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The structural features and their main related properties of mesoporous materials. Mesoporous materials with the features of a) controllable pore sizes, b) tunable framework compositions, and c) diverse morphologies. Mesoporous materials with the mesostructured features can d) facilitate efficient mass transport and e) increase interface reaction sites, f) work as nanoreactor with nanoconfinement effect for catalysis, and g) provide enough space for accommodating volume change of an anode in the battery.
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Developing high‐performance electrode materials is an urgent requirement for next‐generation energy conversion and storage systems. Due to the exceptional features, mesoporous materials have shown great potential to achieve high‐performance electrodes with high energy/power density, long lifetime, increased interfacial reaction activity, and enhanc...
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The quest for cost‐effective and TWh‐scale stationary energy storage systems has caused a surge of research on novel post‐Li‐ion batteries that consist solely of abundant chemical elements. Nonaqueous Al batteries, inter alia, are appealing as an inexpensive electrochemical technology owing to the high natural abundance of aluminum. A critical asse...
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... Moreover, in the reported literature for cobalt-nickel vanadate based material (Table S3, see ESI), a maximum surface area of 208.6 m 2 g − 1 for the composite of Ni 3 V 2 O 8 /Co 3 V 2 O 8 reported by Liu et al [21]. In comparison to the maximum surface area of 208.6 m 2 g − 1 for Ni 3 V 2 O 8 /Co 3 V 2 O 8 reported by Liu et al [21], those of the S-CNV series samples were 204 to 350 m 2 g − 1 (Table S3 (see ESI)) with a mesoporous structure (<10 nm), which makes the latter highly desirable for electrochemical energy storage applications [51,52]. Furthermore, the rational combination of Co and Ni cations, mesoporous nature, alteration in morphology, and binder-free synthesis of the S-CNV thin film electrodes could provide excellent electrochemical performances as small pore diameters and hierarchical channels enable easy ion diffusion and better contact with the electrolyte. ...
... 3 The rising demand of portable electronic devices, medical devices, electric grids, electric vehicles, etc., has led to a rapid development in the field of electrochemical energy storage system which includes battery, fuel cell, and supercapacitor. 4 Lately, supercapacitors have gained attention because of the need for faster energy storage system as Li-ion battery have limitations of slower charge/discharge along with a finite lifetime. 5 Supercapacitors which are also known as electrochemical capacitors or ultracapacitors have advantages in terms of their higher power density compared to battery and fuel cells, larger energy density than conventional capacitors along with faster charge/discharge rate, long cycle life, better safety, no memory effect, simple working principle, low internal resistance, low maintenance, and wide range of operating temperatures. ...
Biomass‐derived activated carbons have emerged as highly promising electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors due to their remarkable characteristics, such as high surface area, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. This study focuses on the synthesis of N and S co‐doped activated carbons (NSACs) from Samanea saman (rain tree) biomass through a combined hydrothermal‐chemical activation process. Leveraging the advantageous hierarchical structure inherent to biological sources, the resulting NSACs demonstrate enhanced ion transport, leading to remarkable capacity and power density. The NSACs synthesized by pyrolysis at 800°C exhibit exceptional specific capacitances of 434 and 401 Fg⁻¹ in Na2SO4 and H2SO4 electrolytes, respectively, in a three‐electrode system. The capacitance retention of the same NSAC was found to be 77.6% at a corresponding current density of 10 Ag⁻¹ in H2SO4 electrolyte. This outstanding electrochemical performance can be attributed to the material's high specific surface area (1402 m² g⁻¹), well‐defined hierarchical porous structure, and a substantial degree of graphitization. A symmetric supercapacitor constructed using the synthesized NSACs demonstrates notable energy densities of 14.5 and 25.0 Whkg⁻¹, with H2SO4 and Na2SO4 electrolytes respectively. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor exhibits excellent stability, retaining 91.3%–94.3% of its capacity after 5000 consecutive GCD cycles with H2SO4 and Na2SO4 electrolytes, respectively. The synergistic combination of the unique characteristics of NSACs derived from Samanea saman biomass presents a promising avenue for the development of high‐performance and environment‐friendly supercapacitors.
