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Due to rising population and the increasing rate of urbanization, residential electricity usage accounts for a large chunk of Nigeria’s electricity consumption. However, little attention is paid to electricity conservation in the country. In response to this, several studies are been tailored to ensure a rapid reduction in energy consumption throug...
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Context 1
... standby cost for each household was calculated by multiplying the total household standby consumption with the prevailing electricity tariff (N20.59) for Ikeja distribution company for the class of residential building in this study. As shown in Table 1, water geyser, washing machine, toaster and television have the greatest standby consumption. The mean standby load across the 30 household were estimated at 60 W ranging from 34-144 W. The households had an average of 15 appliances. ...Context 2
... standby cost for each household was calculated by multiplying the total household standby consumption with the prevailing electricity tariff (N20.59) for Ikeja distribution company for the class of residential building in this study. As shown in Table 1, water geyser, washing machine, toaster and television have the greatest standby consumption. The mean standby load across the 30 household were estimated at 60 W ranging from 34-144 W. The households had an average of 15 appliances. ...Similar publications
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Citations
... As income levels increase in future, ICE appliances will become more affordable and consequently a higher share for standby energy consumption could be expected in Burkina Faso (Tete et al., 2023). Olatunji et al. (2019) observe that in Nigeria, little attention has been paid so far to energy conservation. Standby energy consumption accounts for 13-44% of the annual electricity consumption across households. ...
Rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are of significant concern in modern society, as they lead to global warming and consequential environmental and societal changes. The standby energy consumption of appliances in households is considerable and can be up to 15% of the appliance energy consumption in the residential sector. Overall, standby energy consumption is accountable for roughly 1% of total global CO2 emissions. When we contrast this impact on global CO2 emissions with the impact of the transportation sector, standby energy's contribution is minimal. The transportation sector is responsible for about 24% of the global CO2 emissions arising from the combustion of fuel. Nevertheless, a significant reduction in standby energy consumption in the residential sector is crucial to reduce the CO2 footprint accordingly.
This paper is among the first to assess the magnitude of standby energy consumption and to explore options for reducing standby energy consumption in the Caribbean. The Caribbean island Curaçao was taken as a first case study. In a field study of 20 households, the standby energy consumption of about 300 appliances were measured. It was estimated that about 8% of residential electricity consumption was linked to standby energy consumption. The average standby power of the 20 households in Curaçao is 50.3 W. Past research shows that it may be possible to reduce the estimated standby energy consumption by approximately 43%, which is about 6.4 MWh/year in Curaçao. Besides adopting technical solutions, the intended reduction of standby energy consumption can be realized through the introduction of import regulations to favor the selling of appliances with lower standby energy consumption and the creation of public awareness through TV and other media campaigns.
... The power ratings and features of the appliances were measured in retail stores and selected from standard products in the market following the actual characteristics of appliances (size, capacity, model, brand, age) in the surveyed households [28] due to inaccessibility for measurements in situ. Therefore, it corresponds to the Product-based measurement method for estimating standby electricity use [60]. Also, for some typical appliances that are not used every day, like weather-related ones (fans, humidifiers and air-conditioners etc.), the number of use days per year was determined based on discussion with the occupants. ...
Information on actual domestic electricity use in Burkina Faso, where the urban zones and residential sector account for 74% and 33% respectively of the total electricity use, remains very challenging to find, as little research currently exists. This study aimed therefore, to provide the first ever insights into the actual urban residential electricity use. A survey with 387 households, the first large-scale, city-wide household electricity study undertaken in Burkina Faso to the authors’ knowledge, was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou. Information on the households' characteristics and behaviours were collected to yield a first comprehensive analysis on the actual city-scale domestic electricity use. Findings demonstrated an average electricity use of 2395 kWh/year by households. Cooling accounts for almost 40% of the total domestic electricity use, followed mainly by cooking and food preserving (23%) and information-communication-entertainment (19%) activities. Three groups of consumers were then formed based on their electricity use level, to investigate interactions between electricity use and households’ lifestyles. The study’s findings lay therefore, the foundations for a better understanding of actual urban domestic electricity use patterns and could help to develop more suitable policies and actions targeting energy conservation in the residential sector
... However, despite increased realisation that typical household electricity-use practices such as not switching off lights when not needed, overloading refrigerators and leaving appliances on standby mode [17][18][19][20][21][22] can result in avoidable electricity losses, there has been limited attention to behavioural strategies for addressing wasteful behaviour, particularly in Africa. One of the key limitations for the integration of behavioural strategies into electricity demand-side management and decision making is limited insight into complex electricity consumption behaviour [19]. ...
