Fig 18 - uploaded by Andy Dong
Content may be subject to copyright.
The strength of the ties for the Delft backpack team. @A color version of this figure can be viewed online at www.journals.cambridge. org#
Source publication
Language plays at least two roles in design. First, language serves as representations of ideas and concepts through linguistic behaviors that represent the structure of thought during the design process. Second, language also performs actions and creates states of affairs. Based on these two perspectives on language use in design, we apply the com...
Citations
... AHRK is generally used in many areas compared to those commonly used in intellectual capital as well as in knowledge management, as it includes two main processes (the process of creation, and the process of acquisition) of the knowledge available within and outside the organization (Doraszelski, 2003). Accordingly, KA is a reflection of the knowledge acquisition of a phenomenon that becomes more important than the amount of knowledge required for human resources that need knowledge in the implementation of their operations and activities, and then one of the phenomena that began in conjunction with the era recently is the use of electronic media to provide information and data more easily than Before (Dong, 2006) contemporary organizations also face intense competition with other competitors, which helps them to survive, grow, and sustain their competitive advantage by investing the expertise, skills, and knowledge available to human resources and how to use them in current work practices, whether large or small, to gain a competitive advantage only (Hu et al, 2009), that is, in other words, the accumulation of knowledge is a process that focuses on sources of knowledge (internal and external), and includes dynamic kinetic energy that changes the speed of direction, is characterized by vitality, and the global ability to change and renew (Henning et al, 2013) and if the developments at the present time resulted in a clear distortion in the concept of KA in a way that took a basic cumulative meaning with scientific and technical progress, as it was the first major factor in the gap between the group of industrially developed countries and other countries (Van Long et al, 2014). After examining the previous concepts, the researcher believes that KA can be defined procedurally for the current research as the process in which knowledge integration is achieved between workers within the organization by absorbing the knowledge available to them, as a result of the accumulated functional and personal experiences that are shared, by official relations. ...
The main purpose of this research is to diagnose the role of the Knowledge Accumulation of Human Resources KAHR in Strategic Performance SP, and for that, the research was applied to the represented sample by the administrative leaders consisting of (108) individuals distributed according to their positions and the organizational structure of the ministry. Correlations, effects, and benefits from generalizing the results in the field of research. The research involved a mixed-methods approach through two stages. During the first stage, the researcher gathered quantitative data from a questionnaire. The second stage gathered qualitative data to explore the survey results more deeply by conducting individual interviews with a sub-sample of 12 who are working at the Higher Institute for Security and Administrative Development HISAD in the Iraqi Interior Ministry. In order to answer questions of the research problem and reach the goals to be achieved, this research used many statistical methods, such as regression coefficient, correlation coefficient, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. In addition to several figures and illustrations show the relationship between the research variables and their dimensions. The research showed several important results representing statistically significant effect of KAHR on SP. In the end, the research provided many recommendations was the most vital that the Higher Institute for Security and Administrative Development should confirm and invest in the KAHR in enhancing its strategic performance. Paper type: Research paper
... Languages may play two roles in the designing process -it represents the thinking structure in the designing process when language is used to express thoughts and ideas, and it also serves as the tool of execution (Andy & Dong, 2006). Designers often explain their thoughts with the help of both drawings and oral information. ...
Design is a creative activity and service design is an emerging subject in design. While studies in other disciplines have analyzed the effectiveness of single thinking hats and proved the six-hat thinking technique to be beneficial for developing creativity, De Bono’s ‘six thinking hats’ are composed of six different thinking hats, representing different thinking directions respectively, this paper discusses how thinking set comprised of individual hats coordinates the designer’s designing activities. For that purpose, two studies are conducted. In order to explore the six-hat thinking spontaneously mobilized by expert designers during idea-generation phase of service design, the experts are designing in pairs. The first study, which is based on the “six thinking hats” model, codes the six hats, conducts naturalistic observation of eight expert designers in an interference-free environment, and analyzes their thinking through protocol analysis. The results indicate a certain degree of correlation between six-hat thinking that spontaneously mobilized by expert designers and designing activity in the idea-generation phase. The expert designers form thinking-hat sets during their team conversation that in a way coordinate the pace of design. A second study is conducted to further analyze the thinking-hat set’s coordinating role, and the results show that the effect of six-hat thinking is related with the timing of its engagement. It has a focusing and guiding effect when adopted in the early stage of design, and an effect on the updating, screening and iterating of the design plan when adopted in the middle stage of design. The conclusions of this study can be applied in service design education as it enriches the applications of six-hat thinking technique and can introduce it to the classroom in a more efficient and targeted manner in future design education, offering a new way to improve the students’ designing creativity.