... One major advantage of mesoporous materials would be both their chemical and physical properties, which feature exceptionally high surface areas, large pore volumes, and notably the ability they possess to have adaptive pore sizes and shapes [17]. Having this property allows for the synthesis of catalysts that can be developed and tailored to specific reactions, improving both overall efficiency and selectivity. ...
... Having this property allows for the synthesis of catalysts that can be developed and tailored to specific reactions, improving both overall efficiency and selectivity. As well as this, their porous structure can demonstrate nanoscale effects within their internal mesochannels, which can significantly influence catalytic activity [17] The use of (organo)silica-based catalysts offers a substantial reduction in the requirement of a solvent during its use in reactions, as explored during the analysis of the Asymmetric Aldol Reaction [18]. Further to this, this study determined that the silica-based catalyst structure used can be recovered and reused several times with reactivation, providing a minimal loss of activity regarding traditionally used fresh organocatalysts. ...
... According to the definition provided by the International Federation of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), porous carbon-based materials can be split into three categories based on their pore diameter size: microporous carbon (<2 nm), mesoporous carbon (between 2 and 50 nm), and macroporous carbon (> 50 nm) [208]. Much of the 17 literature on microporous carbon-based structures falls into the field of electrochemistry, as opposed to the industry of fine chemicals. One explanation for this may be due to its strong conductive abilities over other heterogeneous catalysts. ...
Fine chemicals are produced in small annual volume batch processes (often <10,000 tonnes per year), with a high associated price (usually > $10/kg). As a result of their usage in the production of speciality chemicals, in areas including agrochemicals, fragrances and pharmaceuticals, their necessity will remain high for the foreseeable future. This review article assesses current methods used to produce fine chemicals with heterogeneous catalysts, including both well-established methods as well as newer experimental methods. A wide range of methods utilising microporous and mesoporous catalysts has been explored, including their preparation and modification before use in industry. Their potential drawbacks, as well as benefits, have been analysed, with their feasibility compared to newer, recently emerging catalysts. The field of heterogeneous catalysis for fine chemical production is a dynamic and ever-changing area of research. This deeper insight into catalytic behaviour and material properties will produce more efficient, selective, and sustainable processes in the fine chemical industry. The findings from this article will provide an excellent foundation for further exploration and a critical review in this field of fine chemical production using micro- and mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts.
... The high specific surface area, active reaction sites, and higher transport efficiency of the reactants in the mesoporous structure render the electrode more conducive to energy conversion and storage. 59 To further enhance the charge storage capacity of the wood-based thick electrodes, the entire electrode thickness was designed to be 570 mm ( Figure 4A). The amount of MnO 2 loaded was controlled by the concentration of KMnO 4 under the specific reaction equation (Equation 1)). ...
The increasing need for improved energy storage devices renders it particularly important that inexpensive electrodes with high capacitance, excellent cycling stability, and environment-friendly characteristics are developed. In this study, a wood-derived carbon@reduced graphene (WRG) conductive precursor with an average conductivity of 15.38 S/m was firstly synthesized. The binder-free WRG-MnO2 electrode was successfully constructed by growing MnO2 onto a WRG under hydrothermal conditions. The asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with the WRG-20MnO2 cathode exhibited excellent electrochemical capacitive behavior with a voltage window of 0–2 V, maximum energy density of 52.3 Wh kg⁻¹, and maximum power density of 1642.7 W kg⁻¹, which is mainly due to the distinctive icicle-shaped structure of the MnO2. Thus, a facile strategy for developing high-performance hierarchical porous carbon electrodes that can be used in supercapacitors was developed herein, which may provide new opportunities to improve the high added value of poplar wood.