... An understanding of electricity use behavioural patterns can be used to inform interventions for reducing electricity consumption. Available behaviour research focusses on the impacts of feedback on behaviour change [37,38], the effectiveness of varied interventions [6,8,20,38], and human dimensions of transition to sustainable electricity use [35]. Although the benefits for reduced electricity consumption may not be visible at the household level, the aggregate benefits of uninterrupted supply of electricity and a decrease in households' carbon footprint are arguably considerable given the size of the household sector. ...
... To foster the integration of behavioural approaches into demand-side management programmes and decision making, an improved understanding of electricity consumption behaviour and the determinants of behaviour [3,9,[39][40][41][42], and effectiveness of interventions [8,17,19,20,38,43] is required. Empirical evidence can help in identifying wasteful electricity use practices and in developing predictive models needed for crafting pathways towards sustainable electricity consumption. ...
Unsustainable use of electricity has severe implications on the environment and human well-being. With an estimated consumption of about 20% of total global electricity demand, the household sector is a key player in efforts for crafting interventions for reducing electricity consumption. Despite increasing calls for behavioural solutions to electricity conservation at the household level, more attention has been paid to technical than behavioural interventions. Yet a deeper understanding of electricity use behaviour is needed to design interventions and engender integration of behavioural interventions into demand-side management and decision making. Although South Africa is energy insecure and a major greenhouse gas emitter, less attention has been paid to household electricity use using behavioural lenses. Using a scoping review approach, this study inductively reviewed publications to examine the state of research on household electricity use in South Africa, focussing on (1) research trends and contexts, (2) conceptual focus, (3) proposed interventions for reducing electricity consumption and (4) future research needs. Very few publications considered reported and actual electricity use behaviour. Most publications (65%) paid attention to technical dimensions for reducing household electricity consumption such as economic nudges and technical retrofits, rather than behavioural strategies. Of the publications that focussed on behaviour, very few explicitly examined reported electricity use behaviour. Most publications did not consider the role of partnerships in designing interventions for reducing electricity consumption but rather employed individualistic perspectives. Overall, the results suggest that calls for behaviour change research have not been fully heeded. More studies on electricity use behaviour in different contexts, including across an income heterogeneity gradient, and the role of context dependent collective settings in drafting interventions, are required to better inform pathways to sustainable electricity use.
... Rising population and improvement in industrial and commercial activities are key factors driving the trend. As a result, demand for electricity has continually be on the rise, while the largest consumption of electricity generated is the residential of the global population [6]. The work in [7] estimated that in 2016, residential sector consumed 26% of the global energy generated. ...
... It was reported in [2] that the usage of energy saving bulbs in a three-bedroom apartment will annually save about 551.88kWh of energy and this is translated to huge amount of money saved in favour of the energy consumers per annum hence making the generated capacity saving the citizen longer for profitable use. [6] carried out extensive reviews of the state-of -the-Earth in standby energy management. It was revealed in the work that there is high level of energy wastage even though the generated and supply capacity is grossly inadequate for the citizens. ...
Electricity power supply in Nigeria is grossly inadequate due to shortage in production capacity and consequent shortage in the transmitted and distributed networks of the sector. This has greatly hampered the standard of living of the citizenry. The wastage of the scarce distributed power due to negligence of the electricity consumers by leaving on the lighting systems around the homes in broad day light has been a concern in the research industry. This paper focuses on the way to curb this menace among the electricity consumers. A device to mitigate power wastage among shortage of same was constructed. This device when applied at the distribution network will automatically control the lighting system of the environment when it senses radiation from sunlight indicating daylight or darkness indicating dark hour of the day thereby curbing the incessant power wastage through lighting in broad day light and reserves the available distributed power to meaningful use by the consumers.
... This is partly due to forgetfulness, lack of awareness, laziness, unwillingness to compromise convenience, and the need for personal comfort [34]. However, leaving appliances on standby mode results in "vampire losses" because appliances consume electricity when they are not in use [35,36]. The literature suggests that standby electricity consumption can account for a significant proportion of household electricity consumption ranging from as low as 4% [37] to as high as 40% [36]. ...
... However, leaving appliances on standby mode results in "vampire losses" because appliances consume electricity when they are not in use [35,36]. The literature suggests that standby electricity consumption can account for a significant proportion of household electricity consumption ranging from as low as 4% [37] to as high as 40% [36]. ...