... Language studies traditionally focus on two perspectives (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2013): (1) "language as an object on its own right" and (2) "language as an instrument for finding out about something else". Only a few studies (Khan & Tunc¸er, 2019;Poggenpohl et al., 2004;Wiegers et al., 2011) focused on the first perspective, while more studies (Dong, 2004(Dong, , 2005(Dong, , 2006Dong et al, 2004Dong et al, , 2014Mabogunje & Leifer, 1996;Menning et al., 2018) focused on the second perspective. In both cases, the authors looked at isolated concepts such as nouns or phrases that include a noun together with a modifier (e.g. ...
... Frequent concepts (i.e. nouns and phrase nouns) within the body of several documents are proposed as indicators for documents similarities, linked to textual coherence and finally linked to design team performance , shared understanding creation (Dong, 2005), knowledge accumulation (Dong, 2006) and low coherence (Menning et al., 2018). Acknowledging the limitations of the method, the authors (Menning et al., 2018) performed additional manual work to identify low coherent turns missed by the computational method. ...
This paper extracts and analyses the most frequent natural language expressions used by participants in two real-world collaborative design sessions. The frequent expressions are extracted using the natural language processing technique of word sequence tokenisation. We then select a set of frequent expressions related to design changes. The boundaries of these are expanded by extracting the progression trends to identify specific speaker intents. These are analysed in detail while focusing on ambiguity and vagueness, aiming at identifying speakers' precision when communicating design changes. We found that frequently used expressions play the role of language markers. In our discussion, we suggest that ambiguous and vague expressions used by participants can initiate mindful explorations of design space.
... Until recently, the goals of discourse analysis in existing approaches oriented towards conversations analysis were to detect topics and links (Adams and Martell 2008), dialog acts (Kontostathis et al. 2009), lexical chains (Dong 2006), or other complex relations (Rosé et al. 2008). The polyphonic model makes use of advanced NLP techniques by taking full advantage of cohesion, integrates multiple semantic models (i.e., Latent Semantic Analysis -LSA, Latent Dirichlet Allocation -LDA and semantic distances from WordNet), as well as Social Network Analysis (Wasserman and Faust 1994). ...
As Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) gains a broader usage, the need for automated tools capable of supporting tutors in the time-consuming process of analyzing conversations becomes more pressing. Moreover, collaboration, which presumes the intertwining of ideas or points of view among participants, is a central element of dialogue performed in CSCL environments. Therefore, starting from dialogism and a cohesion-based model of discourse, we propose and validate two computational models for assessing collaboration. The first model is based on a cohesion graph and can be perceived as a longitudinal analysis of the ongoing conversation, thus accounting for collaboration from a social knowledge-building perspective. In the second approach, collaboration is regarded from a dialogical perspective as the intertwining or synergy of voices pertaining to different speakers, therefore enabling a transversal analysis of subsequent discussion slices. Abstract As Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) gains a broader usage, the need for automated tools capable of supporting tutors in the time-consuming process of analyzing conversations becomes more pressing. Moreover, collaboration, which presumes the intertwining of ideas or points of view among participants, is a central element of dialogue performed in CSCL environments. Therefore, starting from dialogism and a cohesion-based model of discourse, we propose and validate two computational models for assessing collaboration. The first model is based on a cohesion graph and can be perceived as a longitudinal analysis of the ongoing conversation, thus accounting for collaboration from a social knowledge-building perspective. In the second approach, collaboration is regarded from a dialogical perspective as the intertwining or synergy of voices pertaining to different speakers, therefore enabling a transversal analysis of subsequent discussion slices.
