested. BET MultiPoint surface area analysis (CC: 450.02m 2 /g, PKS: 418.33 m 2 /g, CP: 684.36 m 2 /g) as well as micropore volume (CC: 0.163cc/g, PKS: 0.147 cc/g, CP: 0.186 cc/g) indicates their suitability for bacterial adhesion. Bacterial isolates from hydrocarbon polluted soil and water were screened for phenol and hydrocarbon utilization. Three isolates were selected and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MN294989), Bacillus tequilensis (MN294990) and Micrococcus sp. using the 16S rRNA approach. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to ascertain the immobilization of the consortium on the agro-base carriers. The ability of the immobilized consortium to treat Port Harcourt refinery wastewater was studied in comparison with the free form of these bacteria. After 15 days of a laboratory scale bioremediation set up, agro-waste immobilized consortium showed a reduction in phenol (99%), BOD5 (96%), COD (92%) oil and grease (93%). This is a corresponding 5%, 6%, 10% and 29% higher efficiency as observed unimmobilized consortium. This study suggests that these agro-based residues could serve as suitable bio-carriers for an enhanced bioremediation of refinery wastewater.
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that can accelerate the hydration rate of CO2 into HCO3_. But natural CA is usually unstable in the denatured environment. Meanwhile, several disadvantages including difficult separation, poor reusability, as well as short shelf lifetime also restricted their practical applications. The immobilization technology offers a solid foundation for increasing the recoverability of CAs from its products and substrates with remarkable turnover. However, the performance of the support materials can affect the catalytic activity of the immobilized CAs. An ideal support material should have good mechanical strength, stability, high affinity for enzymes, and certain inertia. Therefore, the design and preparation of materials with an excellent performance have become the research hotspot of biocatalysis. Scientific studies have reported the immobilization and their promising applications in many fields. Nevertheless, a few studies have investigated the CAs and their immobilized support. Thus, this review presents the results of CA research status, common working materials used for immobilization, and some existing problems are also analyzed. Moreover, it also explicitly unveils some important aspects not covering in previous literature, which will be helpful for improving CA utilization in practical applications in the future.
Herein, KIT-6 nanoporous silica nanoparticles were used as a solid support for immobilization of bovine carbonic anhydrase, isoform II (BCA II). The zeta potential study revealed that KIT-6 and BCA II provided negative (-13.58 ± 1.95 mV) and positive (4.23 ± 0.72 mV) charge distribution, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis also showed that the hydrodynamic radius of KIT-6 is less than 100 nm. In addition, the structural studies of free and immobilized BCA II against urea-induced denaturation were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. CD studies showed that the absorbed BCA II, in comparison with the free enzyme, demonstrated higher stability against rising urea concentration. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed lower values of Stern- Volmer constant (KSV) for immobilized BCA II relative to free enzyme, reflecting the relative enzyme stability of BCA II after immobilization. Melting temperature (Tm) measurement of free and immobilized BCA II showed that immobilized enzyme had a more stable structure (Tm = 71.9 °C) relative to the free counterpart (Tm = 64.7 °C). In addition, the immobilized BCA II showed pronounced stabilities against pH and thermal deactivation. This study may provide new and complementary details regarding the design and development of enzymes in industrial applications.