Households consume up to 20% of overall electricity consumption globally; hence, they are important role players in efforts towards promoting sustainable consumption. Research on electricity use behaviour is important for informing intervention strategies; however, relative to developed countries, research on this subject is lacking in developing countries where electricity access is limited. In South Africa, electricity use behaviour among poor neighbourhoods remains little studied and understood. This study was carried out among low-income households in Makhanda, South Africa, characterised by high poverty and unemployment rates, low education levels, and limited access to basic services. Using a self-reporting approach, electricity use behaviour of low-income households was assessed against a list of common household electricity use actions. A survey of 297 households was conducted. The findings show mixed results, with households reporting both good electricity use behaviour (e.g., cooling down hot food before refrigeration and using washing machines on full load) and wasteful actions (e.g., leaving appliances on standby). Our results show that electricity use behaviour was influenced by socio-psychological values including universalism, benevolence, hedonism, and power. Some of the reported electricity behavioural patterns are consistent with those previously reported among high-income households. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
... Introduction The main objective of miniaturization is to manufacture components in the range of hundred microns which are application in various fields of human endeavours. The popularity which have been associated with miniaturized technology is related to making a part which is environmentally friendly [1] and can be easily maintained [2]. Given the global attention which has been given to the increased integration of miniaturized technologies into our product stocks, the issues around the design, operation, and analysis of equipment and processes need to be given detailed attention. ...
... Even though, non-traditional methods such as laser beam machining, electro discharge machining and so on are capable of producing high precision micro-component, their mass production is limited by high initial cost, limited materials selection and poor productivity. Moreover, micro manufacturing technique such as X-ray lithography, electro deposit moulding, deep reactive ion etching, computer numerical control (CNC) micromachining is expensive [1,2]. This has engendered the ongoing research into he the efficient and high dimensional technologies for the manufacturing of the components on the micro scale. ...
... In an attempt to reduce IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012100 3 the energy consumption in micro milling operation, Zhang et al. [1,2] developed a novel analytical energy consumption model. The optimum cutting parameters which minimise the total energy consumption was assessed. ...
The advancement in microfabrication in pursuit of miniaturization is cutting a dynamic role for micro-milling. Micro-milling is a fast and cost-efficient three-dimensional fabrication method with the ability to achieve good accuracy, low surface roughness and extraordinary material removal rate (MRR) compared to some other micro manufacturing processes. Given the need for components with high
dimensional integrity, identification of appropriate machining conditions is very vital to getting good surface finish. It is also required to couple different complex dynamics which are associated with this machining technique. Chatter during milling and micro-milling process bring adverse effects in surface quality, dimensional accuracy and in tool life. There is need for versatile modelling of micro
end-milling dynamics in order to understand how chatter affects the micro end milling operation and to advance the synthetic application of several chatter stability parameters to overcome the limitation imposed by the single chatter stability criterion. This study performs a linear and non-linear analysis of chatter in micro end milling based on the major influential parameters. In addition, a detailed time domain simulation for micro end milling was performed to predict the force a
displacement resulting from variable cutter geometries. This dynamic simulation results have significant impact on the actual micro milling process towards the manufacturing of miniaturized parts.
... Another problem associated with cities in developing countries is incessant power outages, in Nigeria the power shortage is quite dire that it is considered normal for some cities to go days without electricity [4][5][6]. Gombe, the capital of Gombe state located in the north-eastern region of Nigeria is not exempted from the twin problems of SWM and electricity shortage -it has a solid waste management problem as it can be observed by the garbage littering the streets and also experiences constant power shortage like most other cities in the country. For a city which suffers from these mentioned problems, converting the solid waste to energy seems to be the silver bullet for solving these problems. ...
... Where: V = %Combustible volatile matter; W = %moisture content (6) The model based on physical composition was chosen for this study because it has been adjudged to be more reliable by researchers [24][25][26]. ...