... In other words, cognitive design research emphasizes the cognitive psychology of the " thinking " component of " design thinking " (Brown, 2008Brown, , 2009), or what some researchers describe as " designerly thinking " (Johansson-Skoïdberg, Woodilla, & C ¸ etinkaya, 2013). Cognitive design researchers do not neglect the role of tools and processes; rather, their interest lies in understanding how cognitive processes intersect with the technical methods of design, such as mental imagery, short-term memory, and sketching (Bilda & Gero, 2007), or semantic memory and concept development (Dong, 2006). Design methods and processes are therefore " a product of a common core cognitive process " (Farrell & Hooker, 2013). ...
Strategic option generation is a fundamental step in strategy formulation. Several lenses have been proposed to explain its foundations, including the microeconomics positioning school, and the resource and capabilities based view of the firm. These approaches are largely based on inductive and deductive logics, which are not the logics that provide strategic options that are potentially novel, profitable, and largely differentiated from competitive offerings. In this chapter, we propose a unifying framework of the cognitive foundations of strategic option generation. Building on five fundamental cognitive acts-imitation, framing, analogical reasoning, abductive reasoning, and mental simulation, this proposed model both synthesizes the extant literature and provides guidance about promising avenues for future theoretical and empirical research.
... From a computational perspective, until recently, the goals of discourse analysis in existing approaches oriented towards conversations analysis were to detect topics and links (Adams & Martell, 2008), dialog acts (Kontostathis et al., 2009), lexical chains (Dong, 2006), or other complex relations (Rosé et al., 2008). The polyphonic model emphasizes the Natural Language Processing dimension of the analysis by taking full advantage of Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (Blei, Ng, & Jordan, 2003), semantic distances from the lexicalized ontology WordNet (Budanitsky & Hirst, 2006), and Social Network Analysis (Wasserman & Faust, 1994). ...
... Analogical stimuli of problems 'far' from the domain of the design situation (the problem and analogical problem share few features) can lead to more creative solutions (Fu et al., 2013) and avoid design fixation (Tseng et al., 2008). The ability for designers to weaken semantic gravity to search for creative ideas far from the problem situation and then strengthen semantic gravity by bringing those ideas to bear upon the specific problem in collaborative design situations is also linked to more creative outcomes (Dong, 2006). In short, as these illustrative examples highlight, no single state or form of knowledge is the key to successful design practice, and analysing the diverse forms taken by design knowledge requires conceptualizing its organizing principles. ...
In this chapter, we draw on a cutting-edge sociological approach to describe the structuring of design knowledge. Two concepts from Legitimation Code Theory, specialization codes and semantic gravity, are used to explore the nature of competing claims to legitimacy and context-dependency of meanings in design knowledge. We argue that a focus on the structuring of design knowledge that explicitly articulates its organizing principles helps clarify the acquisition and enactment of design practices and processes of cumulative knowledge-building in design.
... On the other hand, concepts in C-K theory are neither true nor false in the knowledge space [8]. Others, e.g., [9], [10], have focused on better understanding and pinpointing concept formation in designers, which can help "sharpen" the definition of concept [9]. Both [9] and [10] investigate concept through examining the language use of designers. ...
... Others, e.g., [9], [10], have focused on better understanding and pinpointing concept formation in designers, which can help "sharpen" the definition of concept [9]. Both [9] and [10] investigate concept through examining the language use of designers. ...
... When the participants were not generating design concepts, they may be reasoning about design functionality, and thus using significantly more verbs than when they are generating and describing design concepts. More verb use in non-concept segments agrees with our intuition and the general consensus, e.g., [9], [10], that concepts are things and thus, verbs are less prominent in concept segments. ...