... In contrast, orientation polarization couldn't keep up with the frequency variation at a frequency range more than 10 3 Hz, resulting in a rapidly rise of dielectric losses. In conclusion, the dielectric losses of the fabricated EVA/SBA-15 nanocomposites with the frequency change from 10 0 Hz to10 6 Hz were maintained below 0.05 and according to previous studies, 14,71,72 these materials can be used as an effective insulating material for electrical wire. ...
In this study, poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/mesoporous silica EVA/SBA-15 nanocomposites, containing 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 wt% of unfunctionalized and functionalized SBA-15 were prepared by melt blending in an internal mixer. Mesoporous silica was synthesized through the sol-gel method and modified by hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS). Several characterizations were performed; including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and dielectric study to characterize the physicochemical properties of elaborated materials. The results revealed the successful synthesis and functionalization of mesoporous silica, as confirmed by the FTIR and SEM. The crystallinity of the nanocomposites decreased and the elastic modulus increased with the incorporation of the mesoporous silica. Measurement of tensile properties shows that the tensile strength of the nanocomposite content of 1.5 wt% F-SBA-15 is 17.2% is higher as compared to pure EVA. DMA analysis validates the improvement in mechanical properties of the EVA/SBA-15 samples. SEM images displayed well-dispersed F-SBA-15 nanoparticles and enhanced interfacial adhesion between the phases. TGA indicates the enhancement of the thermal stability of nanocomposites as compared with the pure EVA matrix. The surface functionalization presented an approach to preparing nanocomposites with enhanced thermal stability and a low dielectric constant.
... Mesoporous materials, which show many interesting properties different from atoms and molecules as well as macroscopic bulk samples, have attracted much attention in the field of high-tech science and technology, such as biology, medicine, chemistry, and materials due to their large specific surface area, adjustable pore size, and wide variety of materials. [1][2][3][4] Since the first discovery of MCM-41S in 1992, numerous synthetic methods have been developed for rational design and targeted synthesis of mesoporous materials with controlled morphologies, structures, compositions, and so on. Soft-template synthesis is one of the most used strategies for mesoporous materials. ...
... Catalysts with certain surface features and active sites enhance selectivity toward the target product while preventing unintended consequences and increasing energy efficiency. This makes the process economically and environmentally viable [50]. The electrochemical reduction process runs continuously for a long time because of the capacity of the catalysts to maintain stability and endurance. ...
Nitrate pollution is of great importance in both the environmental and health contexts, necessitating the development of efficient mitigation strategies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the many catalysts employed in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia, and presents a viable environmentally friendly approach to address the issue of nitrate pollution. Hence, the electrochemical transformation of nitrate to ammonia serves the dual purpose of addressing nitrate pollution in water bodies, and is a useful agricultural resource. This review examines a range of catalyst materials such as noble and non-noble metals, metal oxides, carbon-based materials, nitrogen doped carbon species, metal complexes, and semiconductor photocata-lysts. It evaluates catalytic efficiency, selectivity, stability, and overall process optimization. The performance of catalysts is influenced by various factors, including reaction conditions, catalyst structure, loading techniques, and electrode interfaces. Comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the catalytic activity, selectivity, Faradaic efficiency, current density, stability, and durability of the catalysts. This assessment offers significant perspectives on the structural , compositional, and electrochemical characteristics that affect the efficacy of these catalysts, thus informing future investigations and advancements in this domain. In addition to mitigating nitrate pollution, the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia is in line with sustainable agricultural methods , resource conservation, and the utilization of renewable energy resources. This study explores the factors that affect the catalytic efficiency, provides new opportunities to address nitrate pollution, and promotes the development of sustainable environmental solutions.
... However, the energy storage performance highly depends on the choice of electrode material [20][21][22]. The synthesis route to the structure and morphology of the material defines the overall performance of the electrochemical energy storage device [23][24][25]. ...