This study intends to estimate the potential amount of electrical energy that could be recovered from the solid waste disposed of at the only government operated dumpsite in the city of Gombe, Nigeria. The greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere from the process is estimated. The American Standard of Testing and Measurements method was used to characterise the waste, a mathematical model based on the waste composition was then used to determine its caloric value-2,577.81 kJ/kg. Result of the characterisation study which showed that the waste contains about 65% inorganic materials and the calorific value estimated informed the choice of incineration as the most suitable waste to energy technology. When the potential amount of energy that could be recovered was estimated, it was found that for the 10-year period that the landfill has been in existence, on a daily basis an average of 232,160 kwh/day could be generated, this is capable of powering 42% of the houses in the city. It was also found that by using the electricity recovered from the waste, there is a potential to reduce emission of greenhouse gases from the use grid electricity by up to 49,742.19 tCO2e in a year. The study therefore recommended that results of the study can be used as a guide for the city's authorities and other stakeholders for the initiation of a waste to energy project.
... Daily use habits, for example, not switching off lights when not needed, putting hot foods and uncovered liquids in the refrigerator, not cleaning vacuum cleaners and degreasing microwaves regularly and not switching off appliances completely when not needed might result in unconscious electricity wastage through unnecessary consumption, inefficiencies and standby power loss. For example, evidence suggests that generally, people do not completely switch-off electronics such as desktop computers, laptops, televisions, musical instruments, microwave ovens, computer speakers and set-top boxes (satellite decoders), or unplug chargers when not in use [16,25], which can result in varying levels of hidden electricity losses [26][27][28]. ...
... The hidden electricity loss from appliances on standby mode can vary due to contextual realities [27], ranging from as low as 4% in Turkey [26] to as high as 44% in Nigeria [28] of total household electricity use. In a study of South African households at the national level, [5] found that users did not understand the energy consumption of their electric water heaters. ...
Worldwide, households’ consumption of electricity contributes to a substantial proportion of total national energy demand. Thus, the residential sector is a major entity in efforts to define and achieve global sustainability goals. Understanding electricity use behaviour and factors underlying behaviour is critical for designing behaviour change interventions, particularly in contexts characterised by fast-growing economies, burgeoning number of high-income households, and consumption growth. However, relative to developed economies, very little is known on this subject in South Africa. Using structured questionnaires, this study examines electricity use behaviour among high-income households in Johannesburg, South Africa. Findings indicate evidence of electricity-saving behaviour, but the proportion of households doing so was less than 50% for many actions, indicative of widespread wasteful habits. Other particular wasteful electricity use habits include leaving electronic gadgets and appliances on ‘standby’ mode, not turning off electric water heaters and not defrosting fridges without automatic settings. The findings lend support to the positive and negative influence of self-transcendence and egoistic values respectively on environmental behaviour, but other value orientations did not yield significant relationships. The implications of the findings on practical interventions for and theoretical constructs underlying strategies for environmentally-sustainable behaviour are discussed.
Although the residential sector is responsible for almost one-third of electricity consumption in Burkina Faso, very little information and details on actual electricity use and households' behaviours in relation to it exist because research on residential sector electricity use remains very poor. This study addresses this research gap by conducting a residential electricity consumption survey within 387 households in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first large-scale, city-wide household electricity study undertaken in Burkina Faso. Information on the households' socio-demographic characteristics, behaviours, and patterns of electricity use was collected to provide insights into the actual city-scale residential electricity use. Findings showed that households use, on average, 2395 kWh/year. Cooling accounts for 39.9% of the total electricity use, followed by cooking/food preserving (22.7%) and information-communication-entertainment (19.1%) activities. The study’s findings could be used by researchers, energy actors and households to better understand actual electricity use patterns in a city and country where a paucity of data currently exists as well as to identify ways to modify consumption patterns to reduce power outages and improve the living conditions of households.
Energy shortage is being experienced across the developing countries and energy efficiency in residential buildings is one of key ways to address this challenge. Energy wastage in residential buildings is rising; hence, energy-efficient technologies, energy-utilisation behaviours, and consumption forecasts can help to solve this shortage. Energy wastage resulting from consumers’ behaviour and usage could be dealt with by linking energy consumption with the cost of energy to enable consumers to be conscious of their usage. Hence, the Energy Culture Framework is used to identify drivers that influence energy wastage. It incorporates the human dimension of energy consumption using covenant university and Ekurede-Urhobo community as case studies. The study on consumer's energy behaviour was carried out by administering two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires. Two hundred and twenty-one (221) were returned. The SPSS statistical tool was used the carry out the statistical analysis. The research observed that the majority of the surveyed participants lacked energy efficient appliances. However, the majority of the consumers surveyed exhibited some energy efficient practices. The norms of these consumers surveyed influenced the type of material culture and energy practice they adopted. This research has investigated a balanced model that can connect consumers’ behaviour to energy consumption to achieve energy efficiency in residential buildings.