In the design literature, the term design concept is often used de facto, or with only a brief definition provided. Despite the cursory definition for concept, the design process rests heavily on concepts, e.g., brainstorming and generating multiple design concepts, and subsequently identifying design concepts for concept selection, evaluation and development, etc. Concepts and concept formation are of particular interest in psychology, as concepts play a central role in human cognition. Concepts and concept identification are also of interest in other fields such as archaeology, bioinformatics and education. In this paper, we explore the process of design concept identification and address the issue of identifying design concepts in free-form text. Our exploratory experiment uses text transcripts of verbal concept generation sessions to first investigate agreeability between human concept identifiers. Next, we perform a language analysis on the transcripts to uncover language patterns that may differentiate between text segments containing concepts and text segments not containing concepts. Our results show that humans are adept at identifying and agreeing upon concepts (average agreeability > 0.70), and that there are significant language differences that may distinguish concept segments from non-concept segments (i.e., non-concept segments have significantly more verbs and borderline significantly more self-references than concept segments). In general, automated concept identification may lead to better integration of early conceptual design with more detailed and computable downstream processes, resulting in a unified design workflow.
... The polyphonic music metaphor for discourse building in CSCL Several researchers (Koschmann 1999;Trausan-Matu et al. 2005;Stahl 2006) consider that, in addition to the social-cultural ideas of Vygotsky (Vygotsky 1978;Cazden 1993), Bakhtin's dialogism and the musical metaphor of polyphony (Bakhtin 1981(Bakhtin , 1984 are appropriate theoretical starting points for CSCL. However, only a few elaborations of a CSCL model based on dialogism and its related concepts in Bakhtin's work (e.g., multivocality, polyphony, chronotope, etc.) have been proposed (Dong 2006;Trausan-Matu et al. 2007a;Ligorio and Ritella 2010). One of them is the polyphonic model of discourse building in human communication and inter-animation (Trausan-Matu et al. 2005Trausan-Matu and Stahl 2007) used for the design of PolyCAFe. ...
Chat conversations and other types of online communication environments are widely used within CSCL educational scenarios. However, there is a lack of theoretical and methodological background for the analysis of collaboration. Manual assessing of non-moderated chat discussions is difficult and time-consuming, having as a consequence that learning scenarios have not been widely adopted, neither in formal education nor in informal learning contexts. An analysis method of collaboration and individual participation is needed. Moreover, computer-support tools for the analysis and assessment of these conversations are required. In this paper, we start from the “polyphonic framework” as a theoretical foundation suitable for the analysis of textual and even gestural interactions within collaborative groups. This framework exploits the notions of dialogism, inter-animation and polyphony for assessing interactions between participants. The basics of the polyphonic framework are discussed and a systematic presentation of the polyphonic analysis method is included. Then, we present the PolyCAFe system, which provides tools that support the polyphonic analysis of chat conversations and online discussion forums of small groups of learners. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used in order to identify topics, semantic similarities and links between utterances. The detected links are then used to build a graph of utterances, which forms the central element for the polyphonic analysis and for providing automatic feedback and support to both tutors and learners. Social Network Analysis is used for computing quantitative measures for the interactions between participants. Two evaluation experiments have been undertaken with PolyCAFe. Learners find the system useful and efficient. In addition to these advantages, tutors reflecting on the conversation can provide quicker manual feedback.
... Computational linguistic methods are also used to analyze design protocols. Dong (2004Dong ( , 2005 used latent semantic analysis to quantify coherent thinking and lexical chain analysis to evaluate concept formation in design teams [29,30]. These computational linguistic models provide more objective and standardized ways to analyze protocols. ...
... Computational linguistic methods are also used to analyze design protocols. Dong (2004Dong ( , 2005 used latent semantic analysis to quantify coherent thinking and lexical chain analysis to evaluate concept formation in design teams [29,30]. These computational linguistic models provide more objective and standardized ways to analyze protocols. ...
This paper reports insights gained from observing groups of novice designers ap-ply biological analogies to solve design problems. We recorded the discourse of fourth-year mechanical engineering students during biomimetic design sessions. We observed that the availability of associations from superficial or functional characteristics of biological knowledge led to fixation, which affected the design-ers' ability to identify the relevant analogy. In addition, even after identifying the analogy, the designers fixated on mapping irrelevant characteristics of biological knowledge, instead of developing additional solutions based on the previously de-tected analogy. The paper also presents initial work towards quantifying analogi-cal reasoning in a design study.