The performance of an electrochemical energy storage device highly depends on the electrode material. Currently, metal oxalates are evolving as low-cost and stable electrode materials for batteries. Herein, mixed metal oxalate (NixCo1-xC2O4/NF) based binder-free electrode was fabricated using facile hydrothermal route. The nickel foam contributed not only as a substrate but also as a nickel source. The NixCo1-xC2O4/NF confirmed the crystalline phase through X-ray J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) confirmed the integrated 1D/2D-like morphology of NixCo1-xC2O4/NF. The electrochemical results reveled the NixCo1-xC2O4/NF electrode exhibit battery behavior with capacity retention of 86.58% and possessed the highest specific capacity of 470.012 C g-1 at 1 Ag-1. Hence, the nickel inclusion during the synthesis has further enhanced the overall properties and performance of the NixCo1-xC2O4/NF electrode.
... High surface area mesoporous materials are thought to improve electrochemical performance. Mesoporous materials also have improved surface areas due to their pores, which also allow for the storage of ions [34]. NMO@500 NSs have a big pore volume, a low average pore size, and a high surface area when compared to NMO@400, NMO@600, and NMO@700 NSs. ...
... 2(d), which, respectively, relate to the O -H species of the surface adsorbed water molecules, oxygen ions in low surface coordination, and the type of metal-oxygen interactions[33]. These findings support the results found in the literature for spinel-NiMn 2 O 4[34] that the surface of the NMO@500-NSs as prepared by hydrothermal technique has a composition of Ni 2+ , Ni 3+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , and O 2 . The Ni 2p, Mn 2p, and O 1s Gaussian fitted XPS spectra with high resolution identify the improved material's electrochemically promising valence states. ...
A simple hydrothermal route has been used to synthesize NiMn 2 O 4 nanostructures (NSs) on nickel foam. The electrochemical investigation shows how annealing temperature affects its supercapacitive properties. The NMO@500-Ni-foam electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 930 Fg − 1 at a constant scan rate of 5 mVs − 1 in 1 M KOH electrolyte. Additionally, the corresponding symmetric supercapacitor device (SSCs) has a superior cyclic span with 93.7 % capacitance retention even after 5000 cycles, excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 72.9 Fg − 1 , specific energy of 11 Whkg − 1 , and specific power of 857 Wkg − 1. The exceptional results suggest that NiMn 2 O 4 grown on Ni-foam might be a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage applications.
... To address these issues, countries are exploring alternative sources of energy and the use of electrochemical energy to replace fossil fuels. Among these alternative sources, electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems, including batteries, capacitors, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, have gained significant attention [5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
Maximizing the performance of supercapacitors requires the design of high-conductivity, stable, and cost-effective electrode materials. The current study presents a novel solution in the form of self-supporting binder-free hierarchical Co3O4/VS4/rGO-SDBS@NF composite electrodes. These electrodes are fabricated using a facile and efficient two-step hydrothermal process. The growth of Co3O4 particles on VS4/rGO-SDBS flower-shaped nanosheet arrays on nickel foam substrates results in a sufficient contraction and expansion space distribution during charge and discharge. The Co3O4/VS4/rGO-SDBS@NF composite shows a specific capacitance of 2620 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is significantly compared to the VS4/rGO-SDBS@NF composite at 284 F g−1 in a 6 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the as-grown electrode Co3O4/VS4/rGO-SDBS@NF composite displays excellent cycling stability, with 97.4 % of its initial capacitance retained after 5000 cycles. In summary, the utilization of a simple and accessible manufacturing and synthesis method, absence of binders, in-situ growth technique, achievement of a special morphology with effective electrochemistry, excellent supercapacitor capacity, and high cyclic stability demonstrate significant improvements compared to recent works. These results provide a new perspective for the selection and synthesis of materials and the design and fabrication of electrodes for supercapacitors as energy storage devices.
